热解条件对西湾煤与秸秆流化床加压共热解的影响

在流化床加压热解装置中考察温度、压力、气氛和生物质掺混比等条件对西湾煤与秸秆共热解特性的影响,结果表明:在600℃,0.3 MPa,100%N₂气氛条件下,随着生物质掺混比增加,共热解油产率先增加后降低,实验值均大于计算值;当生物质掺混比为30%(质量分数)时,共热解油的实验值达到最大(16.90%),高于计算值(13.05%);热解压力由常压升至1.0 MPa时,受高氢分压作用下较多的氢分子参与自由基的加氢饱和作用,共热解油产率先增加后降低,在0.3 MPa时共热解油产率达到最大(17.90%);100%(体积分数,下同)N₂,100%CO₂和50%CO₂+50%H₂气氛下的共热解油产率分别为16.73%,16.55%和16.07%;与焦油相比,共热解油的密度变化不大,在元素中碳的质量分数由79.32%降低至71.80%,硫的质量分数由0.60%降低至0.31%,n(H)/n(C)增加;共热解油中脂肪烃、芳香烃和含氧化合物的质量分数降低,酚类组分的质量分数增加,三环及以上的多环产物裂解为小分子化合物,油品质量得到改善。     

基于移动床的印染污泥微波热解及固相产物的表征与分析

采用微波热解技术,通过改变微波功率、热解温度、气体和固体停留时间、添加催化剂,探究印染污泥热解的特性。采用元素分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、BET比表面积仪、X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对印染污泥和泥炭进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,泥炭产率逐渐降低,750℃时降到63.87%（质量）;气体产率随温度逐渐增加。添加CaO和Fe,泥炭产率增加,不可凝气体中CO₂含量减少,H₂、CO和CH₄含量增加,最大H₂含量达64.17%。随着热解温度的升高,泥炭中C、H、N元素含量逐渐降低,S含量有所升高。热解温度在550℃时,泥炭的比表面积达到最大值91.9 m²·g^-1。经微波热解后,污泥中的重金属符合农业排放标准的要求。     

秸秆热解-页岩灰催化裂解生产低焦油生物合成气

为从高粱秸秆生产高品质、低焦油含量生物合成气,基于其单段热解特性研究,借助两段式固定床反应器实施两段热解（热解+裂解）,同时考察页岩灰对热解挥发分的催化裂解效果。结果表明：相对单段热解,两段热解强化了水蒸气与挥发分（尤其是与热解气）的交互;提高裂解温度促进焦油裂解和重整,便利了热解气的生成,同时提高合成气（H₂+CO）的产率和H₂/CO体积比;裂解中加入页岩灰显著促进生物焦油气化,大幅降低气体产物焦油含量：裂解温度适中（约850℃）时（450℃热解）,热解气产率超过40%（质量）,焦油产率低于1.0%（质量）,合成气产量约186 ml·g^-1、体积分数高达64%,且H₂/CO比超过0.5。页岩灰便利H₂的生成,主要源于其铁组分对水气变换的催化作用。     

活性炭催化热解纤维素协同制备酚类和合成气

苯酚和合成气均为工业生产中重要的基础化工原料。以自制的活性炭为催化剂,以纤维素为原料实现了催化热解液相产物中苯酚和气相产物中CO的同时富集。实验发现,生物质灰分中的钾、热解过程中催化剂/纤维素质量比和热解温度均对气液相产物的品质有着不同程度的影响。研究表明：钾的存在不利于热解产物品质的提高。钾虽然提高了生物油中苯酚的富集度,但降低了实际产率。而热解气中CO的浓度和产率均下降。对催化热解条件的研究表明热解温度450℃,催化剂比例为1∶1时可获得最佳的热解产物。此时,生物油中酚类物质占可检测有机物相对含量的62.31%,其中苯酚为45.37%,产率为1.78%（质量）。热解气中CO的浓度和产率分别为69.21%（体积）和 169.95 ml/g,热值为12.93 MJ/m³。     

移动床中内构件对煤热解反应过程调控作用

在外热式内构件（多级折流板和多段集气管）移动床反应器内研究了淖毛湖煤的热解特性,并与常规固定床反应器中煤热解行为进行对比,考察了两反应器内的传热速率以及热解温度对产物分布、热解气组成、焦油组成和品质等影响规律。结果表明：在450℃低温热解时,煤颗粒在内构件移动床内的升温时间比固定床缩短了60%以上,内构件具有显著提高反应器内颗粒间传热速率的作用。随着热解温度的升高,热解气中的C₂H₄/C₂H₆和C₃H₆/C₃H₈的比值变大,挥发分的二次反应程度加大,但裂解程度低于固定床。内构件移动床中的焦油产率随温度的升高先增加后降低,在550℃时达到最高为10.8%（质量分数）,比固定床增高约28.6%。当热解温度越高时,移动床所产焦油中的沥青质组分含量越低,在750℃时焦油中轻质组分质量分数达到85.17%,脂肪烃含量降低到了28.00%。通过与固定床对比,揭示了内构件（多级折流板和集气管）调控淖毛湖煤热解反应并提高热解焦油产率和品质的作用。     

N2/CO2气氛下木屑生物质热解特性的实验研究

本研究利用固定床管式炉开展了不同N2/CO₂比例气氛下的木屑生物质热解实验,考察了CO₂浓度、载气流速和停留时间对热解油和焦炭产率的影响。结果表明：热解油和焦炭的产率随反应温度和停留时间的增加而降低,热解油产率随反应气氛中CO₂浓度的升高而增加。在N₂和CO₂气氛下,载气流速升高均使热解油产率下降,而焦炭产率则在15%左右保持不变。添加HZSM-5和ZIF-67两种催化剂,发现ZIF-67在CO₂气氛下的热解油产率可以达到72.3%,相比其在N₂气氛下的热解油产率提升了近1.5倍;而HZSM-5由于其微孔孔道对生物质大分子传质的限制,产生最多焦炭(24.1%)。     

重质生物油理化性质及其热解特性研究

利用核磁共振波谱仪（NMR）与气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC/MS）对重质生物油理化性质进行表征,并应用热重分析仪（ TG-DTG）与热裂解仪-气相色谱/质谱联用仪（Py-GC/MS）对重质生物油热解特性进行研究。结果表明：重质生物油主要由芳香族化合物和糖类物质组成。重质生物油在N₂氛围下热解主要分为三个阶段: 室温~300℃为蒸发段,300～520℃为热解段,520～800℃为成焦段。重质生物油经不同温度热解后,产物种类有明显差异：中温段（低于500℃）热解时,产物种类随温度的升高逐渐增加;高温段（高于500℃）热解时,随着热解温度的提高,产物种类逐渐趋于稳定。     

基于CO2原位捕集的生物质热解制氢

以谷壳作为生物质研究对象,在石英管反应器中研究了基于CO₂原位捕集的谷壳热解制H₂,考察了不同温度、不同的CO₂捕集剂（CaO）配比对其热解的产气量、气体中H₂的体积分数的影响。实验结果表明,谷壳热解的产气量随温度的升高而增大,当反应温度在800℃时有最大产气量340mL/g;捕集剂CaO的添加通过原位吸收CO₂促进相关反应向生成氢气的方向移动。在600℃,不同比例CaO下CO₂体积分数都保持在22%左右,谷壳热解产生的气体中H₂的体积分数为14%~26%;在700℃,当CaO与生物质质量比为1：4时,添加CaO捕集剂能够较好地捕集CO₂,有效提高H₂的体积分数,此时获得较高的H₂产率41%,较低的CO₂体积分数16%,CaO的捕集率为64%;GC-MS表征分析发现,CaO在800℃的温度下对热解过程中产生的焦油有部分催化裂解效果。     

椰衣微波热解工艺的响应面法优化及液体产物组成分析

利用Box-Behnken试验设计，采用响应面法对椰衣微波热解工艺进行优化，考察了热解温度、氮气流速、升温速率和热解时间对液体产物产率的影响。试验结果表明：回归方程模型拟合较好且显著。各个因素对液体产物的产率影响的主次顺序为热解温度>氮气流速>热解时间>升温速率。最佳热解条件为热解温度550℃、氮气流速80 mL/min、升温速率20℃/min、热解时间25 min，在此条件下液体产物产率为38.28%。对液体产物的性质和组成分析发现：优化条件下得到的液体产物中含水量为14.32%，pH值为3.78，热值为24.61 MJ/kg。通过GC-MS对液体产物进行分析，最佳条件下得到的液体产物中主要含有酚、醛、酸、酮类化合物，分别为84.35%、6.01%、3.37%、2.05%，其中酚类化合物的量最高，包括苯酚（33.51%）、对甲酚（9.71%）、2-甲氧基苯酚（10.99%）和4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚（5.57%）。     

藻渣热解特性及动力学分析

通过热重实验研究N₂气氛下升温速率对索氏提脂后的小球藻热解特性的影响,利用管式炉在N₂气氛下快速热解实验得出：在400℃时,小球藻热解转化率最高,生物油产率达57.6%,热解气为10%。采用等转化率方法FWO和KAS法对藻渣热解动力学进行分析和比较,结果表明：藻渣热解的主要热解阶段为25~800℃,可分为3个阶段,藻渣的DTG曲线存在两个失重峰,且随着升温速率提高,TG和DTG曲线都向高温区偏移,最大失重速率和残余固体质量都增加。N₂气氛条件下藻渣的主要热解阶段表观活化能和指前因子分别为228.46 kJ/mol和2.49×10²¹ min^-1,此阶段下FWO法和KAS法均能很好模拟藻渣热解数据,线性拟合相关系数（R²）均在0.96以上,最佳热解函数为dα/dT=2.49×10²¹/β exp（-228.46/（RT））（1-α）⁸。     

响应面法优化竹材热裂解制备生物油的工艺研究

为了提高竹材生物质流化床快速热裂解制备生物油产率,利用响应面法优化其最佳工艺条件.试验选择热裂解温度(450～550℃)、气相停留时间(1.5～2.5 s)和物料粒径(0.18 ～0.22 mm)三因素作为独立变量,采用中心组合设计建立模型和考察上述因素对生物油收率的影响.结果表明三因素对生物油收率具有显著影响而它们之间的交互作用均不显著.依据所得到的模型,在各因素设定范围内获得的最佳工艺条件为:热裂解温度519.0℃、气相停留时间2.1s、物料粒径0.18mm,生物油理论收率为58.17％.在该条件下进行的三次重复试验,竹材生物油的实际平均收率为57.85％,与模型预测值58.17％无显著差异.响应面法简便、高效,优化结果能给生物质流化床快速热裂解制备生物油制备工艺提供一定的参考.     

温度对水葫芦热解特性的影响

水葫芦是一种水体污染物,其蕴藏着大量的能量。为了使水葫芦变废为宝,解决环境污染的同时,提供一定的能源补给,在热重分析的基础上,采用固定床,借助GC、GC-MS、XRD和SEM等技术手段,研究不同热解温度段水葫芦热解后的气、液、固三相产物的特性。结果表明,低温热解温度段275～375 ℃生成的生物油不仅产率增加较大,而且生物油酸类较少、酯类较多,热值较高,品质明显优于高温热解温度段450～550 ℃生成的生物油;但高温热解温度段450～550 ℃下,明显有利于气体产物中高热值气体H2和CO的生成,生物质炭的结构孔径较大,晶体相态更加稳固,可见热解温度对三相产物的影响很大。     

杉木屑真空热解制备生物油的实验研究

以杉木屑为原料,进行了真空热解制备生物油的实验研究. 考察了体系压力、热解终温、终温保持时间及升温速率等热解参数对生物油产率、生物油组分及其相对含量的影响. 结果表明,热解终温为500℃、体系压力为20 kPa、热解终温保持时间为60 min、升温速率为60℃/min的条件有利于杉木屑真空热解制备生物油的生产,其产率达67%以上. 真空热解过程中,慢速热解可得到较高的生物油产率.     

Synthesis of char,bio-oil and gases using a screw feeder pyrolysis reactor

In this study, char, bio-oil and gases were synthesized with a continuous pyrolysis process from residual plants consisting of Cogongrass and Manilagrass at temperatures in the range of 400–550°C, with a feed rate of 150, 350, and 550 rpm (r min^?1). The product yield calculation showed that the liquid yield was highest at 53.56%, at 350 rpm. After separation of the bio-oil from liquid phase, the bio-oil was found to have components of approximately 33.38%, of which the solid yield (char) was highest at 27.35%, at 350 rpm, and the gas yield was highest at 43.60%, at 150 rpm. This indicates that biomass from residual plants materials produced good yields because of low solid and gas yields while having high liquid yield.     

Influence of alcohol addition on properties of bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus bark in a free-fall reactor

Fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus bark was carried out in a free-fall pyrolysis unit at different temperatures ranging from 400 to 550 °C to produce bio-oil, char and gas. The bio-oil produced at optimum temperature was mixed with alcohols with an aim to improve its properties. The results showed that the maximum bio-oil yield of 64.65 wt% on dry biomass basis could be obtained at the pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C. The addition of a small proportion (2.5–10%) of alcohol into the bio-oil could improve its viscosity, stability and heating value. These effects were further enhanced when increasing the alcohol.     

Pyrolysis of microalgae biomass over carbonate catalysts

Microalgae are seen as potential biomass to be used in a biorefinery concept. Several technologies can be used to convert microalgal biomass, but pyrolysis is viewed as a unique pathway to obtain valuable chemicals distributed in three phases: liquid (bio-oil), gas (bio-gas) and solid (bio-char). The liquid phase, bio-oil, usually presents higher heating value than raw biomass, but acidity and oxygen content are major drawbacks. In situ catalyzed pyrolysis can help to decrease the oxygen content and acidity of pyrolytic bio-oils. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor using commercial carbonate catalysts (Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, MgCO₃, SrCO₃ and MnCO₃). The catalysis pyrolysis temperature (375 °C) was selected from thermal degradation profiles obtained using thermogravimetry under nitrogen flow and corresponds to the maximum degradation rate for both microalgae. In spite of similar volatile and fixed carbon contents, microalgae performed differentially during pyrolysis mainly due to the different contents of carbohydrates, oils and proteins. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus showed bio-oil yield in the range 26–38 and 28–50 wt%, respectively. Only sodium carbonate was able to decrease the bio-char yield, confirming that carbonate catalysts prompt simultaneously gasification and carbonization reactions. Fourier transform infrared spectra of produced bio-oils showed a net decrease of acidity, associated with carbonyl species when carbonate catalysts were used. Bio-char morphology, for both microalgae, showed evidence of melting and resolidification of cell structures, which might be due to the lower melting points of the pyrolysis products obtained from proteins and lipids. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biofuels from waste fish oil pyrolysis: Continuous production in a pilot plant

Fast pyrolysis of waste fish oil was performed in a continuous pyrolysis pilot plant. The experiment was carried out under steady-state conditions in which 10 kg of biomass was added at a feed rate of 3.2 kg h⁻¹. A bio-oil yield of 72-73% was obtained with a controlled reaction temperature of 525 °C. The bio-oil was distilled to obtain purified products with boiling ranges corresponding to light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil. These biofuels were characterized according to their physico-chemical properties, and compared with the Brazilian-fuel specifications for conventional gasoline and diesel fuels. The results show that the fast pyrolysis process represents an alternative technique for the production of biofuels from waste fish oil with characteristics similar to petroleum fuels.     

Preparation of Hydrogen through Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-oil

Hydrogen was prepared via catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil which was obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor. Influential factors including temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of bio-oil, mass ratio of steam to bio-oil (S/B) as well as catalyst type on hydrogen selectivity and other desirable gas products were investigated. Based on hydrogen in stoichiometric potential and carbon balance in gaseous phase and feed, hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity were examined. The experimental results show that higher temperature favors the hydrogen selectivity by H2 mole fraction in gaseous products stream and it plays an important role in hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity. Higher hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity were obtained at lower bio-oil WHSV. In catalytic steam reforming system a maximum steam concentration value exists, at which hydrogen selectivity and yield, and carbon selectivity keep constant. Through experiments, preferential operation conditions were obtained as follows: temperature 800~850℃, bio-oil WHSV below 3.0 h-1, and mass ratio of steam to bio-oil 10~12. The performance tests indicate that Ni-based catalysts are optional, especially Ni/a-Al2O3 effective in the steam reforming process.     

煤快速热解固相和气相产物生成规律

利用能有效避免二次转化反应的高频炉热解装置对3种不同变质程度的煤进行了600～1200℃条件下的快速热解,考察了在煤热解最初阶段焦产率、焦-C产率、热解气产率、热解气4种主要组分H₂、CO、CH₄和CO₂的比例以及热解气热值随煤阶和热解温度的变化规律。结果表明,焦的产率和焦-C的产率均随煤阶的升高而升高,热解气的产率随煤阶的升高而降低;热解温度的提高能显著降低煤焦和焦-C的产率并提高热解气的产率。热解气组分以H₂相似文献   

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Wood Sawdust to Produce Bio-oil: Effect of Temperature and Catalyst Additives

In this work, non-catalytic pyrolysis of Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood sawdust was performed in a fixed-bed reactor at various temperatures to obtain the optimum conditions to achieve a maximum bio-oil yield. The highest yield of bio-oil was obtained about 46 wt% at 550°C for non-catalytic pyrolysis. At the optimum conditions, the effects of different catalyst types (KOH, ZnCl₂, and ZnO) and amount of catalyst (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) on the pyrolysis product yields and bio-oil properties were investigated. The presence of catalysts changed the product distribution considerably. Increasing the amount of catalyst led to a decrease in the yield of liquid product, while the gas and char yields increased compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis. The chemical compositions of bio-oil were determined with GC-MS analyses. It was determined that bio-oils contain a large variety of organic compounds, such as furans, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, acids, benzenes, alcohols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The catalysis by KOH significantly increased the levels of phenols, while it reduced the formation of acids and aldehydes. ZnCl₂ produced bio-oil with high percentages of aldehydes. Moreover, ZnO reduced the proportion of PAH in the bio-oil. These results demonstrated that bio-oils could improve with a catalyst. Therefore, catalyst selection for high bio-oil quality is crucial in industrial applications.