磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以单链表面活性剂SCT及1,3-丙二胺为原料,通过一步取代反应,合成了4种含三嗪环的磺酸盐Gemini型表面活性剂Cn-3-Cn(n=6,8,12,14),测定了25℃时4种表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度CMC。结果表明,Cn-3-Cn的临界胶束浓度CMC均随着疏水烷基链长度的增加而减小,C12-3-C12(实际疏水基碳原子数为14)达到最小值7.23×10-5mol/L,当实际疏水基中碳原子数增加到16时,CMC有所增加。同传统单烷基离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)相比,该类表面活性剂的CMC值低1～2个数量级,显示出很高的表面活性。此外,表面张力随着疏水烷基链长度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最低γcmc为35.48 mN/m。     

三洋化成开发高发泡低刺激性表面活性剂

三洋化成公司(Sanyo)开发了一种高发泡低皮肤刺激性的新型表面活性剂,并作为香波等洗涤剂的基料开始开拓市场。在高级醇基表面活性剂烷基醚硫酸盐(AES)中,该公司成功地开发了一种新技术,这种新技术能够大大提高连接有1～3个EO基团成分的比例。这种结构排列显示产品有理想的功能     

非离子表面活性剂定量结构-性质相关性的研究

用量子化学参数来描述非离子表面活性剂的分子结构，研究分子的结构与临界胶束浓度(cmc)和表面张力(rcmc)的定量构效关系，建立了定量模型。其中，采用量子化学AM1方法和B3LYP／／6—31G^*方法计算了44个非离子表面活性剂化合物的电子结构特征，选取了7种量化参数和疏水链的烷基碳原子数，利用多元回归分析方法建立方程。回归结果表明，分子轨道能量(EHOMO)和电荷参数对cmc和rcmc影响较大，它们分别反映了非离子表面活性剂分子与水分子问的价键作用和静电作用。     

日本LION公司开发出头发保湿性能优异的阳离子表面活性剂

ＬＩＯＮ公司开发出头发保湿性能优异的阳离子表面活性剂ＬＡＧ。目前在日本和欧美市场上销售的护发素和整发剂中所用的主成分均为季铵盐、酰胺等阳离子表面活性剂。其中以单烷基季铵盐为最多。但其对头发的调理性不太尽如人意。为此ＬＩＯＮ公司开发了一种调理性能好 ,特别是对毛发水分保持性能优异的新型阳离子表面活性剂。氨基酸之一的精氨酸（ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ）的部分基团（ｇｕａｎｉｄｉｎｏ胍基）对毛发的亲和性好。此基团与亲油基（烷基）之间夹有酰胺（ａｍｉｄｏ）基 ,具有这种结构的表面活性剂为ＬＡＧ。ＬＡＧ不仅自身对毛发有…     

由烷基乙烯基醚与2-烷基-2-噁唑啉嵌段共聚合合成新型非离子表面活性剂

本文介绍以I_2或HI引发烷基乙烯基醚的聚合反应，所得聚合物再与2-烷基-2-噁唑啉进行嵌段共聚合合成非离子表面活性剂的实验室方法，并通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、核磁共振谱（NMR）、红外光谱（IR）和元素分析等探讨了产物的结构和反应机理，提供了产物的表面活牲。     

烷基多苷的应用

简述了烷基多苷对眼睛和皮肤的刺激性、生物降解性、生态毒性、增黏性和抗菌性等。主要介绍了烷基多苷作为主表面活性剂或助表面活性剂用于化妆品、洗衣剂、餐具洗涤剂、食品、塑料、建材以及农药等产品中，起到协同增效作用以及降低其他表面活性剂的刺激性。同时指出了烷基多苷还可用于医药及三次采油等领域中。还可将烷基多苷进行衍生化，从而拓宽其应用领域。     

烷基—过氧丁二酸的制备与应用

叙述了表面活性剂过氧酸漂白剂合成的新方法和α或β烷基一过氧丁二酸的制备,该烷基可为6～16碳原子的不饱和或饱和直链烷基,6～20碳原子的不饱和或饱和支链烷基,带有1或多个H,1～14碳原子烷基,F,Cl,NO_3,OSO_3M,SO_3M或COOM的饱和苯基团,该M为H,碱金属或铵阳离子。该合成烷基一过氧丁二酸的新方法比较经济,收率高,安全性好。该漂白合成物可用于漂白织物和其他洗涤目的。该漂白合成物还可含有过氧酸稳定剂、成型剂、填充剂和表面活性剂。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析烷基季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂

讨论了气相色谱法分析单长链烷基三甲基季铵盐、双长链烷基二甲基季铵盐类（简称烷基季铵盐）阳离子表面活性剂的原理,建立了阳离子表面活性剂的调整保留时间和长链烷基碳原子数的关系,并解释了质谱法中的电离规律。     

十二烷基二甲基氧化胺的合成工艺及其性能与应用

1 前言 十二烷基二甲基氧化胺,常温下为无色或微黄色透明液体,是一种优良的非离子表面活性剂,具有极佳的发泡、稳泡、增稠、调理及抗静电性能,它是氧化胺系列产品中应用最广、产量最大的品种。氧化胺系列表面活性剂性能优异,兼有阳离子和非离子表面活性剂的性能。早在本世纪30年代,I·G·Farben和Ciba首先发现了高分子量的烷基二甲基氧化胺具有表面活性剂的功能,同时发现这类物质在乳化、分散和调理方面的用途。目前,氧化胺表面活性剂已形成了系列产品,它们分     

聚氧乙烯烷基胺的性能及其应用

介绍了聚氧乙烯烷基胺类表面活性剂的理化性能 ,从其结构方面分析了此类活性剂的性能和特点 ,重点讨论了其性质与在各个领域中的应用之间的关系 ,为研究开发此类活性剂提供了理论依据。通过讨论表明 ,此类产品是一种极具商业开发价值的表面活性剂     

Preparation and Characterization of Alpha Gel Formed by Fatty Alcohol and Amino Acid Surfactants

α-Gel, as a specific lamellar liquid crystal structure, presents unique parameters and attracts broad interest. However, conventional formation of α-gel involves surfactants that have a long alkyl chain (more than 14 carbons), resulted in limited application into personal care products due to their low Krafft temperature. In this study, a simple way to generate α-gel was developed using sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, an amino-acid-based surfactant containing an alkyl chain with less than 12 carbons. The desired structure was analyzed and discussed. The method, when extended to other amino acid-based surfactants, gave positive results.     

Influence of the type of quaternary ammonium salt used in the organic treatment of montmorillonite on the properties of poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate)/layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by in situ miniemulsion polymerization

Hybrid latices of poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) were synthesized via in situ miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of 3 and 6 wt % organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). Three different ammonium salts: cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Dodigen), and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Praepagen), were investigated as organic modifiers. Increased affinity for organic liquids was observed after organic modification of the MMT. Stable hybrid latices were obtained even though miniemulsion stability was disturbed to some extent by the presence of the OMMTs during the synthesis. Highly intercalated and exfoliated polymer‐MMT nanocomposites films were produced with good MMT dispersion throughout the polymeric matrix. Materials containing MMT modified with the 16 carbons alkyl chain salt (CTAC) resulted in the largest increments of storage modulus, indicating that single chain quaternary salts provide higher increments on mechanical properties. Films presenting exfoliated structure resulted in the largest increments in the onset temperature of decomposition. For the range of OMMT loading studied, the nanocomposite structure influenced more significantly the thermal stability properties of the hybrid material than did the OMMT loading. The film containing 3 wt % MMT modified with the two 18 carbons alkyl chains salt (Praepagen) provided the highest increment of onset temperature of decomposition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Alkyl and substituted alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates. Part 1. Synthesis and properties

Twenty-six alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, and substituted alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates were synthesized in the pure state. The purity was determined by gas-liquid chromatography, and a correlation between the log retention time and the number of carbons in the compounds within the homologous series was deduced. Their physical properties such as parachor and molar refraction were determined and the data were fitted to a linear relation to the number of carbons present in the ester within a homologous series of cyanoacrylates. The tensile strengths of the 2-cyanoacrylate bonds between various metal surfaces are also presented. The tensile strength of the adhesive bonds gradually decreased with an increase in the alkyl chain length, beginning from ethyl cyanoacrylate.     

Structural characterization of Saudi Arabian medium crude oil by n.m.r. spectroscopy

Saudi Arabian medium crude oil has been characterized by ¹H and ¹³C n.m.r. spectroscopy. Several structural parameters such as the percentage of aliphatic carbons, aromatic carbons, n-alkanes, naphthenes, branched alkanes and chain length of paraffinic chains were calculated. The aromatic carbons were further classified as those attached to a hydrogen, methyl or alkyl group, or bridgehead carbons.     

Insights into the Optimization of Alkyl Phenol/Alkyl Halide Ratio in Gemini Surfactant Synthesis

¹H NMR and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were applied to analyze the component of two series of synthesized sulfonated Gemini surfactants with different spacer lengths (2, 4, and 6 carbons) and hydrophobic chain lengths (9, 12 carbons). Gemini surfactants were prepared by reacting alkylphenol with alkyl halide followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The influence of the molar ratio of alkyphenol to alkyl halide on the mono‐ to diether ratio was investigated and the results indicated that the molar ratio is a key factor to minimize impurities in the target material, due to the high reactivity of alkyl halide. In addition, the results showed that alkyl halide with a shorter spacer group length required a higher molar ratio of alkyl halide to alkylphenol. To synthesize the intermediate Gemini product with 80 % diether content, the molar ratios were optimized using n(alkylphenol):n(1,6‐dibromohexane) = 1:0.55, n(alkylphenol):n(1,4‐dibromobutane) = 1:0.7, and n(alkylphenol):n(1,2‐dibromoethane) = 1:2.5, respectively.     

Ionothermal synthesis of gallophosphate molecular sieves in 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquids

Gallophosphate (GaPO₄) molecular sieves were ionothermally prepared in 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl chain length varying from 2 to 6 carbons for the first time. Three kinds of GaPO₄ materials such as GaPO₄-a, cloverite (denoted as CLO below) and GaPO₄-LTA were obtained, and their structures and morphologies were characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, SEM and multi-nuclear NMR. In the case of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid, large single crystals of GaPO₄-LTA with well-defined octahedral morphology was obtained in both sealed (ca. 400 μm in size) and open vessels (ca. 300 μm in size). Ionothermal synthesis is an effective method for the preparation of large single crystal of molecular sieves. With the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquids increasing from 2 carbons to 6 carbons, the size of GaPO₄-LTA decreased sharply. The organic template cations in the as-synthesized GaPO₄-LTA crystals may have two different kinds of conformational structures. Fluorine plays a role of co-template along with organic cations of ILs in the synthesis of GaPO₄-LTA and CLO, while only GaPO₄-a was obtained in the absence of fluorine. The reaction temperature can also affect the structure of the final structure. In the reaction medium of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide IL, GaPO₄-LTA was obtained at 180 °C, while CLO was obtained at 150 °C.     

Physical properties of oleochemical carbonates

Carbonates are a class of compounds that have recently found increasing interest in commercial applications owing to their physical properties and relatively straightforward synthesis. In this work, physical and fuel properties of five straight-chain C_17–39 and three branched C_17–33 oleochemical carbonates were investigated. These properties included cetane number (CN), low-temperature properties, (kinematic) viscosity, lubricity, and surface tension. The carbonates studied had CN ranging from 47 to 107 depending on carbon chain length and branching. For the same number of carbons, the CN of carbonates were lower than those of FA alkyl esters owing to interruption of the CH₂ chain by the carbonate moiety. Kinematic viscosities at 40°C ranged from 4.9 to 22.6 mm²/s whereas m.p. ranged from +3 to below −50°C depending on the carbonate structure. High-frequency reciprocating rig testing showed the neat carbonates to have acceptable lubricity that improved as chain length increased. Finally, the carbonate's ability to influence cold-flow properties in biodiesel (methyl soyate) and lubricity in low-lubricity ultra-low sulfur diesel were examined. The carbonates studied did not significantly affect cold flow or lubricity properties at concentrations up to 10,000 ppm (1 wt%). The properties of the carbonates resemble those of fatty alkyl esters with similar trends resulting from compound structure.     

Polymerization of alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates with starch

A series of C₄-C₁₂ alkyl acrylates and methacrylates was polymerized with starch by irradiating starch–monomer mixtures with ⁶⁰Co. Homopolymers were extracted with cyclohexane. The amounts of insoluble versus soluble synthetic polymer in polymerization run with alkyl acrylates varied less with the chain length of the alkyl substuent than in the polymerizations run with alkyl acrylates varied less with the chain length of the alkyl substituent than in the polymerizations run with alkyl methacrylates; and the poly(alkyl acrylate) contents of cyclohexane-insoluble fractions were all in the 38–45% range. Synthetic polymer contents of the products from butyl, hexyl, and decyl methacrylates were also close to this range. Octyl and lauryl methacrylate, however, gave high conversions to cyclohexane-soluble poly(alkyl methacrylate) along with little or no unextractable synthetic polymer in the starch-containing fractions. Poly(lauryl methacrylate) could be rendered insoluble by incorporating a small amount of tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the polymerization mixture. In a series of polymerizations run with hexyl acrylate and hexyl methacrylate, lower irradiation doses led to more cyclohexane-soluble polymer and less synthetic polymer in the starch-containing fractions. Enzymatic digestion of starch-soluble polymer and less synthetic polymer in the starch-containing fractions. Enzymatic digestion of starch-containing polymers gave synthetic polymer fractions that were largely insoluble in cyclohexane. Crosslinking is, therefore, probably taking place during these polymerizations; however, we could not eliminate the possibility that reduced solubility was caused by small amounts of residual carbohydrate in these polymer fractions. Ceric ammonium nitrate-initiated polymerizations of butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate with starch gave cyclohexane-insoluble polymers that contained 33–39% synthetic polymer. The higher alkyl acrylates and methacrylates produced little or no polymer under these conditions. Starch-containing fractions were tested as absorbents for hydrocarbons. Products prepared from decyl acrylate and lauryl acryle acrylate absorbed about 9 g of isooctane per 1 g of polymer, whereas the lowrer alkyl monomers gave polymers with lower absorbency.     

苯在改性活性炭上的脱附活化能

采用浸渍法制备了KH560/改性活性炭、1706/改性活性炭和A172/改性活性炭等3种活性炭,并利用程序升温脱附技术测定了苯在这3种改性活性炭上的脱附活化能. 结果表明,苯在经改性的活性炭上的脱附活化能均大于其在未改性活性炭上的脱附活化能,表明用有机硅烷改性活性炭可以提高其对苯的吸附能力. IGC分析结果表明,经硅烷改性的活性炭的特殊作用吸附自由能DGs均小于原始活性炭的DGs,这4种活性炭表面与苯的特殊作用吸附自由能DGs大小顺序与苯在这些活性炭上的脱附活化能大小顺序正好相反,这表明DGs越小,吸附质与活性炭表面形成的吸附越牢固,吸附质从其表面脱附所需的活化能越大.     

Study on skin roughness caused by surfactants: I. A new method in vivo for evaluation of skin roughness

A simple and accurate method for evaluating skin roughness caused by surfactants has been developed. The intensities of the roughness have been correlated with the chemical structures of surfactants by using this method. Results indicated in general, that the surfactants having 12 carbons in their alkyl chain gave the skin more roughness than did those which had more or less than 12. The results obtained by this method were in good agreement with those from the immersion method usually used.