海虾虾青素的提取工艺及含量测定

以新鲜海虾为材料,采用单因素实验研究了提取溶剂、料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数对虾青素提取效果的影响,用紫外可见分光光度法测定了不同部位虾青素的含量,比较了煮熟虾壳与新鲜虾壳中虾青素的含量变化。结果表明,乙酸乙酯是提取虾青素的最适溶剂,最佳提取条件是:料液比1∶2(g∶mL)、提取温度60℃、提取时间3h、提取2次。虾壳中虾青素含量最高,煮熟后虾壳中虾青素含量明显降低。     

用4种不同有机溶剂从虾壳中提取天然虾青素酯收率比较研究

目的:通过实验寻找到从虾壳粉末中提取天然虾青素酯的最佳溶剂和工艺条件。方法:将虾壳洗净烘干碾成粉末,再用无水乙醇、丙酮、正己烷和乙酸乙酯4种溶剂渗露提取,然后减压旋转浓缩,称粗提物重量,检测含量,计算收率。改进了工艺,用醋酸浸泡虾壳粉末,在溶剂中添加BHT。结果:乙酸乙酯从虾壳粉末中提取到的天然虾青素酯收率最高;用醋酸浸泡虾壳粉末,溶剂中添加BHT,天然虾青素酯含量和收率均提高。结论:从虾壳粉末中提取天然虾青素酯要先用醋酸浸泡,溶剂要选用乙酸乙酯,还要添加BHT。     

酸性低共熔溶剂的理化特性及其与虾青素溶解度的相关性研究

制备7种酸性低共熔溶剂(DES),在不同温度下系统测定低共熔溶剂的理化特性,评估了虾青素的溶解度,并与有机溶剂和离子液体进行比较,深入探讨虾青素溶解度与低共熔溶剂理化性质之间的关联性。结果表明,7种酸性低共熔溶剂具有低黏度和良好的热稳定性;虾青素在7种低共熔溶剂中的溶解效果均优于乙醇与离子液体三丁基辛基氯化膦,溶解能力最强的是DL-薄荷醇∶乙酸(MAA),可达(405.94±12.90) mg/100 g;低共熔溶剂的密度、黏度和偶极性/极化率3个性质与虾青素溶解能力密切相关,相关系数分别为0.99、-0.85和0.83,这为选择和设计提取天然类胡萝卜素的溶剂及其应用提供了理论指导。     

从虾壳中提取虾青素工艺及其生物活性应用研究进展

虾青素是自然界中分布很广泛的一种叶黄素,具有很强的抗氧化作用和独特的生理功能,存在巨大的商业价值.从甲壳类动物加工下脚料中提取回收虾青索是虾青素生产的重要途径之一.简述了虾青素的结构、生物活性及应用的一些最新研究成果,探讨了从虾壳中提取虾青素的方法,介绍了碱提法、油溶法、有机溶剂法和超临界CO2萃取法.     

从雨生红球藻藻泥中选择性提取虾青素

以雨生红球藻湿藻泥为原料,研究了不同有机溶剂对胞内油脂和虾青素选择性提取分离的影响,通过酸解破壁提高虾青素和油脂的提取效率。结果表明,连续乙醇提取可对胞内色素和油脂有效分级提取,先提取出极性组分(叶绿素和极性脂),再提取中性组分(类胡萝卜素和中性脂)。中等极性溶剂或溶剂体系对类胡萝卜素的选择性和提取率较好;乙醇/乙酸乙酯混合溶剂提取类胡萝卜素的总得率(干重)达25.31 mg/g,提取率为69.35%。对雨生红球藻湿细胞进行酸解破壁处理有助于提高虾青素和油脂的提取率。在最优酸解破壁条件(盐酸浓度1 mol/L,温度60℃,时间60 min)下,含水80%的雨生红球藻藻泥的油脂总得率(干重)达418 mg/g,总脂提取率达97%。     

酵母脂肪酶酶促合成虾青素琥珀酸酯及优化

研究了酵母脂肪酶在有机溶剂中以琥珀酸酐为酰化试剂酯化合成虾青素琥珀酸酯。液相色谱质谱联用检测表明,酯化产物中既有虾青素单酯也有虾青素二酯。对酶促反应脂肪酶、反应介质、反应底物摩尔比、反应温度等酯化影响因素进行了详细探讨和优化。在所选的几种脂肪酶中,假丝酵母脂肪酶(Candida sp.)的催化活性最好,二甲基亚砜为适宜的反应溶剂,最佳反应温度为45℃。底物摩尔比是决定反应能否进行的关键因素,底物摩尔比为40以上,反应才能进行,摩尔比达到800时,虾青素转化率达到90%以上。底物摩尔比还显著影响产物中单酯和二酯分布,高摩尔比下二酯才能产生。对体系初始含水量和酶量的影响进行了优化。实验结果表明酶法合成虾青素琥珀酸酯具有很好的可行性。     

环状芽孢杆菌胞壁溶解酶用于红发夫酵母虾青素提取的研究

采用单因素及均匀实验设计确定了将环状芽孢杆菌胞壁溶解酶用于红发夫酵母破壁提取虾青素的最佳酶作用条件,即粗酶液pH值为5.0,体积为33mL(酶量1603.8U(g(1干酵母),温度37℃,100r(min(1振荡反应16.5h,虾青素的提取率可达到98%以上.通过对不同方法提取所得虾青素的光、热稳定性进行测试,发现酶法提取的虾青素不论是在光照还是在加热条件下均比机械法及酸法破壁提取所得的虾青素稳定.     

丙酮提取虾青素的影响因素研究

用低毒性有机溶剂（如丙酮）提取虾青素,研究了提取时间、提取温度、藻粉用量、稀释倍数、是否使用石英砂、是否使用石油醚等因素对提取效果的影响。实验表明：在40℃下提取30 min,藻粉用量0.15 g,稀释倍数为25/1.5,使用石英砂和石油醚,虾青素提取率可以达到63.3%。     

虾青素毒性的研究图谱分析及安全性评价

虾青素是一种具有极强抗氧化性的酮式β类胡萝卜素，天然虾青素应用较广，其消费市场在不断扩展。目前对虾青素的毒性研究主要集中在30d喂养试验、急性毒性试验、亚慢性毒性试验和遗传毒性实验等。虾青素在提取过程中，由于其脂溶性特质，在使用有机溶剂对其提取的过程中可能会产生一定的毒性残留。因此，研究虾青素毒性和安全性评价以及认识虾青素提取物中的毒性及其来源十分必要。通过对虾青素的毒性研究进行综述及聚类分析，旨在更好、更全面地评估虾青素的毒性作用和安全性评价，可以为虾青素产品的应用提供一定科学依据。     

天然虾青素防晒效果的研究

采用紫外分光光度法测定天然虾青素的吸光度,来研究天然虾青素是否具有防晒效果。通过对天然虾青素的吸光性、热稳定性和光稳定性等实验,实验结果表明天然虾青素具有良好的紫外吸收性,特别是吸收UVA有很好的效果,同时天然虾青素也具有良好的热稳定性和光稳定性;将天然虾青素复配为防晒霜后,防晒效果明显增强;其抗氧化性可以很好的修复晒后损伤的皮肤。虾青素是一种天然的防晒剂,在生产中可考虑取代部分化学防晒剂,从而使防晒产品更安全,效果更突出。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of lipids and astaxanthin from Brazilian redspotted shrimp waste (Farfantepenaeus paulensis)

Brazilian redspotted shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) waste is an important source of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and lipids with a high ω−3 fatty acids content, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In order to establish an efficient and environmental friendly recovery process, the lipids and astaxanthin were extracted from the freeze-dried redspotted shrimp waste (including head, tail and shell) using supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of the extraction conditions of pressure (200-400 bar) and temperature (40-60 °C) on the global yield (X₀), astaxanthin extraction yield and astaxanthin concentration in the extract were evaluated. It was found that the pressure and temperature showed a very low significant effect on the lipid extraction yield using supercritical CO₂. In comparison with lipid extraction by solvents, maximum efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction achieved 64% of hexane extraction yield. On the other hand, temperature and pressure had significant effects on astaxanthin extraction yield. Thegreatest amount of extract was obtained at 43 °C and 370 bar, with 39% of recovery.     

Extraction of Astaxanthin from Shrimp Waste using Response Surface Methodology and a New Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Monolith

A 17-run Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors was used to improve the conditions for extracting astaxanthin from shrimp waste. The astaxanthin level was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C₁₈ column and a UV detector at 476 nm. The mean extraction yield of astaxanthin at the improved conditions (extraction time 1.4 h, extraction temperature 72.4°C, and liquid-solid ratio 27.3) was 98.7 ± 2.6 µg g^?1. A solid-phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC method was developed with a new hybrid organic-inorganic hybrid monolith for further purification of astaxanthin from shrimp waste. The SPE recoveries were ranging from 81.3 ± 2.4% to 86.5 ± 3.3%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the proposed method were less than 4.3 ± 0.5% and 4.8 ± 0.2%, respectively. BBD increased the extraction efficiency and shortened extraction times significantly. SPE-HPLC with hybrid monolith showed good selectivity and purified astaxanthin from shrimp waste.     

Efficient Extraction of Astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with Polar and Non-polar Solvents after Acid Washing

method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated. The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P. rhodozyma cells. When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol·L^-1, the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control. Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most effective solvent in our research. With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane (volume ratio of 2:1), the maximal extraction efficiency was achieved, approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent. The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.     

采用极性及非极性溶剂从酸洗后的红法夫酵母中高效萃提虾青素的研究(英文)

method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated.The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P.rhodozyma cells.When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol·L-1,the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control.Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most effective solvent in our research.With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane(volume ratio of 2:1),the maximal extraction efficiency was achieved,approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent.The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized.Under the optimum extraction conditions,the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.     

Comparison of Extraction Methods for Recovery of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

Solvent extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were examined for the extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. In all cases, acetone was found to give the highest astaxanthin recovery compared with other selected solvents, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile. Among the various methods, MAE at 75°C for 5 min resulted in the highest astaxanthin recovery (74 ± 4%).     

Characterization of oil including astaxanthin extracted from krill (Euphausia superba) using supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent as comparative method

Krill oil including astaxanthin was extracted using supercritical CO₂ and hexane. The effects of different parameters such as pressure (15 to 25MPa), temperature (35 to 45 °C), and extraction time, were investigated. The flow rate of CO₂ (22 gmin⁻¹) was constant for the entire extraction period of 2.5 h. The maximum oil yield was found at higher extraction temperature and pressure. The oil obtained by SC-CO₂ extraction contained a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA. The acidity and peroxide value of krill oil obtained by SC-CO₂ extraction were lower than that of the oil obtained by hexane. The SC-CO₂ extracted oil showed more stability than the oil obtained by hexane extraction. The amount of astaxanthin in krill oil was determined by HPLC and compared at different extraction conditions. The maximum yield of astaxanthin was found in krill oil extracted at 25 MPa and 45 °C.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Pluvialis by Response Surface Methodology and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for the extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction parameters to the content of astaxanthin. Four independent variables such as microwave power (W), extraction time (sec), solvent volume (mL), and the number of extraction were optimized in this paper. The optimal conditions were determined and tri-dimensional response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. The F-test and p-value indicated that microwave power, extraction time, the number of extraction, and their quadratic had a highly significant effect on the response value (p <0.01), then the solvent volume and the interaction effects of microwave power and the number of extraction also displayed significant effect (p <0.05). Considering the extraction efficiency, the optimized conditions of MAE were as follows: microwave power was 141 W, extraction time 83 sec, solvent volume 9.8 mL, the number of extraction four times. About 594 ± 3.02 µg astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis the dried powders (100 mg) under the optimal conditions, and it close to the predicted contents (592 µg). The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained under optimal conditions were analyzed, and the results showed that the extracts presented strong ability of inhibiting the peroxidantion of linoleic acid, exhibited strong radical-scavenging properties against the DPPH, as well as strong reducing power.     

Astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis using CO2-expanded ethanol

Microalgae represent diverse branch of microorganism that can produce a wide range of unique functional ingredients that can be used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and energy. Among them, Haematococcus pluvialis is known for accumulating the highest levels of a potent natural antioxidant, astaxanthin, which has demonstrated positive health effects. Therefore, the aim of numerous studies has been to develop novel and efficient extraction techniques to produce high-quality (purity and antioxidant activity) extracts, while complying with the Green Chemistry Principles. Supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) emerges as an alternative to organic solvents because of its high selectivity and bioactivity-preserving qualities. Nevertheless, astaxanthin is a large molecule with low solubility in scCO₂ that usually requires long extractions at high pressures. Ethanol has been used as co-solvent to increase astaxanthin solubility in scCO₂. In this work, a Box–Behnken experimental design was used to study the effects of operating pressure (20–35 MPa), temperature (40–70 °C), and ethanol content in scCO₂ (0–13%, w/w) on the yield, astaxanthin content, and antioxidant activity of H. pluvialis extract. Results showed that ethanol content in CO₂ has a more significant effect on all responses than pressure and temperature. These results lead us to investigate the effect of a further increase in ethanol content, up to the region of gas-expanded liquids. We studied the effects of temperature (30–60 °C) and ethanol content (50–70%, w/w) at a fixed pressure (7 MPa) on the same response variables using CO₂-expanded ethanol (CXE). Results showed that temperature and ethanol content had a significant influence on astaxanthin yield and antioxidant activity. Also, the overall responses of CXE surpassed scCO₂ extractions to match conventional extraction with acetone, maintaining high quality extracts, thus validating the use of this new type of green technology for extraction of high-value compounds.