焦化废水生化处理研究进展

焦化废水是一种典型的含难降解有机污染物的工业废水,除含酚类物质以外,还含有多种芳香烃和杂环类有机物,成分十分复杂,且该废水水量大,对环境污染严重。因此,焦化废水的处理研究一直是国内外环境工作者关注的焦点之一。概述了近年来焦化废水成分检测方法,系统介绍了焦化废水生化处理技术的最新研究进展,阐述了影响NH3-N、F^-、COD、有机污染物及色度去除的主要因素。     

紫外-高级氧化法处理天然有机物的研究进展

水环境中的天然有机物(NOM)含量约为总有机碳含量的一半,含有大量的醌基、羧基、羰基、氨基等基团,导致水体可生化性很差.NOM能够与氯和金属离子结合生成消毒副产物(DBPs)及其它毒性更大的污染物,对环境产生巨大威胁.紫外-高级氧化法(UV-AOPs)能有效去除NOM,减少DBPs的生成,对控制水处理过程中NOM造成的...     

麦草木素在臭氧处理中的作用行为

采用FTIR和1H-NMR研究了麦草木素在臭氧处理中的作用机理。结果表明,在麦草木素臭氧处理中,苯环开裂,愈创木基较易降解,对羟苯基发生降解,酚羟基增加,甲氧基减少,酯键断裂,发色基团、助色基团减少。     

颗粒活性炭吸附法深度处理煤化工废水研究

煤化工废水含有大量有机物和有毒物质,成分复杂,污染物色度高,属于难降解的高浓度有机工业废水,经过预处理和生物处理后的煤化工废水依然存在少量有毒物质和色度、COD不达标的问题。采用活性炭吸附法处理煤化工废水,实验得出最佳活性炭投加量为60 g/L,此时吸附饱和时间为2.9 h。     

酸氧化处理对碳球表面基团含量的影响

采用硝酸为氧化剂对碳球表面进行改性研究,通过红外光谱法和酸碱滴定法分别考察了硝酸浓度和处理时间对碳球表面含氧基团的影响.结果表明,硝酸处理可在碳球表面引入羧基、羟基等含氧基团.随硝酸浓度的增加,碳球表面羧基、羰基以及羟基等含氧基团的量上升;随浓硝酸处理时间的延长,羟基含量上升,羰基含量下降,羧基含量和含氧基团的总量先上升而后下降.用浓硝酸处理8 h时,羟基含量最高,为2.490 mmol/g;浓硝酸处理4 h时羧基含量和含氧基团总量最高,分别为1.289mmol/g和5.702 mmol/g.     

宝钢焦化废水处理新工艺探索

焦化废水是典型的含有难降解有机污染物的工业废水, 其组成复杂, 除含有大量的酚类、联苯、吡啶、吲哚和喹啉等有机物外, 还含有氰、无机氟离子和氨氮等有毒有害的污染物, 污染物不仅色度高, 而且在水中以真溶液或准胶体的形式存在, 其性质非常稳定, 废水中的COD值和色度均难以去除。由于超标排放的焦化废水对环境构成了严重的污染, 所以改善和解决焦化废水对环境的污染问题已是当务之急。宝钢历来对环境保护工作十分重视, 实施ISO14001环境管理体系标准, 并通过了ISO14001标准的审核认证注册。化工公司在环境管理过程中, 始终以宝钢公…     

不同有机物基团对水泥粉磨的影响

采用醇类、醇胺类有机物做助磨剂,研究了有机物中不同基团对水泥粉磨的影响.结果表明:单羟基醇有机物助磨效果不明显;多元醇有机物有较好的助磨效果,羟基数目越多,助磨效果越好;决定有机物助磨作用的因素是其中含有的官能团类型和数量;醇胺类有机物能显著降低水泥筛余,羟乙基数目的增多将使水泥流动性增强.     

煤气化废水溶解性有机物水质特征研究

煤气化废水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)决定着处理药剂和微生物生长等,直接影响废水处理工程效果,DOM的光谱表征可反映各组分在氧化、降解或吸附等方面的特性。在分析某煤气化生产尿素企业的废水产生节点基础上,采集脱酚氨后废水,采用树脂分离方法对气化废水中的DOM进行6组分(HoA、HoB、HoN、HiA、HiB、HiN)分离,通过紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱等分析方法对其水质特征进行分析。结果表明:废水DOM中HoA、HoN组分占比高达43.21%和33.65%,废水中含有较多非饱和结构的芳香族化合物;脱酚后废水各组分的E300/E400数值都较低,为2.88~5.00,说明废水的腐植化程度很高,主要为难生化降解的苯环结构物质;三维荧光光谱分析表明煤气化废水DOM各组分的最强荧光响应区域对应的有机物质主要包括类腐植酸、类富里酸、类酪氨酸以及类色氨酸这四大类有机物,为控制和处理煤气化废水中有机污染物提供理论依据。     

风化煤用于硬水的软化

近年来,国内外用风化煤处理含重金属离子废水的研究作了大量工作。风化煤中一般含有3.55～80.75%的腐植酸(无水、无灰基)。而腐植酸是一种复杂的有机高分子混合物,在其分子结构中,含有羧基、酚羟基、醌基、胺基、羰基等活性基团。这些活性基团对重金属离子具有吸附、交换、络合或螫合等作用。同样,这些活性基团对Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子也具有吸附、交换、络合或螯合能力。基于这种作用,我们以河南省密县风化煤为原料,对其软化硬水的能力作了试验研究,证明风化煤对硬水的软化作用效果显     

溴化容量法测定煤化工废水中总酚含量的准确度分析

煤化工废水成分复杂,含有大量的酚类、硫化氢、脂肪酸等污染物,在进行废水处理时,准确测定酚类物质的含量非常重要。利用GC-MS对废水的组分进行了定性分析,采用溴化容量法,测定煤化工废水中总酚含量,并对影响测定结果的几种干扰组分进行了添加实验。结果显示:硫化物、酮类、烯类都会与溴水反应而使测定结果偏高;酚类苯环上的取代基、酚类自身的氧化情况也会对总酚测定结果有显著干扰。对相应干扰因素的定量化分析,可供总酚分析测定时参考和校正。     

MgO替代NaOH的杨木PRC-APMP过氧化氢漂白

针对NaOH作为碱源的预处理盘磨化学处理碱性过氧化氢机械浆(PRC-APMP)漂白过程中存在的一些问题,考察了使用MgO在二段化学预浸段和高浓停留段以不同比例替代NaOH进行漂白后对浆张白度、抗张指数以及漂后废液中化学需氧量(CODCr)含量的影响。实验结果表明:在杨木PRC-APMP过氧化氢漂白过程中采用不同比例的MgO替代NaOH,漂后的浆张白度与未替代相比变化不大;抗张指数随替代比例的增加呈下降趋势;二段化学预浸段和高浓停留段废液中CODCr含量随MgO替代NaOH比例的增加呈下降趋势。     

纸浆氯漂废水的生物治理

氯漂废水含有大量的有机氯化物,对环境造成极大的危害。国际上对氯源废水的生物处理进行了一系列研究。综述了白腐菌用于处理氯漂废水时,降低废水色度、有机氧化物含量、化学需氧量（COD）及生物需氧量（BOD）的作用。     

棉织物漂染废水的污染预测

为明确棉织物漂染废水中污染物的组分,采用m(BOD5)/m(CODCr)法测试了常用染料和助剂的可生化性,按实际漂染工艺和配方对棉织物进行前处理、染色和柔软处理,收集各阶段试验废水并进行分析。研究结果表明,棉织物漂染废水的CODCr主要由各种难降解的助剂和棉织物上的有机物所组成,其中各种难降解助剂的CODCr占废水总CODCr的63.3%,残余染料造成的色度高达800倍,柔软剂的CODCr在漂染废水总CODCr中所占的比例最大,约为57.5%。     

用UV/H2O2,UV/O3,UV/H2O2/O3催化处理城市固体垃圾填埋渗出物

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3, and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for the treatment of municipal solid-waste landfill leachate was investigated. Main objective of the experiment was to remove total organic carbon (TOC), non-biodegradable organic compounds (NBDOC) and color. In UV/H2O2 oxidation experiment, with the increase of H2O2 dosage, removal efficiencies of TOC and color along with the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the system H2O2 alone. In UV/H2O2 oxidation, under the optimum condition H2O2 (0.2 time), removal efficiencies of TOC and color were 78.9% and 95.5%, respectively, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.112 to 0.366. In UV/O3 oxidation, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiencies of TOC and color along with BOD/COD ratio of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the system O3 alone. Under the optimum condition UV/O3     

Ozonation as a Treatment for Mechanical And Chemical Pulp Mill Effluents

Eighteen effluent types from seven thermomechanical (TMP), chemithermomechanical (CTMP), bleached chemimechanical (BCMP), and kraft pulp mills were treated in the laboratory with ozone alone or ozone in conjunction with aerobic biological treatment. Except for one mechanical pulp mill effluent, all effluents ozonized showed rapid and selective destruction of their acute toxicity, juvabiones (JB), and resin and fatty acids (RFAs) over biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) by ozone. For acute toxicity and RFA/JB removal, aerobic biotreatment of mechanical mill effluent streams produced additive but not synergistic effects when combined with ozone treatment. Ozonation of biotreated kraft effluents yielded substantial decreases in the biologically recalcitrant residual adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), converted COD to BOD, and usually produced large decreases in color.     

生物流化床-化学絮凝法处理纸浆漂白废水

使用内循环三相生物流化床处理纸浆含氯漂白废水,经过40d左右的驯化,COD、BOD去除率达到70%以上,色度去除达到70%左右,AOX去除率达到60%左右,后续絮凝处理采用聚铁铝(PFAC)作为絮凝剂,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为助凝剂,出水COD为80mg/L左右,BOD为20mg/L左右,AOX<1mg/L,色度为120C.U。     

Acid Extraction of the Alkaline Wood Pulps (Kraft or SODA/AQ) Before or During Bleaching Reason and Opportunity

The decreases in kappa number of an unbleached alkaline hardwood pulp of carpinus betulus when performing dilute H₂SO₄ hydrolysis at about 100°C, either after or before oxygen bleaching are the same. The main parameters of this acid hydrolysis are specified by studying the acidification of unbleached alkaline pulp suspensions at room temperature, and the extraction kinetics at temperatures in the range of 88°–110°C by following UV absorbance of the hydrolysis liquors.

Among the dissolved products in the liquors 2-furancarboxylic acid has been identified. This acid results probably from the degradation in the acid medium of compounds present in the unbleached alkaline pulp, which are not oxidized by oxygen in the alkaline medium.     

厦门埭头溪河道水质调查及生态对策

针对厦门埭头溪的生态环境问题现状,进行了深入调查研究,分析了埭头溪河道监控断面主要水质指标溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的超标率,计算了主要污染源的CODCr、NH3-N和TP排放量,剖析其产生的主要原因和治理难点。从政府管理和工程措施两个方面对河道生态环境治理提出了有针对性的对策与建议,可为河道生态环境治理工作提供技术支撑和应用借鉴。     

Synergism of enzymes in chemical pulp bleaching from an industrial point of view: A critical review

Enzymes are biological catalysts and are very specific, catalyzing either a single chemical reaction or a limited number of closely related reactions. For example, xylanases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of polymeric xylan and thereby break down this hemicellulose. The first xylanase enzyme preparations used in the bleaching process of chemical pulp also contained cellulase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose. This obviously had an adverse effect on pulp yield and quality. Unfortunately, this setback gave enzyme-assisted pulp bleaching a negative reputation. At a later stage, enzyme producers managed to engineer enzyme production strains that generated cellulase-free xylanase preparations. However, due to the initial negative experiences with the earlier enzyme mixtures, only a limited number of companies in the pulp industry have seriously considered using these so-called second-generation enzymes in their bleach plants. It is apparent that these improved enzyme preparations would bring about significant benefits in terms of chemical cost savings and effluent quality. In addition to xylanase-aided bleaching, it is possible to improve the effectivity further by adding other enzymes, such as lipase and esterase, to create an enzyme cocktail. This may be particularly beneficial in the bleaching of hardwood pulp, such as white birch, which often encounters complex and troublesome problems with wood extractives. By adding different types of enzymes at more than one position in the fiberline, even further improvements are possible. The main objective of this review is to discuss the advantages of incorporating modern enzyme preparations in the bleaching of chemical pulp.     

制药工业废水中CODCr与BOD5的相关性及应用研究

建立一种只需测定工业废水中化学需氧量（简称CODcr），就可推算出生化需氧量（BOD5）的方法，对21个样品进行分析测定CODcr和BOD5，经线性回归找出两者的相关性；试验表明CODcr和BOD5间具有良好的线性相关性，其中r=0.9958，该方法应用于制药工业废水的处理和控制，具有简便、适应性好、省时省力等优点。