炸药爆轰波光谱发射率及其爆温测量

阐述了光纤测试技术依据的原理,给出了多通道瞬时光纤测试装置的构成,引入了比信号测试方法,简化了装置的标定,利用最小二乘法原理建立了爆轰波光谱发射率及爆温的迭代计算格式,并用该装置对液体炸药硝基甲烷爆轰波光谱发射率及爆温进行了实验测量,实验表明光谱发射率与爆轰波辐射波长具有较强的依赖关系。     

爆轰波C-J压力测量中存在的问题

一、前言爆轰波速度和爆轰波压力是爆轰学领域中常见的两个参数。爆轰波速度的测量从导特利斯法到电探针或光扫描方法建立以来,数十年中基本未出现反复,以此为依据的早期爆轰理论研究,曾取得较好的进展。爆轰波压力测量已有40年历史,自本世纪50年代起爆压测量方法公布以来,地尔用自由面速度测量爆压的数据已得到公认,但至目前各国实验室已公布的测量数据却极不相同,疑点很多。近年来与C—J理论和Z-N-D模型相矛盾的事实出现后,导致爆压测量的理论依据发生动摇,感到爆压测量中问题很多。当前爆轰波压力尚没有很好的测量方法,这是需要进一步解决的问题。在美国第四届爆轰会议上,戴维斯曾根据麦德和克雷格试验结果,提出了Z—N-D模型已不实用的观点。此后,国际上展开了讨论,国内爆轰学界不少同志也已就此问题进行研究和发表文章、本文拟就爆轰波C-J压力测量中存在的问题进行探讨。     

炸药爆压的测量方法及存在问题

一、引言爆压是炸药爆轰波阵面上的重要参数。在研究炸药的爆轰过程中,需要了解爆轰波的结构及产物的状态方程;在研究炸药对周围介质的作用时,需要准确计算炸药做功的能力。进行这些工作,都需要爆压的数值。因此,如何用实验方法准确测定炸药的爆压,具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。五十年代中期,R.E.Duff和E.J.Houston第一次建立了测量爆压的流体动力学方法;1960年,建立了电磁法。二十多年来,人们不断探索测量爆压的新方法、新技术,取得了不少进展,建立了多种实验方法。但是,总的说来,这些方法除采用了     

爆轰波C-J压力测量中存在的问题

一、前言爆轰波速度和爆轰波压力是爆轰学领域中常见的两个参数。爆轰波速度的测量从导特利斯法到电探针或光扫描方法建立以来,数十年中基本未出现反复,以此为依据的早期爆轰理论研究,曾取得较好的进展。爆轰波压力测量已有40年历史,自本世纪50年代起爆压测量方法公布以来,地尔用自由面速度测量爆压的数据已得到公认,但至目前各国实验室已公布的测量数据却极不相同,疑点很多。近年来与C-J理论和Z-N-D模型相矛盾的事实出现后,导     

B炸药爆轰波拐角传播的三维数值模拟

为研究B炸药起爆后爆轰波在拐角中的传播特性以及拐角爆轰低压流场现象,运用LS-DYNA3D程序对120°,90°,45°三种特定的拐角装药的爆轰波传播现象进行了数值模拟,观察了爆轰波通过拐角的传播过程,讨论了爆轰波波阵面通过拐角后爆速的变化情况.结果表明,爆轰波通过拐角后由于传播面积的变化而产生衰减-增长过程,装药拐角越大,爆轰波通过时越稳定;随着装药拐角的减小,拐角处的波阵面压力、爆速和传播能力都逐渐降低.     

复合结构装药爆轰波爆速与曲率关系的数值模拟

为了研究复合结构中爆轰波传播速度和曲率的关系,利用通用有限元程序AUTODYN对钝感复合装药结构单点起爆的爆轰效应进行了数值模拟。分析说明了不同尺寸的装药结构爆速和曲率的对应变化情况,根据曲面爆轰波曲率和爆速的线性近似关系,描述了复合装药药柱的爆速与曲率的关系方程,并拟合得到了相关参数。     

一种简易的猛炸药爆压测量方法

一、引言爆压是炸药的重要爆轰参数之一。也是衡量炸药做功能力的重要标志。因此,如何用实验方法准确测量爆压,一直是爆轰学界所关注的一个重要课题。由于爆轰过程是一个高温、高压过程,直接测量爆压非常困难,因而,最常见的测量方法,是一种进行间接测量的所谓界面条件方法。自由表面速度法、水箱法都属于这一类。界面条件法中,自由面速度法比较复杂,实验条件的控制相当严格。水箱法简单一些。本文介绍另一种比较简单的界面条件法,即以空气为惰性介质,测量爆轰波进入空气中的初始冲击波速度,以此换算爆轰压力,我们把这种方法简称为“空气法”。     

炸药爆压的测量方法及存在问题

一、引言爆压是炸药爆轰波阵面上的重要参数。在研究炸药的爆轰过程中,需要了解爆轰波的结构及产物的状态方程;在研究炸药对周围介质的作用时,需要准确计算炸药做功的能力。进行这些工作,都需要爆压的数值。因此,如何用实验方法准确测定炸药的爆压,具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

高速摄影机与计算器联用测定爆速爆压

一、前言炸药的爆轰压力与爆轰波速度的精确测定对于爆轰理论的研究具有重要的意义。为了在测定爆压的同时直接得到同一样品的爆速值,我们探讨了联测法。在原来计数法测爆速的基础上,将高速摄影机与计数器联用,同时测定炸药的爆速与爆压。这将对新炸药的研究有一定的意义。     

GI-920炸药爆轰波阵面的光纤探针测量

利用熔石英在冲击作用下的发光特性开发了一种测量冲击到达时间的光纤探针技术。当爆轰波阵面到达光纤探针端面时会产生一个瞬时光信号，经光纤传输到光电探测器，变换为电信号，再由示波器记录，通过判读就可以知道冲击波或飞片到达光纤探针的时刻。采用芯径0．3mm的石英光纤探针阵列对一点起爆的爆压为10GPa的GI-920炸药的爆轰波阵面进行了测量，测量到3条不同直径上的波形，并利用所测数据绘出爆轰波阵面的三维形状图。结果表明，随着测试半径增大，爆轰到达时间分散性明显增加，爆轰波阵面的倾角也增大。实验所得信号的上升时间均小于4ns，说明光纤探针技术为炸药爆轰时间参数的测量提供了一种新的高精度的测试手段。     

Titania Nanocrystalline Prepared by Detonation Method and Calculation of Detonation Parameters

As a promising method for synthesizing nanosized materials, detonation method was used to prepare TiO₂ nanoparticles. A new method for predicting the Chapman‐Jouguet (C‐J) detonation parameters of C_aH_bO_cN_dTi_e explosives, such as detonation heat, detonation temperature, and detonation pressure, was introduced according to the approximate reaction equations of detonation. The coefficient of oxygen balance of explosive was also calculated according to the specific detonation synthesis experiment. The calculation method was more useful in predicting the formation processes of detonation products and optimizing the experimental procedure. It could also support theory foundation for further experiments to some extent.     

Detonation Velocity Deficits and Curvature Radius of Mild Detonation Cords

In order to study the detonation velocity deficits of wound mild detonation cords, a physical model and a theoretical mathematical equation for detonation velocity deficits of wound mild detonation cords were established based on the detonation wave’s corner effects and delay time phenomenon by using non‐dimensional analysis method. Besides, a semi‐empirical formula for detonation velocity deficit of wound mild detonation cords in the same charge size was obtained through experiments and curve fitting. Both the theoretical mathematical equation and the semi‐empirical formula show that the detonation velocity deficit of wound mild detonation cords and the reciprocal of the curvature radius have an exponential relationship.     

A Detonation Model of High/Low Velocity Detonation

A new detonation model that can simulate both high and low velocity detonations is established using the least action principle. The least action principle is valid for mechanics and thermodynamics associated with a detonation process. Therefore, the least action principle is valid in detonation science. In this model, thermodynamic equilibrium state is taken as the known final point of the detonation process. Thermodynamic potentials are analogous to mechanical ones, and the Lagrangian function in the detonation process is L=T−V. Under certain assumptions, the variation calculus of the Lagrangian function gives two solutions: the first one is a constant temperature solution, and the second one is the solution of an ordinary differential equation. A special solution of the ordinary differential equation is given.     

碳氢燃料与空气混合物爆轰性能实验研究

利用矩形激波管测定了几种碳氢燃料与空气混合物的爆轰极限和临界起爆能。根据分子结构的不同，对实验结果进行了分析。     

The Effects of Containment on Detonation Velocity

Reactive flow cylinder code runs on six explosives were made with rate constants varying from 0.03 to 70 μs⁻¹. Six unconfined/steel sets of original ANFO and dynamite data are presented. A means of comparing confinement effects both at constant radius and at constant detonation velocity is presented. Calculations show two qualitatively different modes of behavior. For U_s/C_o≥1.2, where U_s is the detonation velocity and C_o the zero‐pressure sound speed in steel, we find a sharp shock wave in the metal. The shock passes through the steel and the outer wall has a velocity jump‐off. For U_s/C_o≤1.04, we find a pressure gradient that moves at the detonation velocity. A precursor pulse drives in the explosive ahead of the detonation front. The outer wall begins to move outward at the same time the shock arrives in the explosive, and the outer wall slowly and continuously increases in velocity. The U_s/C_o≥1.2 cylinders saturate in detonation velocity for thick walls but the U_s/C_o<<1.04 case does not. The unconfined cylinder shows an edge lag in the front that approximately equals the reaction zone length, but the highly confined detonation front is straight and contains no reaction zone information. The wall thickness divided by the reaction zone length yields a dimensionless wall thickness, which allows comparison of explosives with different detonation rates. Even so, a rate effect is found in the detonation velocities, which amounts to the inverse 0.15–0.5 power.     

A Discussion of the Kamlet‐Jacobs Formula for the Detonation Pressure

The main features of the Kamlet‐Jacobs formula for the detonation pressure of C H N O explosives are analytically derived from a BKW (Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson) equation of state of the detonation products. In the derivation, well‐known typical values at the Chapman‐Jouguet state, in particular the nearly constant value of the relative volume of the detonation products, are used.     

CARS光谱技术在炸药测温领域中的应用

阐述了 CARS光谱技术的基本概念 ,将之引入到对爆轰过程的研究领域 ,论证了将 CARS光谱技术应用于炸药温度测量的可行性 ,并设计了实验方案。此外 ,还计算了氮的理论 CARS光谱     

Predicting the Detonation Velocity of CHNO Explosives by a Simple Method

A simplified method is shown, based on a semi‐empirical procedure, to estimate the detonation velocities of CHNO explosives at various loading densities. It is assumed that the product composition consists almost of CO, CO₂, H₂O and N₂ for oxygen‐rich explosives. In addition solid carbon and H₂ are also counted for an oxygen‐lean explosive. The approximate detonation temperature, as a second needed parameter, can be calculated from the total heat capacity of the detonation products and the heat of formation of the explosive by PM3 procedure. The detonation velocities of some well‐known CHNO explosives, calculated by the simple procedure, fit well with measured detonation velocities and the results from the well‐established BKW‐EOS computer code.     

Calculation of the Detonation Velocities and Detonation Pressures of Dinitrobiuret (DNB) and Diaminotetrazolium Nitrate (HDAT‐NO3)

The enthalpies of combustion (Δ_combH) of dinitrobiuret (DNB) and diaminotetrazolium nitrate (HDAT‐NO₃) were determined experimentally using oxygen bomb calorimetry: Δ_combH(DNB)=5195±200 kJ kg⁻¹, Δ_combH(HDAT‐NO₃)=7900±300 kJ kg⁻¹. The standard enthalpies of formation (Δ_fH°) of DNB and HDAT‐NO₃ were obtained on the basis of quantum chemical computations at the electron‐correlated ab initio MP2 (second order Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory) level of theory using a correlation consistent double‐zeta basis set (cc‐pVTZ): Δ_fH°(DNB)=−353 kJ mol⁻¹, −1 829 kJ kg⁻¹; Δ_fH°(HDAT‐NO₃)=+254 kJ mol⁻¹, +1 558 kJ kg⁻¹. The detonation velocities (D) and detonation pressures (P) of DNB and HDAT‐NO₃ were calculated using the empirical equations by Kamlet and Jacobs: D(DNB)=8.66 mm μs⁻¹, P(DNB)=33.9 GPa, D(HDAT‐NO₃)=8.77 mm μs⁻¹, P(HDAT‐NO₃)=33.3 GPa.     

Studies of Detonation Characteristics of Aluminum Enriched RDX Compositions

Research on the effect of aluminum contents and of its particle size on detonation characteristics of RDX‐based compositions containing 15–60% aluminum was carried out. Measurements of detonation velocity for different charge diameters and confinements were performed. To measure the shock curvature of the detonation wave, X‐ray photography was applied. Unconfined charges and charges confined with a water envelope were tested. The radius of the detonation front curvature was determined. The cylinder test results were the basis for determination of the acceleration ability and energetic characteristics of the detonation products of the mixtures. The Gurney energy describing the acceleration ability was found. The detonation energy of the mixtures tested was also estimated from the cylinder test data.