Microstructure and tensile behavior of (BN/SiC)n coated SiC fibers and SiC/SiC minicomposites

Interphase plays an important role in the mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). In this paper, the microstructure and tensile behavior of multilayered (BN/SiC)_n coated SiC fiber and SiC/SiC minicomposites were investigated. The surface roughness of the original SiC fiber and SiC fiber deposited with multilayered (BN/SiC), (BN/SiC)₂, and (BN/SiC)₄ (BN/SiC)₈ interphase was analyzed through the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Monotonic tensile experiments were conducted for original SiC fiber, SiC fiber with different multilayered (BN/SiC)_n interfaces, and SiC/SiC minicomposites. Considering multiple damage mechanisms, e.g., matrix cracking, interface debonding, and fibers failure, a damage-based micromechanical constitutive model was developed to predict the tensile stress-strain response curves. Multiple damage parameters (e.g., matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix crack stress, tensile strength and failure strain, and composite’s tangent modulus) were used to characterize the tensile damage behavior in SiC/SiC minicomposites. Effects of multilayered interphase on the interface shear stress, fiber characteristic strength, tensile damage and fracture behavior, and strength distribution in SiC/SiC minicomposites were analyzed. The deposited multilayered (BN/SiC)_n interphase protected the SiC fiber and increased the interface shear stress, fiber characteristic strength, leading to the higher matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix cracking stress, tensile strength and fracture strain.     

2维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演变过程和微观结构特征

通过单向拉伸和分段式加载-卸载实验,研究了二维编织C/SiC复合材料的宏观力学特性和损伤的变化过程.用扫描电镜对样品进行微观结构分析,并监测了载荷作用下复合材料的声发射行为.结果表明:在拉伸应力低于50MPa时,复合材料的应力-应变为线弹性;随着应力的增加,材料模量减小,非弹性应变变大,复合材料的应力-应变行为表现为非线性直至断裂.复合材料的平均断裂强度和断裂应变分别为23426MPa和0.6%.拉伸破坏损伤表现为:基体开裂,横向纤维束开裂,界面层脱粘,纤维断裂,层间剥离和纤维束断裂.损伤累积后最终导致复合材料交叉编织节点处纤维束逐层断裂和拔出,形成斜口断裂和平口断裂.     

Tensile behavior of 2D-C/SiC composites at elevated temperatures: Experiment and modeling

In this paper, on-axis tensile behavior of a coated 2D-C/SiC composite at elevated temperatures was studied experimentally and theoretically. The measured data reveals that the tensile modulus and strength increase continuously with increasing temperature till 1273 K. Contrarily, the failure strains decrease sharply at high temperatures than the counterpart at room temperature, manifesting the significant influence of thermal residual stresses (TRS) on mechanical behavior of C/SiC composites. Simulation of stress-strain response is based on a two-scale analytical model, in which the plain-weave element is idealized as a cross-ply laminate and its macroscopic mechanical parameters are evaluated by shear-lag approach. The primary calculation was concentrated on TRS of the composite. And, a new crack evolution model was introduced to describe the stochastic cracking process. The total strain response including residual strain and elastic strain from the loading-unloading-reloading conception was finally formulated through micromechanical analysis involving the influence of TRS on matrix cracking and interface debonding. Additionally, a strength model was developed for plain-weave structures by using shear-lag theory, statistical theory and rule of mixture. Both of the proposed constitutive and strength models can give accurate predictions for 2D-C/SiC composites at elevated temperatures.     

Modeling creep behavior in ceramic matrix composites

In this work, a three-dimensional viscoplasticity formulation with progressive damage is developed and used to investigate the complex time-dependent constituent load transfer and progressive damage behavior in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) subjected to creep. The viscoplasticity formulation is based on Hill's orthotropic plastic potential, an associative flow rule, and the Norton-Bailey creep power law with Arrhenius temperature dependence. A fracture mechanics-informed isotropic matrix damage model is used to account for CMC brittle matrix damage initiation and propagation, in which two scalar damage variables capture the effects of matrix porosity as well as matrix property degradation due to matrix crack initiation and propagation. The Curtin progressive fiber damage model is utilized to simulate progressive fiber failure. The creep-damage formulation is subsequently implemented as a constitutive model in the generalized method of cells (GMC) micromechanics formulation to simulate time-dependent deformation and material damage under creep loading conditions. The developed framework is used to simulate creep of single fiber SiC/SiC microcomposites. Simulation results are in excellent agreement with experimental and numerical data available in the literature.     

Damage modeling of oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites under cyclic loading conditions

Ceramic matrix composites exhibit optimal high temperature property and complex nonlinear behaviors including irreversible deformations and stiffness degradation under different mechanical loading conditions. In the present work, the damage evolution of the material under multi-axial loads considering effects of loading-unloading cyclic was studied and a novel continuum damage constitutive model was proposed. The material degradation was decomposed into monotonic damages and cyclic damages. The anisotropic hardening behavior of the material was considered by taking orientation dependence into account. Compared to the experimental results, the constitutive model could accurately predict the stress-strain response and stiffness degradations of the oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites for monotonic loading and cyclic loading.     

Experimental and Constitutive Investigation on Tensile and Compressive Behavior of MDYB-3 at Different Temperatures and Loading Rates

In the present study, tensile tests and compressive tests at different loading rates and different temperatures were carried out to study the mechanical behaviors of MDYB-3 systematically. The experimental results show that the stress-strain behavior and mechanical performance of MDYB-3 material under tension differ significantly from it under compressive response. The tension failure strength, elastic modulus and yield strength increase basically with the rise of temperature, while the critical strain decreases with the rise of temperature. Furthermore, a tensile constitutive model was proposed for MDYB-3 material expressing in terms of elastic, viscous and plastic deformation.     

A chemo-mechanical coupled constitutive model applied to the oxidation simulation of SiC/SiC composite

Herein, a chemo-mechanical coupled constitutive and failure model is proposed to predict the tensile behavior of SiC/SiC composites under oxidizing environments. The diffusion of O₂ through the oxide scale and the oxidation reaction of SiC/O₂ are modeled and implemented in finite element software, through a user-defined element. Numerical validation studies and tests are conducted on a domestic SiC fiber. An orthotropic constitutive model for reinforcements, which considers modulus reduction due to oxidation damage, and a continuum damage model associated with O₂ diffusion along the micro-cracks in the SiC matrix are subsequently presented. The developed framework is used to simulate the mechanical behavior and oxidation process of a single fiber SiC/SiC composite.     

Effect of strain rate and temperature on the performance of epoxy mortar

The behavior of epoxy mortar was studied under various curing conditions, temperature and strain rate. The effect of aggregate size and distribution on the mechanical properties of epoxy mortar was also studied. Epoxy mortar with a uniform fine sand was cured at various temperatures to determine the optimum curing condition. The strain rate was varied between 0.01 to 6 percent strain per minute and the testing temperature between 22°C and 80°C. The strength, modulus, and compressive strain-strain relationship of polymer mortar are influenced by the curing method, testing temperature, and strain rate to varying degrees. The influence of test variables on the mechanical properties of epoxy mortar are quantified. Compared to the uniformly graded fine aggregate fillers the gap-graded aggregates produced polymer mortar with better mechanical properties. The compressive modulus and splitting tensile strength of epoxy mortar are related to their compressive strength. A new nonlinear constitutive model is proposed to predict the complete compressive stress-strain behavior of epoxy mortar. The constitutive relationship parameters are also related to the testing temperature and logarithmic strain rate.     

Effect of Pre‐strain Aging on the Damage Properties of Composite Solid Propellants based on a Constitutive Equation

Accelerated aging tests under pre‐strain were conducted on HTPB‐based composite solid propellant with the goal of investigating the effect of pre‐strain aging on its damage properties. A statistical damage constitutive model based on continuum damage theory and statistical strength theory was established. The aging damage coefficient, making aging process of propellant equivalent to a form of damage, was introduced to correct the damage variable. Experimental results show that theoretical model has good agreement with experimental results and can accurately describe the mechanical behavior of propellant during pre‐strain aging. Further analysis indicated that the damage effects caused by pre‐strain can be identified from the equation of the aging damage coefficient. Aging time influences both tensile strength and shape characteristics of the stress‐strain curve of propellant in the damage stage, while pre‐strain only decreased the tensile strength. The strain damage threshold value decreased linearly over the aging period and with increasing pre‐strain level during the aging process.     

Curing and constitutive relationships for polyester mortar

The compressive and tensile properties of polyester mortar were studied under various curing conditions, temperature, and strain rate. The curing temperature was varied from room temperature to 80°C. The behavior of polyester mortar was studied using a uniform sand with strain rate and temperature varied between 0.01 to 6 percent strain per minute and 22°C and 120°C, respectively. The strength, failure strain, modulus and stress-strain relationships of polyester mortar are influenced by the curing method, testing temperature, and strain rate to varying degrees. The influence of test variables on the mechanical properties of polyester mortar are quantified. Pretreating the aggregates with a silane coupling agent further enhances the compressive and tensile strength of the mortar. The compressive modulus and splitting tensile strength of polyester mortar are related to the compressive strength. A constitutive model is used to predict the compressive stress-strain behavior of polyester mortar.     

玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂低温收缩应变的计算模型及应用

设计了玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂(GFEP)在低温条件下收缩应变的计算模型,通过对GFEP进行低温实验,得到了GFEP的力学响应。结果表明:温度低于50 K时,随着温度的升高,GFEP的横纵向收缩率均变化不大;温度高于50 K时,随着温度的升高,其横纵向收缩率均增加较快;GFEP在-30℃时的拉伸强度、弹性模量较常温时大。实验测试数据与采用有限元计算的90°方向的应力-应变曲线比较吻合,两者的拉伸应力几乎无差别,验证了材料本构方程的正确性。引入有限元分析可以对GFEP的本构方程进行检验。通过Umat软件,可实现预测0°方向及90°方向材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线的非线性行为。     

Constitutive modeling for mechanical behavior of PMMA microcellular foams

Constitutive equations for nonlinear tensile behavior of PMMA foams were studied. Five viscoelastic models composed of elastic and viscous components were accounted for the modeling of the constitutive equations. The developed constitutive equations are expressed in terms of material properties and foam properties such as strain, strain rate, elastic modulus, relative density of foam, and relaxation time constant. It was found that the stress-strain behaviors by Generalized Maxwell model, Three Element model and Burgers model could be described by the constitutive equation obtained from the Maxwell model. For the verification of the constitutive model, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microcellular foams were manufactured using batch process method, and then uniaxial tensile tests were performed. The stress-strain curves by experiment were compared with the theoretical results by the constitutive equation. It was demonstrated that nonlinear tensile stress-strain behaviors of PMMA foams were well described by the constitutive equation.     

树脂基碳纤维丝束本构方程的研究

分析了三维完全各向异性、三维正交各向异性和横观各向同性材料的本构关系,提出树脂基碳纤维丝束采用横观各向同性的本构方程,并基于该方程,通过隐式计算模块Abaqus/Standard中的牛顿迭代法求解材料的拉伸性能,与试验作对比。结果表明:拉伸应力—应变关系曲线与试验值比较吻合,能较好地模拟树脂基碳纤维丝束的形变,较准确地反映拉伸力学响应;该本构方程模型能够有效地预测碳纤维复合材料的拉伸力学行为。     

Effect of multiple loading sequence on time-dependent stress rupture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

In this paper, the effect of multiple loading sequence on time-dependent stress rupture of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) at intermediate temperatures in oxidative environment is investigated. Considering multiple damage mechanisms, a micromechanical constitutive model for time-dependent stress rupture is developed to determine damage evolution of matrix crack spacing, interface debonding and oxidation length, and fiber failure probability under single and multiple loading sequences. The relationships between multiple loading sequence, composite strain evolution, time, matrix cracking, interface debonding and oxidation, and fiber fracture are established. The effects of fiber volume, matrix crack spacing, interface shear stress in the slip and oxidation region, and environment temperature on the stress/time-dependent strain, interface debonding and oxidation fraction, and fiber broken fraction of SiC/SiC composite are analyzed. The experimental stress rupture of SiC/SiC composite under single and multiple loading sequences at 950°C in air atmosphere is predicted. Compared with single loading stress, multiple loading sequence affects the interface debonding and oxidation fraction in the debonding region, leading to the higher fiber broken fraction and shorter stress-rupture lifetime.     

A predictive model for the mechanical behavior of particulate composites

A method for predicting the stress-strain and volumetric behavior of particulate composites from constituent properties has been developed for large values of strain. This approach allows a simple model for systems in which damage occurs without resorting to complicated constitutive equations. An energy balance derived from the first law of thermodynamics and the equations of linear elasticity calculates critical strain values at which filler particles will dewet when subjected to uniaxial tension and superimposed pressure. Calculations of critical strains over the entire strain history using reevaluated material properties accounting for the damage yield highly nonlinear stress-strain and volumetric curves. Experimentally observed dependences on particle size, filler concentration, matrix and filler properties, and superimposed pressure are correctly predicted. The method has no adjustable parameters, and allows several idealized models of the dewetting process to be examined. Comparisons of model predictions to experimental data show good agreement.     

单轴压缩固化泥炭土的弹塑性损伤模型试验研究

为了研究固化泥炭土的力学性能,将机制砂作为填充材料,水泥和磷石膏作为胶结材料,针对昆明泥炭土开展了一系列固化试验。根据固化土体的无侧限抗压强度试验和单轴循环加-卸载试验,讨论了泥炭土在不同水泥掺量和磷石膏掺量下的固化效果。基于损伤理论和应变等效性假设,建立了单轴压缩状态下固化泥炭土的弹塑性损伤模型。研究结果表明:固化泥炭土抗压强度随水泥掺量的增加而增大,同时随着磷石膏掺量的增加,强度增长速率表现为先增大后减小的趋势。固化泥炭土的应力-应变滞回曲线呈下部不闭合的新月形,且在塑性开始和接近破坏阶段不闭合区域面积较大,说明这两个阶段产生较大的能量损耗。最后,考虑水泥掺量和磷石膏掺量的影响,根据试验结果采用曲线拟合的方法,得到了固化泥炭土弹塑性损伤本构模型的各项参数。     

不同应变速率下橡胶混凝土损伤本构模型

为获得低应变速率下橡胶混凝土的力学性能,本文进行了不同应变速率下橡胶混凝土的轴压试验,分析了混凝土细骨料的橡胶颗粒体积替换率和应变速率对橡胶混凝土力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,橡胶混凝土的应力-应变关系曲线和抗压强度均呈现增大的趋势,橡胶混凝土初始损伤值呈现递减的趋势,但应变速率对橡胶混凝土的弹性模量影响不显著。当应变速率从3.3×10^-5/s增加至3.3×10^-3/s时,橡胶体积替换率为0%、20%和30%的橡胶混凝土抗压强度分别增加了31%、24%、10%。当橡胶体积替换率率从0%变化到30%时,承受应变速率为3.3×10^-5/s、3.3×10^-4/s和3.3×10^-3/s的橡胶混凝土抗压强度分别减少了17%、15%、30%;橡胶混凝土的耗能随着加载速率的增加,整体呈现增大的趋势。最后基于试验数据建立了不同应变率下橡胶混凝土的损伤本构关系模型,并采用试验数据验证了新建立模型的准确性。     

高聚物黏结炸药的力学性能研究进展

从材料的力学行为特性、实验方法、本构模型和强度理论4个方面对高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的力学性能特征进行了归纳和评述。指出应变率和温度对材料应力状况的影响及动态力学性能分析是目前PBX研究的热点和难点。认为可以借鉴研究混凝土和高聚物的一些方法来建立PBX的本构模型和失效准则。指出选择和改进现有测试技术时,须考虑PBX的含能敏感性、大变形等特性。对PBX力学性能的理论研究、实验技术及数值模拟等方面需要开展的工作提出了一些看法。认为复杂环境下的力学响应和细观建模模拟应是今后研究的重点方向。附参考文献93篇。     

Impact of characteristic length and loading rate upon dynamic constitutive behavior and fracture process in alumina ceramics

Understanding the impact performance of ceramic materials requires accurate corresponding relationship between mechanical response and fracture behavior. In this study, constitutive behaviors of alumina ceramics were successfully determined via split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system coupled with high-speed camera to track the deformation and failure process. Failure strength of alumina demonstrated a strong dependency on strain rate beyond a critical value (namely transition strain rate). Inelastic deformation in the dynamic stress-strain curves implied that degradation of modulus does occur. The incorporating such degradation (damage evolution) in modulus enabled a more accurate evaluation of transition strain rate as a function of characteristic length of specimen. On-line observation revealed that longitudinal cracks dominated the failure process of alumina with negligible interfacial friction. However, interfacial friction became significant with the decreased characteristic length, thus the inclined cracks dominated fracture in alumina. It was found that the effect of interfacial friction can be minimized by lowering the impact velocity to maintain the uniaxial loading status in SHPB loads. Finally, it is suggested that an aspect ratio of 1.0 for the specimen should be suitable for alumina due to its insensitivity to interfacial friction within the achievable strain rate.     

Oriented short glass-fiber composites. IV. Dependence of mechanical properties on the distribution of fiber orientations

Short glass fiber-epoxy laminates of controlled fiber orientation and distribution were loaded to failure under uniaxial tension. The mechanical characteristics of specimens with different orientation patterns, which were determined experimentally, were compared with analytical predictions based on “Laminate Analogy” methods. Results show good agreement between empirical data and prediction in the case of stiffness, stress-strain relationship and strength based on ultimate strain criteria. A methodology is proposed according to which a well-defined, orthotropic, short fiber reinforced plastic system can be prepared, analyzed, and optimized by tailoring it according to the loading pattern in a similar manner to that of the well-established, continuous fiber reinforced laminates.