离子交换法软化工业水

工业用水的软化常用的有石灰纯碱法和离子交换法。离子交换法操作方便，软化效果好，广泛地被工厂采用。离子交换法软化水，即将水中的Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋除去，使水软化，因此实质是一种化学脱盐法。离子交换法脱盐有２种，双床法和混合床法。下面叙述混合床法的一种特殊...     

H─Na离子交换软化系统可能出酸性水的分析

Ｈ─Ｎａ离子交换软化系统可能出酸性水的分析合肥工业大学王国明在离子交换软化处理中，常用Ｈ─Ｎａ离子交换并联或串联系统，Ｈ＋离子交换柱可以以钠泄漏为运行终点，也可以硬度泄漏为运行终点。在一些教材上，对此只稍许提一下，未作进一步阐述。本文就Ｈ─Ｎａ并联离...     

连续逆流流化床软化水系统在化工生产中的应用

多层流化床离子交换系统主要用于工业锅炉用水的软化以及无阳离子水和纯水的制备,并介绍了该系统的基本原理、工艺过程的设置等.     

锅炉给水软化处理方法和装置Oda，Nobuhiro等（Kurita Water Industries，Ltd．，Japan）日本公开特许公报JP 2002 86，150 2002,3,26 7页（日文）

用离子交换装置软化，令软化水通过电解装置(其中装有导电材料，如石墨、活性炭)和非导电材料，通过改变电极极性除垢，制得的水贮存于贮槽中用于锅炉给水。     

水中硬度去除方法研究进展

简述了各种方法(药剂软化法、离子交换软化法、膜分离软化法、吸附软化法、电化学软化法)去除水中硬度的原理、优缺点,回顾了近年来各方法的研究状况,归纳了当前各方法的主要研究内容及所存在问题并指出了其未来发展方向;认为电化学软化法有望成为未来主流软化技术。     

锅炉水处理回顾

本文从离子交换除盐、离子交换软化、锅炉给水除氧、水的预处理、炉内加药处理等几个方面概述了我国八十年代在锅炉给水处理方面的发展情况。     

H离子交换出水酸(碱)度平均值的计算

在水的离子交换脱碱软化处理中,由于在一般水质的情况下,H 离子交换出水呈酸性,所以 H 离子交换通常不单独使用,而应与 Na 离子交换组成并联或串联系统,或配合以加碱中和措施。但是,当原水为碱性水(有负硬度的水)时,可利用 H 离子交换后     

多层流化床离子交换软化水系统在化工生产中的应用

多层流化床离子交换系统主要用于工业锅炉用水的软化以及无阳离子水和纯水的制备。本文介绍了该系统的基本原理、工艺过程的设置等。     

注汽锅炉高盐废水资源化利用研究与实验

注蒸汽是稠油开采的有效方式，早期以清水为水源，经离子交换软化后作为注汽锅炉的给水，在软化树脂再生过程中会产生大量含盐废水，为有效利用稠油采出水所携带的热能，将稠油污水净化水作为注汽锅炉的水源，但随之带来了很多问题，如含盐废水的成分复杂化，水中的COD、挥发酚、硫化物等污染物含量大幅上升难以满足回用要求。通过“化学除硬+电渗析”的技术，以电渗析浓水作为树脂再生药剂使用，以电渗析淡水作为锅炉回用水，寻求一种技术有效、经济可行、运行可靠的高含盐稠油废水达标外排处理技术或减排、资源化利用技术，从而实现含盐废水的资源化利用。     

磷酸盐离子交换剂的合成和应用

介绍了磷酸盐离子交换剂合成方法,以及在石油化工催化剂、放射性同位素和核裂变产物的分离、海水中金属元素的回收、工业水的软化和废水处理等方面的应用。     

循环冷却水系统中控制水垢的化学方法

扼要讨论了循环冷却水系统中控制水垢的５种化学方法：阻垢剂法、加酸法、二氧化碳法、离子交换软化法和石灰软化法     

Carbon dioxide sequestration through novel use of ion exchange fibers (IX-fibers)

Electrical power generation and metal removal processes are practiced globally and share two common attributes that make them ideal candidates to be incorporated in a novel carbon dioxide sequestration scheme using ion exchange fibers (IX-fibers). First, the softening of boiler feed water used in power generation and the removal of metals from finishing wastewaters often employs the use of ion exchange for the purpose of selective separation. Second, both processes represent significant point source CO₂ emissions. This investigation demonstrated that using IX-fibers it is possible to sequester a portion of the CO₂ produced in these practices as carbonate alkalinity during the regeneration step of both the water softening and the trace heavy metal removal processes. Weak acid IX-fibers were used for hardness removal while hybrid cation exchange fibers (HCIX-F) loaded with hydrated Zr(IV) oxide (HZO) were used to remove toxic heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium and copper. IX-fibers offer the unique capability to use and consume CO₂ during the efficient regeneration of IX-fibers, whereas commercial ion exchange resins are not amenable to regeneration with CO₂. A much shorter intraparticle diffusion path length in cylindrical IX-fibers as compared to resin beads is the underlying reason for a highly efficient regeneration of the fibers. In addition to sequestering carbon dioxide, no hazardous or aggressive chemicals/brine solutions are present in the regenerant wastes as compared with traditional ion exchange processes.     

稠油污水回用热采锅炉的中试研究

对新疆油田六九区稠油污水回用于热采锅炉进行了现场中试研究,确定了工艺流程和设计参数,并对除油、除悬浮物、除硅、软化、除氧工艺的选择,运行成本及经济效益进行了分析讨论.结果表明,采用以旋流反应净化工艺为主,结合沉降、过滤、离子交换及除氧的技术路线对稠油污水进行处理,处理后水质达到热采锅炉给水水质标准.该技术应用于油田具有明显的经济效益和环境效益.     

大型火力发电厂循环水处理方案优选

阐述了目前国内循环水处理工艺的技术特点,以某电厂６００ＭＷ等级机为例,着重介绍了阻垢剂稳定处理与弱酸树脂软化处理的工艺特征,并进行了技术经济比较,为大型火力发电厂优选循环水处理方案提供参考。     

REMOVAL OF SULFATE FROM NATURAL WATERS BY CHLORIDE EXCHANGE

Sulfate can be replaced with chloride ion by anion exchange in a method analogous to water softening. A strong-base resin is used, and regeneration is with sodium chloride. Sulfate levels are reduced to below 1 ppm. Sulfate-chloride exchange is an interesting case in that both loading and regeneration can be carried out with favorable separation factors. Rough mass-action calculations can be used to approximate the solution concentrations at which selectivity reverses, and to estimate column loadings from influent composition.     

REMOVAL OF SULFATE FROM NATURAL WATERS BY CHLORIDE EXCHANGE

Sulfate can be replaced with chloride ion by anion exchange in a method analogous to water softening. A strong-base resin is used, and regeneration is with sodium chloride. Sulfate levels are reduced to below 1 ppm. Sulfate-chloride exchange is an interesting case in that both loading and regeneration can be carried out with favorable separation factors. Rough mass-action calculations can be used to approximate the solution concentrations at which selectivity reverses, and to estimate column loadings from influent composition.     

离子交换树脂的绿色再生工艺

在直流电场作用下，利用水代替酸碱作为再生剂再生失效离子交换树脂的体外电再生工艺，使离子交换水处理变为一种绿色环保水处理技术。从混床树脂和复床树脂再生两个方面，分别简述树脂电再生的原理及7次试验研究结果。另外，从资源消耗、对环境的影响、经济效益和管理操作等方面，进行了树脂电再生法与化学再生法的对比评价，离子交换树脂绿色再生工艺将成为绿色化学中新的领域。     

Ion exchange properties and selectivity of PSS in an electrochemically switchable PPy matrix

A composite of polypyrrole (PPy) and polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) exchanges cations and is a promising material for the technical application of water softening. The ion exchange properties of electrochemically prepared PPy(PSS) are studied by investigating the polymer using a electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and by analysing the solution surrounding the polymer by atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS). The exchange of cations by PPy(PSS) is found to be caused by three driving forces: electrochemical oxidation/reduction of PPy; chemical oxidation of PPy by dissolved oxygen; gradients of cation concentration between polymer and solution. The ion selectivity of PPy(PSS) is investigated and ion exchange isotherms for the binary systems Ca²⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ are determined.     

Water softening by diffusion using cation exchange membranes

Water softening by an Interionic diffusion process across a cation- exchange membrane is studied. A twenty compartment laboratory scale unit with an effective crosssectional area of 63 cm² is assembled and studied for water softening using an interpolymer cation exchange membrane developed in this institute. Alternate compartments formed by thin gaskets are fed with synthetic hard waters and sodium chloride as regenerant solution in a counter current series flow arrangement. Results on softening of hard water of 500, 1000, 1500 ppm as CaCO₃, containing sodium chloride in the ratios s 1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 are given. The regenerate concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 N are studied for softening efficiency. Diffusion of salt and water through the membranes and the effect of regeneration levels to achieve 80% softening is also investigated. The commercial prospects for a continuous softening system by this method are discussed.