基于DFT模拟不同拓扑结构分子筛的氨氧化机理

采用铜离子交换后的分子筛对NH_3具有较好的N_2选择性和催化氧化脱除效果,但对于不同拓扑结构分子筛上氨氧化机理间的对比研究鲜有报道。研究了三种不同拓扑结构(MFI、BEA、MOR)分子筛上NH_3的催化氧化性能,并借助密度泛函理论(DFT)对反应机理进行详细阐释。三种分子筛的氨氧化机理对比研究结果表明,离子交换率相同的条件下,MFI构型的Cu-ZSM-5分子筛在300℃时,NH_3转化率高达90%,是三种分子筛中NH_3催化净化效果最好的催化剂。DFT计算结果表明,反应机理包括以下三部分:(1)吸附气态NH_3分子,随后与活性氧原子作用生成OHNH_2;(2)通过E-R机理,由生成的OHNH_2和气相的NH_3分子反应生成中间物种N_2H_4;(3)N_2H_4物种和活性氧原子继续作用,逐步脱氢,最后生成N_2和H_2O。通过反应路径活化能计算明确OHNH_2物种的生成所需能量最高,是反应的速控步骤。     

An investigation of alumina-supported catalysts for the selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia in biomass gasification

Alumina-supported catalysts containing different transition metals (Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) were prepared and tested for their activity in the selective oxidation of ammonia reaction at high temperatures (between 700 and 900 °C) using a synthetic gasification gas mixture. The catalysts were also characterised for their acidic properties by infrared studies of pyridine and ammonia adsorption and reaction/desorption. The Ni/Al₂O₃ and Cr/Al₂O₃ catalyst displayed the highest selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) activity in that temperature range with excellent N₂ selectivities. FT-IR studies of adsorbed pyridine and NH₃ indicate that Lewis acid sites dominate and that NH₃ adsorption on these sites is likely to be the first step in the SCO reaction. FT-IR studies on less active catalysts, particularly on Cu/Al₂O₃ allowed the detection of oxidation intermediates, amide (NH₂), and possibly hydrazine and imido and nitroxyl species. The amide and hydrazine intermediate gives credence to a proposed SCO mechanism involving a hydrazine intermediate, while the proposed imide, =N–H, and/or nitroxyl, HNO species could be intermediates in incomplete oxidation of NH₃ to N₂O.     

Catalytic performance of various mesoporous silicas modified with copper or iron oxides introduced by different ways in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia

Mesoporous silicas (MCM-48, SBA-15, MCF), reflecting various porous structures, were modified with copper and iron oxides by two different methods. For a first series of the samples the molecular designed dispersion (MDD) method using acetylacetonate complexes of copper and iron was applied for the deposition of transition metal oxides on the silica supports. A second series of the catalysts was obtained by the incipient impregnation technique using aqueous solutions of the suitable metal nitrates. The modified materials were characterized with respect to the texture (BET), composition (electron microprobe analysis), coordination of the transition metals (UV–vis–DRS) and surface acidity (NH₃-TPD, FTIR). The mesoporous silica supports modified with transition metal oxides were tested as catalysts of the selective reduction of NO with ammonia. The catalytic performance of the studied samples depended on the method used for the deposition of transition metal oxide as well as the kind of mesoporous silica used as a catalytic support. In general, the Cu-containing mesoporous samples effectively operated at lower temperatures than silicas modified with iron. The samples obtained by the MDD method have been found to be more active and selective compared to the analogous samples prepared by the impregnation technique. An introduction of water vapor into the reaction mixture only slightly decreased the NO conversion and selectivity towards N₂ over the MCF mesoporous silica modified with copper or iron oxide.     

赤泥催化剂的制备及其对模拟烟气中微量氨的脱除性能

以赤泥固废为原料，采用酸解-碱沉淀法制备了赤泥粉体催化剂，并提出一种将催化剂直接喷入SNCR尾气中的除氨工艺，考察了催化剂加入点温度、空速、NH₃浓度及水蒸气对氨去除能力的影响。研究发现，该催化过程具有很高的活性和N₂的选择性，450℃以上NH₃的转化率可达100%，同时在400～500℃间，N₂的选择性高于80%，达到了很好的除氨效果；在500℃，空速为3×10⁶~6×10⁶ h^-1之间时，出口NH₃浓度均为0；此工艺对于逃逸NH₃浓度的适用性较强，入口[NH₃] = 50×10^-6~1000×10^-6 mol/L范围内均可完全脱除，且具有一定的抗水能力。通过一系列表征发现，该种方法制备的赤泥催化剂不仅消除了原始固废的强碱性，还提高了其表面酸性，具有较高的比表面积、孔容和丰富的表面微观结构，使NH₃的吸附及活化反应能力大大增加；该催化剂过程遵循iSCR机理，在400～500℃温度区间主要发生NH₃-SCO反应，低于400℃主要发生NH₃-SCR反应，粉体催化剂通过NH₃-SCR和NH₃-SCO协同反应达到了去除尾气中微量氨的目的。     

Alumina- and titania-based monolithic catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides

The selective catalytic reduction of NO+NO₂ (NO_x) at low temperature (180–230°C) with ammonia has been investigated with copper-nickel and vanadium oxides supported on titania and alumina monoliths. The influence of the operating temperature, as well as NH₃/NO_x and NO/NO₂ inlet ratios has been studied. High NO_x conversions were obtained at operating conditions similar to those used in industrial scale units with all the catalysts. Reaction temperature, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide inlet concentration increased the N₂O formation with the copper-nickel catalysts, while no increase was observed with the vanadium catalysts. The vanadium-titania catalyst exhibited the highest DeNO_x activity, with no detectable ammonia slip and a low N₂O formation when NH₃/NO_x inlet ratio was kept below 0.8. TPR results of this catalyst with NO/NH₃/O₂, NO₂/NH₃/O₂ and NO/NO₂/NH₃/O₂ feed mixtures indicated that the presence of NO₂ as the only nitrogen oxide increases the quantity of adsorbed species, which seem to be responsible for N₂O formation. When NO was also present, N₂O formation was not observed.     

Ammonia activation over catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx and the selective catalytic oxidation of NH3. An FT-IR study

The adsorption and transformation of ammonia over V₂O₅, V₂O₅/TiO₂, V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ and CuO/TiO₂ systems has been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. In all cases ammonia is first coordinated over Lewis acid sites and later undergoes hydrogen abstraction giving rise either to NH₂ amide species or to its dimeric form N₂H₄, hydrazine. Other species, tentatively identified as imide NH, nitroxyl HNO, nitrogen anions N₂⁻ and azide anions N₃⁻ are further observed over CuO/TiO₂. The comparison of the infrared spectra of the species arising from both NH₃ and N₂H₄ adsorbed over CuO/TiO₂ strongly suggest that N₂H₄ is an intermediate in NH₃ oxidation over this active selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) catalysts. This implies that ammonia is activated in the form of NH₂ species for both SCR and SCO, and it can later dimerize. Ammonia protonation to ammonium ion is detected over V₂O₅-based systems, but not over CuO/TiO₂, in spite of the high SCR and SCO activity of this catalyst. Consequently Brönsted acidity is not necessary for the SCR activity.     

Transient kinetic study of the SCR-DeNOx reaction

The unsteady-state kinetics of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ is studied over V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ model catalysts by means of the transient response method. NH₃ strongly adsorbs onto the catalyst surface whereas NO does not adsorb appreciably. A dynamic mathematical model based on a Temkin-type desorption process for NH₃ and a SCR reaction rate with a complex dependence on the ammonia surface coverage is well suited to represent the data.     

Selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide over mixture catalysts of V–Sb–O and Bi2O3

The selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide containing excess water and ammonia was studied over vanadium–antimony mixed oxide catalysts. The investigation was focused on the phase cooperation between V–Sb–O and Bi₂O₃ in this reaction. Strong synergistic phenomenon in catalytic activity was observed for the mechanically mixed catalysts of V–Sb–O and Bi₂O₃. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and oxidation (TPO), two separated bed reaction tests, and XPS analyses were carried out to explain this synergistic effect by the reoxidation ability of Bi₂O₃.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over porous clay heterostructures modified with copper and iron species

Porous clay heterostructures (PCH), obtained on the basis of synthetic saponite, were modified with copper and iron ions by an ion-exchange method and tested as catalysts for the selective reduction of NO with ammonia (NH₃-SCR). Transition metal ions were introduced into H⁺ and NH₄⁺ forms of PCH. The catalysts were characterized with respect to their texture (BET), composition (EPMA), coordination of transition metals (UV–vis-DRS) and surface acidity (FT-IR, NH₃-TPD). The PCH-based catalysts have been found to be active, selective and stable in the NH₃-SCR process. The Cu-containing catalysts effectively operated at temperatures significantly lower than the Fe-modified samples. The catalyst obtained by exchanging copper ions in the ammonium form of PCH was considerably more active compared to the sample obtained from H⁺-PCH.     

The selective catalytic oxidation of NH3 over Fe-ZSM-5

The abatement of NH₃ from waste streams has become an important environmental issue. Selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of NH₃ to N₂ has emerged as a potential technology for taking care of NH₃ slips and NH₃ in waste streams. In this work, we describe the catalytic activity of Fe-zeolite catalysts prepared by incipient wetness technique, ion exchange and hydrothermal synthesis in the SCO of NH₃ to N₂ using a fixed bed flow reactor. Selective catalytic oxidation was carried out at 573–723 K and 10⁵ Pa with gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) between 24 000 and 240 000 h⁻¹. Results obtained showed that Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness technique were active for NH₃ conversion (77–100%) and selectivity to N₂ (65–100%). Fe-ASA and Fe-Beta showed good catalytic activity and selectivity, but their activity and selectivity were less than that of Fe-ZSM-5. The effects of water vapour, Fe loading, and activation method on the performance of these catalysts was also investigated.     

Effect of rhodium on the properties of bifunctional MxOy/ZrO2 catalysts in the reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrocarbons

The catalytic properties of transition metal oxides (Cr, Ce, and Co) supported on ZrO₂ synthesized by various methods, as well as the effect of rhodium on the performance of the M_xO_y/ZrO₂ oxide systems in NO reduction with hydrocarbons (methane, propane–butane mixture, and propene) were studied. Scanning electron microscopy, ammonia thermoprogrammed desorption (NH₃-TPD), XPS, and IR spectroscopy were used to study the physicochemical indices of rhodium-promoted M_xO_y/ZrO₂ oxide catalysts. The enhancement of the redox properties of the oxide catalysts upon the introduction of rhodium does not alter their bifunctional nature in SCR activity: these catalysts have both redox and strong acid Brønsted-sites.     

磷酸锆负载金属氧化物催化剂的制备及其在甘油脱水制丙烯醛中的应用

以磷酸锆为载体,负载不同类型金属氧化物制备了系列MOx/ZrP催化剂,即FeO_x/ZrP、CoO_x/ZrP、NiO_x/ZrP、NbO_x/ZrP、CuO_x/ZrP、MoO_x/ZrP和WOx/ZrP,并采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、EDS、TEM、NH3-TPD和N2吸附-脱附等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,金属氧化物的负载对磷酸锆载体的微观形貌、孔结构以及酸性质等均产生了显著影响。将MOx/ZrP催化剂用于甘油脱水制丙烯醛反应,结果表明,金属负载质量分数为5%的WO_x/ZrP催化剂反应效果最好,甘油转化率达93%,且丙烯醛选择性为82%。     

Selective reduction of NO by NH3 over manganese–cerium mixed oxides: Relation between adsorption, redox and catalytic behavior

Manganese–cerium mixed oxide catalysts with different molar ratio Mn/(Mn + Ce) (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1) were prepared by citric acid method and investigated concerning their adsorption behavior, redox properties and behavior in the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃. The studies based on pulse thermal analysis combined with mass spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy uncovered a clear correlation between the dependence of these properties and the mixed oxide composition. Highest activity to nitrogen formation was found for catalysts with a molar ratio Mn/(Mn + Ce) of 0.25, whereas the activity was much lower for the pure constituent oxides. Measurements of adsorption uptake of reactants, NO_x (NO, NO₂) and NH₃, and reducibility showed similar dependence on the mixed oxide composition indicating a clear correlation of these properties with catalytic activity. The adsorption studies indicated that NO_x and NH₃ are adsorbed on separate sites. Consecutive adsorption measurements of the reactants showed similar uptakes as separate measurements indicating that there was no interference between adsorbed reactants. Mechanistic investigations by changing the sequence of admittance of reactants (NO_x, NH₃) indicated that at 100–150 °C nitrogen formation follows an Eley–Rideal type mechanism, where adsorbed ammonia reacts with NO_x in the gas phase, whereas adsorbed NO_x showed no significant reactivity under conditions used.     

Supported base metal catalysts for the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of excess hydrogen (PROX)

Supported base metal catalysts were tested for the preferential oxidation of CO (CO PROX). The catalysts we investigated covered a wide range of transition metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) supported on oxides with very different acidic, basic and redox properties (MgO, La₂O₃, SiO₂–Al₂O₃, CeO₂, Ce_0.63Zr_0.37O₂). The influence of the metal loading (Cu), the support properties (acidity, basicity, redox, surface area) and the reaction conditions (reaction temperature, feed composition) on the catalyst activity and selectivity was evaluated. The activity of ceria and ceria–zirconia supported copper catalysts was comparable to the performances of noble metal samples classically used for the PROX reaction. In addition, Cu–CeO₂ catalysts showed a practically constant and high selectivity towards CO oxidation in the temperature range of 50–150 °C. Due to the strong synergetic effect between copper and ceria, only a small amount of copper (0.3 wt.%) was necessary to get an active catalyst. The best catalytic performances were obtained for the samples containing 1–3 wt.% copper. The presence of small copper particles in close interaction with the ceria support was shown to be responsible for the enhanced activity. Except for the hydrogen oxidation, no parallel reactions (CO or CO₂ methanation reactions, coking, RWGS) could be detected over these catalysts. Classically, an increase of the oxygen excess led to an increased CO conversion with a simultaneous loss of selectivity towards CO₂. Finally, the presence of CO₂ in the feed negatively affected the catalytic activity. This effect was attributed to the adsorption of CO₂ on the copper sites, probably as CO.     

Molecular structure and reactivity of the group V metal oxides

The molecular structures and reactivity of the group V metal oxides (V₂O₅, Nb₂O₅ and Ta₂O₅) were compared. Their solid state structural chemistry, physical and electronic properties, number of active surface sites and their chemical reactivity properties were examined. For the bulk oxides, the solid state structural chemistry and the physical and electronic properties are well established. The number of active surface sites and the distribution of surface redox/acid sites were determined with methanol chemisorption and methanol oxidation, respectively. These studies revealed that the active surface sites present in pure V₂O₅ are primarily redox sites and the active surface sites in pure Nb₂O₅ are essentially acidic in nature. Furthermore, the surface redox sites present in pure V₂O₅ are orders of magnitude more active than the surface acid sites in pure Nb₂O₅. Consequently, the catalytic properties of bulk V₂O₅–Nb₂O₅ mixed oxides are dominated by the vanadia component. For the supported metal oxides, where the group V metal oxides are present as two-dimensional metal oxide overlayers, the structural and electronic properties are not well established in the literature. From a combination of molecular spectroscopic characterization methods (e.g., XANES, Raman, IR and UV–Vis DRS), it was possible to obtain this fundamental information. Methanol chemisorption studies demonstrated that a similar number of active surface sites are present in the supported vanadia and niobia catalyst systems. Similar to their bulk oxides, the surface vanadia species possess redox characteristics and the surface niobia species primarily possess acidic characteristics (Lewis acidity). The surface niobia species was a very sluggish redox site during oxidation reactions (e.g., methanol oxidation to formaldehyde and SO₂ oxidation to SO₃), but significantly promoted the surface vanadia redox sites for oxidation reactions that required dual surface redox and acid sites (e.g., butane oxidation to maleic anhydride and selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃ to produce N₂). These new fundamental insights are allowing for the molecular engineering of group V metal oxide catalysts (especially vanadia and niobia). In contrast, the molecular structure and reactivity properties of Ta₂O₅ catalysts are not yet established and will require significant research efforts.     

Characterization and reactivity of MoO3/SiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to N2

Silica-supported MoO₃ catalysts with MoO₃ loadings up to 21% w/w were prepared, characterized and tested in the selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to N₂ under dilute conditions. It is found that the catalysts are active and selective in the reaction, and that the catalytic performance increases on increasing the Mo loading. Crystalline MoO₃, detected over the silica support, is supposed to be the active species in the reaction. The reactivity of the catalysts is depressed by water addition to the feed at low temperatures and is enhanced by the presence of selected promoters, like Bi and Pb.     

Combined kinetic and potentiometric measurements of the reduction of nitrogen monoxide on vanadia titania catalysts

The selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by ammonia on vanadia titania catalysts has been studied by combined kinetic and potentiometric (SEP) measurements using yttria stabilized zirconia. At temperatures between 300 and 390°C the concentration of NO and NH₃ varied from 100 to 2000 ppm. The influence of oxygen and water vapour were equally studied in the domain 0<x_O2<0.08 and 0<x_H2O<0,05. The results indicate that the highest catalytic activity of the catalyst is related to the presence of V⁵⁺ ions but there is no correlation between the selectivity of the N₂ formation and the oxidation state of the catalyst. The combined kinetic and potentiometric measurements confirm the often proposed mechanism of oxygen transfer via the catalyst.     

金属硫酸盐与氧化物助剂对SCR脱硝催化剂性能的影响

通过分步浸渍法制备了一系列以碱土金属或过渡金属为助剂,低钒含量的V-M_x(SO₄)_y-W/Ti及V-M_xO_y-W/Ti催化剂,对负载相同金属离子硫酸盐及氧化物的催化剂性质进行了对比考察。通过选择性催化还原(SCR)反应对催化剂进行活性评价,结果显示,负载某金属硫酸盐比相应氧化物助剂的催化剂活性好。负载钴离子的催化剂具有良好的低温活性,进而对负载钴离子的催化剂进行了抗硫抗水性能测试,并借助XRD、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、TG、BET对负载不同金属硫酸盐及氧化物助剂的催化剂进行了表征,揭示了活性好的催化剂(如负载CoSO₄的催化剂)通常具有较多的表面酸及较好的低温还原能力。     

The bifunctional reaction pathway and dual kinetic regimes in NOx SCR by methane over cobalt mordenite catalysts

The pathway for selective reduction of NO_x by methane over Co mordenite cataysts has been studied by comparing the rates of the individual reactions (NO oxidation, CH₄ oxidation, NO₂ reduction) with that of the combined reaction (NO + O₂ + CH₄). Co⁽⁺²⁾ was exchanged into H-MOR and Na-MOR to give catalysts with different metal loading and number of support protons. Additionally, exchanged Co⁽⁺²⁾ ions were precipitated with NaOH to produce dispersed cobalt oxide on Na-MOR. The NO oxidation rate is the same for ion exchanged Co⁽⁺²⁾ ions in H-MOR and Na-MOR, but the rate of Co⁽⁺²⁾ ions is much lower than that of cobalt oxide. NO oxidation equilibrium is obtained only for those catalysts with high metal loading, cobalt oxide or run at low GHSV. Under the conditions of selective catalytic reduction, methane oxidation by O₂ is low for all catalysts. The turnover frequency of Co on Na-MOR, however, is higher than that on H-MOR. The rate of NO₂ reduction to N₂ is directly proportional to the number of support acid sites and independent of the amount of Co. Comparison of the rates and selectivities for the individual reactions with the combined reaction of NO + O₂ + CH₄ indicates that there are two types of catalysts. For the first, the NO oxidation is in equilibrium and the rate determining step is reduction of NO₂. For these catalysts, the rate (and selectivity) for formation of N₂ is identical from NO + O₂ + CH₄ and NO₂ + CH₄. These catalysts have high metal loading and few acid sites. Nevertheless, the rate of N₂ formation increases with increasing number of protons. For the second type of catalyst, NO oxidation is not in equilibrium and is the rate limiting step. For these catalysts the rate of N₂ formation increases with increasing metal loading. Neither catalyst type, however, is optimized for the maximum formation of N₂. By using a mixture of catalysts, one with high NO oxidation activity and one with a large number of Brønsted acid sites, the rate of N₂ is greater than the weighted sum of the individual catalysts. The current results support the proposal that the pathway for selective catalytic reduction is bifunctional where metal sites affect NO oxidation, while support protons catalyze the formation of N₂.     

氧化铈基NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂研究进展

氨气选择性催化还原技术（NH₃-SCR）是脱硝技术中的主要技术。综述了氧化铈基催化剂在NH₃-SCR反应中的研究进展,分析了不同载体、制备方法以及金属离子的掺杂改性等因素对催化剂活性和抗硫性的影响;对氧化铈基催化剂上NO、NH₃的活化机理以及反应机理进行了详细阐述。总结并展望了氧化铈基脱硝催化剂在NH₃-SCR反应中的发展方向。