精馏分离中的新型中空纤维膜结构填料及其传递现象

以异丙醇/水体系为研究对象,采用有挡板的新型聚醚砜中空纤维膜接触器作为精馏结构填料,进行了精馏分离过程和现象的研究。通过不同流动方式的比较,在新型膜接触器中设计了液体管内流动、蒸气壳层沿挡板逆向流动的改进型平行流方式。实验结果表明：无论有无挡板,中空纤维膜结构填料对异丙醇/水溶液的分离效率均较常规结构填料要高得多,且操作气速可以在常规填料液泛线以上,表明其不易受常规填料的操作弹性限制。有挡板膜接触器的性能和分离效率较无挡板时更优,运行参数更为稳定,其最小传质单元高度HTU值可达5.4cm。与其它中空纤维膜分离器类似,其总传质系数K随中空纤维膜的填充密度φ加大而变小,但新型膜接触器精馏过程的总传质系数值较液液萃取要高出约5～10倍。     

填充密度对新型中空纤维膜接触器分离性能和传质的影响

采用聚丙烯中空纤维膜接触器作为新型精馏结构填料对甲醇水溶液体系进行了精馏分离过程的实验研究,探讨了填充密度对中空纤维膜接触器分离性能和过程传质的影响.结果表明,填充密度为4.7%时,接触器塔顶甲醇浓度比填充密度为9.5%时的高,且两种填充密度的膜接触器组件均可在远离常规填料液泛线以上的气速范围操作.随着气速逐步增大,传质单元高度变大,壳程气相传质系数随之变大,填充密度高的组件的气相传质系数较小.     

膜结构填料涂覆改性对精馏分离异丙醇/水体系的影响

采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)对聚砜(PSf)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)两种不同材料中空纤维膜结构填料进行了疏水涂覆改性,并研究了改性前后膜结构填料在异丙醇/水体系精馏分离中的材料性能变化。实验结果表明:PDMS涂覆使PVDF膜的分离效果提高了约20%,但使PSf膜的分离效果下降3%~10%。经涂覆后,膜结构填料的传质单元高度均在20 cm以下,最小可达5 cm左右;所有膜结构填料均可突破传统精馏操作弹性限制,其传质时间小于10 s,水力学特性和传质效率更优。     

中空纤维PVA/PAN复合膜填料的乙醇水溶液精馏性能

以乙醇/水溶液为分离对象,中空纤维PVA/PAN复合膜作为精馏填料,考察了不同膜组件的传质分离效率。实验结果表明:各种组件的分离效率均随塔釜加热功率的增加而减小;和大多数中空纤维膜接触器一样,其总传质系数Ky随中空纤维膜组件填充密度φ的增加而减少;相比于传统精馏填料而言,用中空纤维膜做精馏填料分离乙醇水溶液的分离效果更好,可以在常规填料不能操作的液泛线以上进行操作。当塔釜加热功率为120 W,45根中空纤维膜封装在内径为1.6 cm玻璃管中的传质单元高度(HTU)为5.64 cm。     

气/液膜接触分离过程及其膜材料研究

新型气液膜接触器是很多具有共同特点膜过程的总称,它使用高分子膜将两流体分隔开,膜孔为两流体提供有效传质的场所,与传统分离器相比具有许多独特的优点,日益成为分离科学研究的热点。简述膜接触器在不同气/液分离体系中的应用,针对膜吸收、膜蒸馏、膜结构填料等三种典型的气/液界面膜接触分离过程,从结构、膜材料、传质、分离效率等方面详细进行了分析和比较。着重介绍了近年来相关领域膜材料学的研究进展,如高分子膜材料、成膜方法以及膜材料的改性方法(等离子体改性法、紫外辐照法和表面涂覆改性法等)等。     

膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理中的应用

膜接触器是一种通过膜作为两相之间的分离界面而实现相间传质的新型杂化膜过程,具体应用形式包括膜蒸馏、膜萃取、膜吸收、膜结构填料等.膜接触器使用微孔中空纤维膜将两流体分隔开,膜孔为两流体之间提供传质的场所.与传统接触分离器相比,新兴的膜接触器拥有分离效率高、工作范围宽、两相流速可单独控制以及结构紧凑等诸多独特的优点.文章着重于膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理领域的最新研究成果和进展,具体分析比较了上述几种膜接触器的结构、工作原理和操作特点,充分展示了膜接触器在废水处理以及化工、医药、食品等领域特种分离中的广阔应用前景.     

环境化工中的气/液膜接触分离过程及其特性

阐述了新型膜接触器由于避免了传统分离设备的一系列缺点和不足,具有操作范围宽,分离效率高,气液两相的流速可独立控制,可直接线性放大和结构紧凑等众多优点,日益成为分离科学研究的热点。并着眼于3种气/液界面膜接触分离过程(膜吸收、膜蒸馏、膜结构填料替代)在废气、废水等环境治理与化工分离方面的研究,从膜接触器结构、膜材料、传质、分离效率等方面详细分析和探讨了三种膜过程的分离特点,并对其作用原理、操作参数及分离性能进行了综合比较。     

粒子增强型中空纤维渗透蒸发分离有机水溶液

在选用粒子增强聚丙烯的基膜的基础上,制备了壳聚糖／聚丙烯腈（CS／PAN）中空纤维复合,考察了该膜对乙醇／水,异丙醇／水,丙酮／水体系的渗透蒸发分离特性,讨论并对比了料液浓度,温度对不同体系分离性能的影响。     

中空纤维膜接触器脱除催化裂化汽油中硫醇的研究

研究了中空纤维膜接触器中NaOH碱液脱除催化裂化(FCC)汽油中硫醇的工艺,考察了碱液浓度、温度、膜材料性质等因素对FCC汽油中硫醇脱除率的影响.结果表明在相同的流速下,聚砜中空纤维膜接触器中硫醇的脱除率较高:增大碱液浓度和提高体系温度都能增大硫醇的脱除率;逆流操作中硫醇的脱除率比并流操作高,但由于压差的限制.膜接触器的长度较短.     

填充密度对中空纤维膜接触器精馏过程壳程传质的影响

探讨了填充密度对新型聚丙烯中空纤维膜接触器精馏过程中壳程传质的影响。中空纤维膜接触器在填充密度为4.7%、9.5%、19%时均可在远离常规填料液泛线以上的气速范围操作。低填充密度下,壳程的Sherwood数理论值大于实验值,但填充密度较高时,实验值大于理论值。高Reynolds数有利于壳程传质,低填充密度时的Sherwood数高于高填充密度时。随着F因子逐步增大,壳程气相传质阻力随之变小,且膜接触器的填充密度越高,气相传质阻力越大。3种不同填充密度膜接触器的气相总传质系数随着接触器填充密度的增大而迅速减小,由391.84×10^-5 m·s^-1降低为83.28×10^-5 m·s^-1。     

Effects of baffles on separation of aqueous ethanol solution with hollow fibers

The effects of baffles on the operation and mass-transfer characteristics in novel hollow fiber membrane contactor used in distillation were investigated. Hollow fiber membranes, coated with a 7 μm polydimethyl-siloxane, were operated as structural packing in the separation of ethanol-water solutions. The parallel flow mode was chosen for separation due to the stronger driving force of the concentration difference, in which liquid flows through the lumens of the fibers and vapor flows countercurrent-wise outside the fibers. Two baffles were installed on the shell side of the membrane contactors to enhance separation, which had a round shape with a semi-lunar hole. The results show that both baffled and unbaffled membrane contactors gave better, more productive separations than traditional packing in distillation, such as the excellent Sulzer Gauze BX structured packing. The baffled membrane contactors performed better than unbaffled ones, especially at high vapor velocities. The minimal HTU of membrane contactor with baffles could reach as low as 4.5 cm, and almost all the contactors could work well above the limit where flooding normally occurs in conventional cases. Theoretical analysis predicted that baffles helped membrane module to obtain a higher masstransfer coefficient and a smaller mass-transfer resistance. Finally, theoretical mass-transfer coefficient and experimental value were compared as well as the contribution of each individual mass-transfer coefficients among liquid, gas and membrane.     

Distillation of alcohol/water solution in hybrid metal–organic framework hollow fibers

Distillation with multitudinous structured packings has shown great potential for chemical separation. However, there still remains a big challenge to prepare porous structured packings with more productive separation and better mass transfer efficiency due to materials limitations. Metal–organic framework (MOF) membranes have commendable porous structures that provide enough pathways for fast mass transport and superhydrophobic character for efficient separation. Herein, novel MOFs-based hollow fiber structured packings were fabricated by a facile two-step blending and post-coating method and successfully applied in alcohol/water distillation. The ZIF-8 nanoparticles with high surface area and hydrophobic framework in PDMS matrix greatly accelerated mass transfer rate of membrane. Especially, as hydrophobic ZIF-8/PDMS layer was coated on the inner surface of fibers, the wetting behavior of membranes can be effectively prevented. The prepared ZIF-8/PDMS structured packings can be easily operated far above the normal flooding limit and held the height of mass transfer unit as small as desired.     

新型中空纤维膜接触器用于乙醇/水体系分离的探索

引言 醇/水体系分离一直是化工生产中的重要环节,高效的醇/水分离技术能够使醇的产量大大提高,满足日益增长的工业生产需求.传统的分离方法如精馏、萃取等已经相当成熟,但是这些方法在工业生产过程中能耗巨大,越来越受到面临能源资源匮乏的当代社会的关注和制约.在此背景下,面向高效、节能的新型膜接触分离器应运而生,如Alan等[1]指出,工业化或半工业化的过程已经包括膜吸收、膜萃取以及渗透蒸馏等多个耦合分离单元[2-6].     

Carbon dioxide stripping in ceramic hollow fibre membrane contactors

Ceramic hollow fibre membrane contactors have been applied to carbon dioxide stripping from monoethanolamine (MEA) solution at high temperature where most polymeric membranes would fail to operate. The experimental results show that the membrane contactors are immune from hydrodynamic problems, such as flooding and loading, since the gas and liquid phases can totally be separated by the hollow fibre membranes. The height of transfer unit (HTU) of the contactor was determined to be as low as 15 cm and is dependent on the fluid velocities. The mass transfer coefficients were theoretically predicted and found to be within a reasonable deviation. The mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase was found to be the majority of the total resistance.     

SULPHUR DIOXIDE ABSORPTION IN HOLLOW FIBRE MEMBRANE MODULES

The performance of non-porous silicone rubber and microporous hydrophobic polypropylene hollow fibre membranes coupled with liquid absorbent were assessed for the removal of SO₂; from a gas stream. This approach combines the advantages of absorption technology (high selectivity) with membrane systems (compactness of equipment). The advantages of such gas absorption membranes were evident in the increased selectivities of both membranes. A mathematical model which incorporates the effective permeabilities of the gases has been developed to simulate the separation process. Numerical simulations agreed well with the experiment. Further investigations were carried out to study the combined removal of CO₂ and SO₂ and any possible interactive effects of these gases during absorption in these contactors.     

Preparation of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) asymmetric or microporous hollow‐fiber membranes by melt‐spun and cold‐stretch method

Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP) hollow fibers were prepared and fabricated into gas separation or microporous membranes by the melt‐spun and cold‐stretched method. PMP resin was melt‐extruded into hollow fibers with cold air as the cooling medium. The effects of take‐up speed and thermotreatment on the mechanical behavior and morphology of the fibers were investigated. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) photos were used to reveal the geometric structure of the section and surface of the hollow fibers. It was found that the original fiber had an asymmetric structure. A “sandwich” mode was used to describe the formation of this special fine structure. And a series of PMP hollow‐fiber membranes were prepared by subsequent drawing, and it was found that there was a “skin–core” structure on the cross section of these hollow‐fiber membranes. Asymmetric or microporous PMP hollow‐fiber membranes could be obtained by controlling posttreatment conditions. The morphology of these membranes were characterized by SEM, and the gas (oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) permeation properties of the membranes was measured. The results indicate that the annealing time of the original fiber and the stretching ratio were the key factors influencing the structure of the resulting membrane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2131–2141, 2006     

Thin-Film-Composite Gas Separation Membranes: On the Dynamics of Thin Film Formation Mechanism On Porous Substrates

Abstract

A wide range of gas separations of interest in energy applications are carried out using membranes. Growing attention has been paid to the technology of making thin-film-composites(TFCs) membranes. Understanding the polymer solution and substrate property is key to successfully preparing TFCs membranes. This paper reports on some fundamental issues of coating hollow fibers with polymer from solution by dip coating. Polymeric porous hollow fibers with varying porosities and permeances were coated with polymer solutions of different viscosities in a continuous process. In addition, the fibers were coated dry and by presoaking in the coating solvent. It was found that the thickness of the coating on the low permeance/porosity/wet and dry fibers could be approximated by the Deryaguin model (h/R = 1.33 (Ca) ^0.67). For dry fibers, as the fiber porosity increased, the measured coating thickness was significantly underestimated by the Deryaguin equation. It is believed that the pores in the fiber allow rapid capillary suction of the solvent into the fiber walls and the bore, thus increasing the solution viscosity near the fiber wall, resulting in an increase in the coating thickness. Significant differences in the rate of solvent uptake were observed in these fibers by wicking experiments on a microbalance to support the above hypothesis.