Cr掺杂的Co-B非晶态合金的制备及催化硼氢化钠水解制氢

采用化学还原法制备了三元非晶态Co-Cr-B纳米催化剂。采用透射电镜（TEM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）等测试方法对催化剂的形貌、结构、成分做了表征。通过排水法进行NaBH₄溶液水解产氢反应,测量了催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,当掺杂少量的Cr时,催化剂的粒径明显减小,比表面积明显增大,催化剂的性能提高。过量的Cr会导致出现过多的氧化物和Cr ³⁺,覆盖了催化剂表面活性位点,降低催化剂的性能。当Cr与Co物质的量比为0.005时,催化剂性能最佳。与纯Co-B相比,其对硼氢化钠水解产氢速率提高了2倍。此外,研究了催化剂用量、NaBH₄浓度、反应温度、NaOH浓度等因素对NaBH₄溶液水解产氢反应的影响。     

活性炭负载磷钨酸用于烟气脱硝抗水性能实验研究

通过硝酸活化和高温水热活化方法对活性炭进行表面改性,之后在改性活性炭上负载不同含量的磷钨酸考察催化剂在有水蒸汽条件下的催化氧化脱硝催化活性,初始反应条件为：温度80 ℃,空速800 h^-1,O₂体积分数为5%、H₂O体积分数为4.2%、NO含量为443 mg·m^-3。通过FT-IR表征制备的催化剂评价前后表面有机活性基团的变化,将不同磷钨酸负载量下活性炭催化剂的脱硝活性评价结果和红外光谱结合,结果表明,湿气条件下,磷钨酸负载质量分数为10%时制备的催化剂能够较好地保持催化氧化脱硝稳定性,NO脱除效率约40%。考察不同操作参数,如温度、水蒸汽含量、O₂含量和空速对负载质量分数10%磷钨酸的活性炭催化剂催化氧化脱硝抗水性能的影响,最优操作条件：温度120 ℃,O₂体积分数8%,水蒸汽体积分数6%,空速1 000 h^-1,催化氧化反应的NO转化率达62%。     

无定形MnOx/SiO2催化剂的合成及低温催化氧化甲醛机理

甲醛因其污染范围广、持续时间长、危害性大等特性被视为室内有害物质的头号“杀手”。本文采用自组装法于SiO₂表面原位生长MnO_x（MnO_x/SiO₂催化剂）并用于低温催化氧化甲醛的研究,XRD、SEM-EDS、TEM和BET表征显示,MnO_x以无定形态均匀地分布在SiO₂载体表面,同时考察了MnO_x的负载量以及煅烧温度对甲醛催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,优选的质量分数13% MnO_x/SiO₂无定形催化剂具有较大的比表面积（高达164.85m²/g）和丰富的活性位点（Mn³⁺,75.6%）,而较大的比表面积有利于更多的甲醛分子吸附在催化剂表面并进行活化反应。对甲醛进行连续性动态检测,结果显示催化剂在连续催化6h后仍保持80%以上的去除效率,表明无定形催化剂具有良好的低温催化效果。随着温度的升高,催化甲醛过程中间产物（甲酸根）被进一步分解,有利于催化剂的再生使用,当温度达到90℃时,甲醛的去除效果可达90%。     

Pt/USY催化剂上四氢萘选择性开环反应

通过USY分子筛载体上负载Pt制备Pt/USY催化剂，考察Pt/USY催化剂对四氢萘选择性开环反应的影响。结果表明，USY分子筛载体负载Pt后，四氢萘转化率提高，且明显改善开环的选择性。通过工艺条件的研究，得知在空速为2 h^-1、氢油体积比为750∶1、反应压力为4 MPa和反应温度为280℃时，Pt_0.4/USY催化剂性能最好，四氢萘转化率大于99%,C₁₀产物收率大于94%,开环选择性高于38%。     

磁性纳米钌催化剂制备及其催化甲苯氢化反应性能

采用共沉淀法制备Fe₃O₄粒子,用SiO₂对Fe₃O₄纳米粒子进行表面包覆,用改性聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对所得磁性粒子进行表面修饰,制备磁性纳米粒子负载钌催化剂Ru/PVP-DB-171/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄。红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜分析表明,所得粒子结构是面心尖晶石结构,Fe₃O₄为核,无定形SiO₂为壳,纳米钌吸附在磁性载体表面。该粒子具有高分散性,可用磁分离实现固液分离。以甲苯液相催化加氢反应为模型,评价磁性负载钌催化剂的催化性能,计算出甲苯氢化的活化能为16.6 kJ·mol^-1,在433 K和4.0 MPa条件下,反应转换数达30 262 mol·(mol-Ru）^-1,Ru催化剂可循环使用8次,添加助剂的种类和数量影响催化剂活性。     

K2CO3-水蒸气催化活化制备兰炭基活性炭的实验研究

选取粒度小于6mm的低价值兰炭末,以K₂CO₃为催化剂,采用溶液浸渍-水蒸气高温活化技术制备兰炭基活性炭,通过计算收率,碘吸附和亚甲基蓝吸附实验,低温N₂等温吸附/脱附实验以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征活性炭孔结构特征,重点考察了催化剂溶液浓度、催化活化温度对孔隙结构的影响。研究表明,相比于常规水蒸气高温活化,K₂CO₃催化作用能缩短活化时间,活化30min已经十分充分。随着活化温度的上升和催化剂浓度的增加,亚甲基蓝吸附值先增大后减小,碘吸附值持续降低。当催化剂浓度为0.6mol·L^-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值最高,为234.12mg·g^-1。催化活化过程的最佳温度是500℃,此时兰炭基活性炭比表面积和孔容积分别为579.32m²·g^-1和0.309cm³·g^-1,材料中孔和微孔均较为发达。用扫描电镜观察了催化活化制备的兰炭基活性炭的表面形貌,其已经没有...     

废轮胎热解炭低温催化焦油重整制备富氢气体的研究

以全钢型废旧轮胎为原料，通过热解、活化、浸渍、焙烧的流程制备了三种热解炭催化剂，分别为轮胎热解炭（Raw char）、轮胎热解活性炭（AC）和负载Zn的活性炭（Zn/AC）。采用N₂吸/脱附、SEM、EDS、XRD等表征方法对催化剂进行了一系列表征和分析，发现CO₂/H₂O活化可显著提高催化剂BET比表面积，最高可达380 m²·g^-1，有效改善催化剂表面结构性质，同时浸渍法使催化剂表面负载大量ZnO活性位。对三种催化剂在纤维素热解焦油重整制氢过程中的催化性能进行了研究，发现Raw char（600℃）具有最佳催化效果，相较于空白组（500℃），热解气中H₂体积分数提高了12.4%，达到19.3%，其次为Zn/AC（500℃）组的17.8%，实现了低温下催化纤维素焦油热解制得高产率H₂。     

木屑制备高孔隙成型活性炭及Doehlert设计法优化

以木屑为原料,不添加任何黏结剂,使用H₃PO₄作为活化剂,制备高孔隙的成型活性炭。利用N₂吸附-脱附、XRD及万能试验机,考察了不同活化时间（1~3 h）、活化温度（500~700 ℃）对成型活性炭性能的影响。结果表明：制备的成型活性炭具有较高的比表面积、孔隙率、得率、表观密度、耐压强度和总孔容积。在活化温度为600 ℃,活化时间为1 h的条件下,其比表面积达1 022.6 m²/g,得率为32.2 %,表观密度为0.62 g/cm³,耐压强度为5.23 MPa,总孔容积为0.49 cm³/g,微孔比例达到91.8 %。通过Doehlert设计法对反应条件进行优化,结果表明优化的制备条件为活化温度590 ℃,活化时间2.1 h,此时成型活性炭得率、耐压强度和表观密度分别为31.8 %、5.54 MPa、0.87 g/cm³。理论值和实验值存在很好的一致性,表明该理论模型是可靠的。     

乙炔氢氯化过程中铜基催化剂的制备及催化性能

采用球形活性炭为载体,制备了用于乙炔氢氯化反应的载Cu催化剂, 并采用TEM进行了表征。在常压固定床反应器中考察了溶剂、酸洗液、Cu的负载量、焙烧温度对Cu/C催化剂性能的影响。结果表明, 以1 mol/L盐酸为溶剂,1 mol/L H₃PO₄为活性炭酸洗液,Cu的负载量为15%,焙烧温度为500℃时,该催化剂具有较高的分散度和反应活性。空速180 h^-1、V(HCl)/V(C₂H₂)=1.1、Cu的负载量为15%、温度180℃时,乙炔氢氯化反应的转化率可达68%以上, 氯乙烯选择性不低于99.5%,同时具有较好的稳定性; 在空速为540 h^-1时, 其催化活性会因活性组分的团聚结晶而降低。     

Pd@CMP-1催化剂的制备及其催化硝基芳烃化合物的性能

以H₂PdCl₄为金属前体、共轭微孔聚合物(CMP-1)为载体,利用浸渍还原法首次合成了Pd含量为1%的负载型Pd@CMP-1加氢催化剂。以H₂为氢源、硝基芳烃化合物的加氢反应为探针,对催化剂的加氢性能进行了评价。用稀HNO₃对载体进行预处理,探究稀HNO₃对载体的影响。并通过XRD、TEM及BET等手段对催化剂进行分析表征,结果表明:Pd@CMP-1具有720m²/g的比表面积,Pd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体CMP-1上,用稀HNO₃对载体进行预处理将改变CMP-1的结构性能,不利于催化剂的制备。考察了温度和压力对反应体系的影响,实验结果表明体系在2MPa、100℃条件下具有较高的反应活性。并通过几种硝基芳烃的加氢反应可知:Pd@CMP-1催化剂是一种高效环保的加氢催化剂,具有优秀的加氢性能以及一定的循环性能。     

钴-硼/二氧化锆催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解制氢研究

采用浸渍负载-还原法制备了钴-硼/二氧化锆催化剂,研究了催化剂在催化硼氢化钠水解制氢中的性能。研究了催化剂的制备条件（钴与二氧化锆物质的量比、钴与硼氢化钠物质的量比）对其催化性能的影响,并考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、搅拌转速对硼氢化钠水解制氢的影响。结果表明,在钴与二氧化锆物质的量比为0.16:1、钴与硼氢化钠物质的量比为1:5条件下制备的钴-硼/二氧化锆催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解制氢的速率最快。硼氢化钠水解制氢速率随催化剂用量的增加和反应温度的升高而增大,随搅拌转速的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。反应动力学计算出钴-硼/二氧化锆催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解对硼氢化钠的浓度属于零级反应。钴-硼/二氧化锆催化剂的硼氢化钠水解反应活化能为43.97 kJ/mol。     

负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂催化分解N_2O

以ZrO_2为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂,研究催化剂活性组分负载量、Co与Mn物质的量比、焙烧条件及含H_2O气氛对N_2O转化率的影响。结果表明,催化剂最佳制备条件为:活性组分Co负载质量分数3%,Co与Mn物质的量比为1∶1,焙烧升温速率2℃·min-1,焙烧温度900℃。该条件制备的负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂在反应温度850℃时,N_2O转化率达98.7%。当反应气氛中H_2O体积分数小于20%条件下,850℃时N_2O转化率高于90%,表明催化剂具有较强的抗水性能。     

Catalytic behavior of carbon supported Ni-B, Co-B and Co-Ni-B in hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of KBH4

Activated carbon (AC) supported Ni-B, Co-B, and Co-Ni-B catalysts with different Co/Ni mass ratios were synthesized by impregnation of commercial activated carbon with the solution of cobalt and/or nickel salt, and then reduction of metal salts with sodium borohydride at room temperature. Structural properties and morphology of the catalysts were studied using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), XRD and SEM techniques. The B content of the catalyst is less than that required for stoichiometric alloy formation, which indicates the simultaneous presence of the Co and/or Ni metal along with Co-B and/or Ni-B alloy on the surface of activated carbon. The catalytic activity of the catalysts has been tested by measuring the hydrogen generation rate during the hydrolysis of potassium borohydride in basic medium. The results show that Co-B/AC exhibits the highest activity among Ni-B/AC, Co-B/AC and Co-Ni-B/AC catalysts investigated. For supported bimetallic boride catalysts, the catalytic activity increases with Co/Ni mass ratio. The effects of reaction parameters, such as KBH₄ concentration, NaOH concentration, and reaction temperature, on the reaction were also surveyed.     

Effects of electrodeposited Co and Co–P catalysts on the hydrogen generation properties from hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride solution

Co and Co–P catalysts electroplated on Cu in sulfate based solution without or with an addition of H₂PO₂⁻ ions were developed for hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The microstructures of the Co and Co–P catalysts and their hydrogen generation properties were analyzed as a function of cathodic current density and plating time during the electrodeposition. An amorphous Co–P electrodeposit with micro-cracks was formed by electroplating in the sulfate based solution containing H₂PO₂⁻ ions. It was found that the amorphous Co–P catalyst formed at 0.01 A/cm² exhibited 18 times higher catalytic activity for hydrolysis of NaBH₄ than did the polycrystalline Co catalyst. The catalytic activity of the electrodeposited Co–P catalyst for hydrolysis of NaBH₄ was found to be a function of both cathodic current density and plating time, that is, parameters determining the concentration of P in the Co–P catalyst. Especially, Co–13 at.% P catalyst electroplated on Cu in the Co–P bath at a cathodic current density of 0.01 A/cm² for 1080 s showed the best hydrogen generation rate of 954 ml/min g-catalyst in 1 wt.% NaOH + 10 wt.% NaBH₄ solution at 30 °C.     

Ni2P/SiO2催化剂制备及其乙酸加氢制乙醇催化性能评价

通过等体积浸渍和N₂气流中热处理过程制备了系列氧化硅负载过渡金属磷化物催化剂,经乙酸加氢制乙醇反应实验和动力学分析评价催化剂性能。研究结果表明,随着反应温度从280℃升高到340℃,乙酸转化率和乙醇选择性均逐渐提高。随着催化剂制备的P/Ni摩尔比从2：1增大到4：1,催化剂活性和乙醇选择性均先增大后减小,P/Ni摩尔比为3：1催化剂性能较佳。250℃热处理制备催化剂的催化性能优于200℃及300℃。Ni₂P/SiO₂催化剂活性和乙醇选择性均高于Co₂P/SiO₂催化剂。用次磷酸钠作为磷补充源制备催化剂的性能优于次磷酸钾。采用较佳条件下制备的Ni₂P/SiO₂催化剂,在温度340℃、压力2.0 MPa、氢酸进料量比10：1、质量空速0.4 h^-1条件下进行乙酸加氢反应,乙酸转化率为100%,乙醇选择性达到74.56%,并且适当升高反应温度会进一步提高乙醇选择性。     

Alumina-supported cobalt-molybdenum catalyst for slurry phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

An evaluative investigation of the Fischer–Tropsch performance of two catalysts (20%Co/Al₂O₃ and 10%Co:10%Mo/Al₂O₃) has been carried out in a slurry reactor at 2 MPa and 220–260 °C. The addition of Mo to the Co-catalyst significantly increased the acid-site strength suggesting strong electron withdrawing character in the Co-Mo catalyst. Analysis of steady-state rate data however, indicates that the FT reaction proceeds via a similar mechanism on both catalysts (carbide mechanism with hydrogenation of surface precursors as the rate-determining step). Although chain growth, , on both catalysts were comparable (  0.6), stronger CH₂ adsorption on the Co-Mo catalyst and lower surface concentration of hydrogen adatoms as a result of increased acid-site strength was responsible for the lower individual hydrocarbons production rate compared to the Co catalyst. The activation energy, E, for Co (96.6 kJ mol⁻¹), is also smaller than the estimate for the Co-Mo catalyst (112 kJ mol⁻¹). Transient hydrocarbon rate profiles on each catalyst are indicative of first-order processes, however the associated surface time constants are higher for alkanes than alkenes on individual catalysts. Even so, for each homologous class, surface time constants for paraffins are greater for Co-Mo than Co, indicative that the adsorption of CH₂ species on the Co-Mo surface is stronger than on the monometallic Co catalyst.     

The effect of different Co phase structure (FCC/HCP) on the catalytic action towards the hydrogen storage performance of MgH2

High hydrogen desorption temperature and sluggish reaction kinetics are the major limitations for the practical application of MgH₂. In this study, Co particles with a face centered cubic (FCC) structure and a hexagonal close packed (HCP) structure were prepared facilely and proved to be good catalysts for magnesium hydride. Co particles with FCC structure presented better catalytic effect on MgH₂ than that with HCP structure. Both 7% (mass) Co FCC and HCP particle modified MgH₂ decreased the initial dehydrogenation temperature from 301.3 ℃ to approximately 195.0 ℃, but 7% (mass) Co with FCC structure modified MgH₂ has a faster desorption rate, and around 6.5% (mass) H₂ was desorbed in 10 min at 325 ℃. Hydrogen uptake was detected at 70 ℃ under 3.25 MPa hydrogen pressure and 6.0% (mass) H₂ was recharged in 40 min at 150 ℃. The hydrogen desorption and absorption activation energy for 7% (mass) FCC Co modified MgH₂ was significantly decreased to (76.6±8.3) kJ·mol^-1 and (68.3±6.0) kJ·mol^-1, respectively. Thermodynamic property was also studied, the plateau pressures of MgH₂ + 7% (mass) FCC Co were determined to be 0.14, 0.28, 0.53 and 0.98 MPa for 300 ℃, 325 ℃, 350 ℃ and 375℃. The decomposition enthalpy of hydrogen (ΔH) for MgH₂ + 7% (mass) FCC Co was (80.6±0.1) kJ·mol^-1, 5.8 kJ·mol^-1 lower than that of as-prepared MgH₂. Moreover, cycling performance for the first 20 cycles revealed that the reaction kinetics and capacity of MgH₂-FCC Co composite remained almost unchanged. The result of density functional theory calculation demonstrated that cobalt could extract the Mg—H bond and reduced the decompose energy of magnesium hydride. Our paper can be presented as a reference for searching highly effective catalysts for hydrogen storage and other energy-related research fields.     

PtAu/ZrO_2催化甘油选择性制备乳酸

采用溶胶-沉积法制备了Pt Au/ZrO_2系列催化剂,在惰性气体气氛下用于催化甘油选择性制备乳酸。研究不同反应温度下,不同单金属负载和不同比例Pt Au双金属负载催化剂的催化活性以及不同气氛下催化剂重复使用性能,对催化剂进行BET、AAS和TEM等表征。结果表明,在浓度1.1 mol·L-1甘油水溶液10 m L、(1∶1)Pt Au/ZrO_2催化剂用量0.132 g、反应温度160℃、氮气压力1.4 MPa和反应时间6 h条件下,甘油转化率90%,乳酸选择性93.7%。催化剂重复使用性能实验验证了氧气气氛下催化剂活性保持良好。