反渗透膜微生物污染特性及影响因素研究

通过对反渗透膜微生物污染影响因素的分析。表明进水中有机物含量、细茵总数和SDI值对生物污染的形成影响较大。通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪器分析污染膜。表明严重的微生物污染薄膜成网状粘连结构，污染物组成成分主要是碳氧化合物（有机物）以及一定量的镁、硅等结垢物质。可观测到的微生物有球菌、杆菌和霉菌等。     

醇类有机物热传导的分子动力学模拟及微观机理研究

传热是化工生产的基本问题之一，热导率是化工产品生产工艺设计中一类重要的热力学数据。通过非平衡分子动力学方法模拟了8种液态醇类有机物在不同温度下的导热过程。热导率计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差为3.77%。通过对热流的分解发现，分子动能、分子间库仑相互作用和分子内的二面角对醇类有机物的热传导影响较大。同时随着分子链增长，通过分子内相互作用进行的热传导逐渐占主导作用，表明醇类有机物的热能传输机理与分子结构有显著关系。此外，随着温度的升高，通过分子的动能、分子间库仑作用和分子内键角、键伸缩作用项传输的热流增大，表明温度对液态醇类有机物的热传导也有一定影响。本工作从微观分子间和分子内作用分析了液态醇类有机物结构和温度对热导率的影响，为液态有机物的热传导研究提供了微观依据。     

反渗透膜的污染分析及其清洗

通过自制的平板膜对沧州炼油厂热电厂水处理车间反渗透设备的膜污染进行了研究。经电镜扫描与ＥＤＸ能谱分析,测出ＲＯ膜膜而Ｃ、Ｏ、Ｃａ和Ｓｉ等元素的分布情况,确定膜面上的主要污染物是胶体的污染物,微生物污染物以及一定量的ＳｉＯ２颗粒,其中胶体污染物的主要成分是Ｓｉ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ和一定量的有机物。     

反渗透膜污染原因分析及其对策

本文结合郑州热电厂600t／h反渗透水处理系统的生产实际，对反渗透不同类型的污染：无机物沉积、有机物污染、微生物污染，分析其产生原因，对所应采取对策进行了探讨。     

高铁酸钾预处理降解污水中有机物的特性研究

研究了高铁酸钾在污水预处理过程中对有机物的降解特性,考察了高铁酸钾投加量、反应时间和p H等因素对有机物降解效果的影响,采用荧光分析的手段,分析了高铁酸钾对水中不同类有机物的降解效果。研究表明,在酸性条件下,高铁酸钾投加量的增加更有助于有机物的降解,投加质量浓度增加到50 mg/L后,COD的降解不再有显著的变化。荧光分析表明,高铁酸钾对水中类酪氨酸、类富里酸类有机物均有较好的去除效果。     

喷气燃料中微生物污染检测方法研究进展

微生物污染对喷气燃料质量的影响极大,受污染的航空喷气燃料会导致飞机油箱金属部件受到腐蚀,飞机燃油系统仪表失灵,发动机过滤器堵塞等事故,影响飞行安全。对现有运用广泛的微生物污染检测方法进行分析、研究,总结各方法的优劣,提出使用各方法的建议。及时发现微生物污染问题,并提出处理建议,保证航空飞行安全。     

喷气燃料中微生物污染及检测方法概述

微生物污染会降低燃料品质、影响燃料供给系统正常工作、增加燃料腐蚀性,是影响燃料储存和飞机飞行安全的重要因素。从喷气燃料中的特征微生物、微生物污染的危害和喷气燃料中微生物检测方法三个方面综述了近几年喷气燃料中微生物污染问题研究进展,分析了目前仍然存在的问题,提出了下步研究的重点方向。     

水中残留有机物分子量分布特征和对膜性能的影响

本试验分析了城市二级处理水的残留有机物分子量分布特征及对超滤膜过滤透水性能的影响，并利用混凝法，活性炭吸附，臭氧-活性炭吸附进行了处理。研究结果表明：（1）城市污水厂二级出水中溶解态有机物主要集中在〈2k分子量区间上；（2）混凝处理后，高分子量有机物低分子化效果明显；PAC吸附能有效去除小分子量有机物；臭氧-PAC联用，大分子量有机物和小分子量有机物所占比例均有所下降，表明臭氧氧化与PAC吸附联用在去除有机物方面具有很好的互补性；（3）分子量分布对原水的透水通量影响较大；选择混凝、PAC或臭氧-PAC等作为膜法处理的预处理单元，对城市污水再生处理具有重要价值。     

高镁卤水中有机物去除的工艺研究

通过对混凝、臭氧氧化、活性炭吸附和树脂吸附等工艺处理有机物含量较高的卤水的试验研究,探索出了合理的卤水有机物处理工艺,在不损失卤水中有价值金属离子成分的基础上对卤水中的有机物进行有效去除。研究表明:XDA-1树脂吸附与催化氧化的组合工艺,可以达到预期目标,即金属镁离子的损失率控制在10%以内,有机物去除率不低于70%。     

环境检测中挥发性有机物检测技术的应用

挥发性有机物主要来自燃料燃烧和交通运输产生的工业废气、汽车尾气、光化学污染等；室内则主要来自煤燃和天然气等燃烧产物、吸烟、采暖和烹饪等所产生的烟雾。挥发性有机物会对环境质量产生影响甚至会产生较为严重的后果。目前，通过气相色谱的工作原理已经能够对挥发性有机物中简单的化合物进行检测分析，从而使污染源对于环境产生的负面危害得以降低，使环境得到综合性的保护。     

油田采出水处理中陶瓷膜表面水润湿性

陶瓷膜污染是制约陶瓷膜技术大规模应用的关键问题.膜表面水润湿性反映了膜的污染程度.作者分析了处理油田采出污水的陶瓷膜表面对水润湿角及水润湿角随时间的变化.从颜色观察膜芯各处污染程度不同,污染轻处膜面对水润湿角70.4°.污染重处膜面对水润湿角105.9°,由亲水性转变为亲油性,水渗透性变差.经灼烧处理后膜面均为亲水性,水渗透速率较处理前提高.灼烧分析陶瓷膜有机污染物量平均为膜质量的0.78％,酸洗分析无机垢占膜质量的0.28％,以钙盐和铁盐为主.热重分析证明膜污染重处较污染轻的位置有机污染物高约1.5％.     

油田区土壤石油污染特性及理化性质关系

基于不同区域环境下油田区石油污染土壤的调查取样,对土壤的石油污染特性及其与理化性质的关系进行探讨,为油田区污染土壤生物修复提供非生物学依据。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染,含油率最高达23%,超过环境背景值的500～1000倍。土壤石油组分中烷烃、芳烃等轻质组分占总量的50%以上,可为生物修复或与其他修复措施的联合开展提供可靠的物质基础。土壤含油率与含水率存在制约关系,当含油率超过8%时,土壤含水率普遍低于5%。石油污染土壤有机质含量与含油率呈正相关关系,当土壤含油率超过7%时,土壤有机质含量普遍高于10%。调查油田区的土壤质地以粉壤土和砂土为主,占油田土样总数的65%,可为生物修复提供较好的土壤条件。     

RISK OF CONTAMINATION FOR EDIBLE VEGETABLES GROWING ON SOILS POLLUTED BY POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Former industrial sites represent a potential source for food chain contamination if they are converted to residential use where garden practices may be undertaken. In order to assess the risk for human health through vegetable consumption, two research programs were initiated to evaluate the bioavailability of selected PAHs and their potential transfer to edible parts of different vegetables. With this intention, we tested four methods to predict the potential contamination of vegetables growing on polluted soils (wild plant analysis, cropping of vegetables on polluted soils, models of organic pollutant transfer, soil selective chemical extractions). Various wild plant species colonized naturally the contaminated soils of former industrial sites and edible vegetables grew on these soils without symptoms of phytotoxicity. When soils presented concentrations of pollutants compatible with residential land use, no significant concentration of PAHs was measured in the different tissues. Moreover, in soils highly polluted by PAHs significant soil-root-leaf transfers of pollutants were showed, but no PAHs were found in fruits and in storage organs. We noted a similar behavior of cultivated vegetables and of their wild analogous plants facing organic pollutants. In another way, two selective chemical extraction methods correctly evaluated the soil PAH bioavailable fraction for plants growing on low-polluted soil. This would allow the use of wild plants naturally present on polluted soils in parallel with soil chemical extraction methods to assess the risk of contamination of the food chain.     

喷气燃料中微生物污染危害研究概述

喷气燃料中存在大量不同种类的微生物,在适宜的环境条件下,存在微生物污染的可能性。微生物污染能够引起燃油过滤器阻塞,导致腐蚀,增加飞机、储罐的维修成本。随着飞机中各种设备仪器精密程度的不断提高,飞机对于喷气燃料质量的要求越来越高,喷气燃料中微生物污染对于飞机飞行安全的影响也越来越重要。由于喷气燃料中不可避免的会存在一定数量的微生物,了解微生物来源、明白其危害,降低其污染程度的研究显得尤为重要。介绍了微生物的来源,论证了其大量生长繁殖的可能性,并从微生物污染对喷气燃料性质的影响来说明了其危害性,最后简单介绍了喷气燃料微生物污染的防治措施,希望能够引起油料工作者的重视。     

复合膜反渗透装置微生物的污染及防治

反渗透膜分离以其优异的特点已成为最受欢迎的分离技术之一。在反渗透膜分离技术的实际应用过程中,膜污染问题是影响反渗透膜分离技术可靠性的决定性因素。本文概述了复合膜反渗透装置中微生物污染的机理、预防措施及其清洗方法。     

The Impact of PAHs Contamination on the Physicochemical Properties and Microbiological Activity of Industrial Soils

The aim of this article is the study of the potential relationships between PAHs contamination, physicochemical parameters, and microbial activity in industrial soils. The research was based on two series of measurements. The first was conducted in June 2013 and the second in November 2013. Samples used in study were collected from the area of fuel handling and a loading station, located in the Silesia region of Poland. All collected samples were characterized by the following analytical procedures: PAHs content analysis, the basic physical and chemical parameters determinations (pH, CEC, humic acids content, TC, TN, TP) and microbial activity analysis. The obtained results were also subjected to statistical analysis, based on the Pearson's correlation coefficient calculations.

Results collected during described above procedure show that: the PAHs content was highly positively correlated with C and N contents (p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with humic acids and P contents (p < 0.01). This phenomenon confirms the thesis that the increase of soil organic matter content promotes accumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds such as PAHs. Microbiological analysis shows that bacteria from the mesophilic group are most resistant to PAHs contamination. This information indicates that the organisms belonging to this group should be considered as potentially useful in the soil bioremediation processes.     

Factors Affecting Chemical Remediation of Oil Contaminated Water‐Wetted Soil

The removal of hydrocarbons from contaminated soil is an essential practice because of environmental concerns, and in order to avoid surface and groundwater contamination. There are different methods applied to remove the hydrocarbons from the soil environment. However, the efficiency of soil remediation depends on several factors, such as the penetration depth of the oil into the soil, the type of oil and polluted soil and the age and degree of contamination. Chemical extraction is one of the approaches employed in handling contaminated sites. Many operations in the petroleum exploration, production and transportation have the potential to affect the environment in different degrees. Leakages from pipelines and stranded oil spills are the major sources of oil‐contamination. If hydrocarbon contamination occurs in the soil, the affected portion of soil must be treated to prevent subsequent pollution of groundwater. In this study, a laboratory investigation of factors affecting the chemical extraction using different solvents was conducted to remove the hydrocarbon from artificially contaminated soil samples in presence of water. Moreover, two different types of crude oil were used to study the effect of oil composition on the removal process. The results have identified large variation in the removal efficiency of the applied solvents, depending mainly on the solvent and the type of oil. The main factors affecting the removal process are presented and investigated. In addition, these results were compared with those of dry soil samples.     

煤矿区土壤FDA活性测定及优化

针对煤矿区被污染土壤中微生物活性低、种群结构相对单一和污染物胁迫等特点,对其土壤微生物的荧光素双醋酸脂（FDA）活性测定的关键步骤进行探讨和优化。结果表明,在煤矿区污染土壤的FDA活性测定过程中,培养时间选择30 min符合活性反应线性范围并适宜试验测定,以氯仿和甲醇（V（氯仿）∶V（甲醇）=2∶1）作为终止剂,用量为5 mL时可以经济、有效终止反应,离心时间为10 min时达到最大吸光值。以单位时间荧光素浓度来表征和规范FDA活性的单位,可为不同矿区土壤样品及污染土壤修复过程中的微生物活性测定与比较提供依据。矿区土壤FDA活性较低,仅为有机污染土壤生物修复反应土壤的5%~10%,可能对其生物修复产生一定制约,应加强针对性调控。     

湘江长沙段有机农药残留状况分析

本文对湘江长沙段地表水有机氯、有机磷农药的残留状况进行了初步研究。结果表明,湘江长沙段地表水已受到有机氯农药的影响,其中主要检出物含量是六六六8.75×10-4~5.84×10-3μg·L-1,七氯1.44×10-3~4.36×10-3μg·L-1,环氧七氯7.15×10-4~1.81×10-3μg·L-1,异狄氏剂醛1.40×10-3~1.74×10-3μg·L-1,检出率超过50%的有机农药有6种。湘江长沙段有机农药残留不容忽视。     

生物法处理印染废水的研究进展

印染废水是一类有机物含量高、色度高、生化性能差的难降解废水。生物法是利用微生物降解代谢有机物为无机物来处理废水,通过人工创造适于微生物生存和繁殖的环境,使之大量繁殖,以提高其氧化分解有机物的效率。主要介绍了膜生物反应器、固定化微生物、SBR法、微生物絮凝剂等技术在印染废水处理方面的应用现状,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。