NH4Cl辅助热解制备镍-氮-碳纳米管催化剂及其电还原CO2性能

二氧化碳（CO₂）的资源化利用是实现“碳达峰,碳中和”的重要手段。在众多CO₂转化技术当中,电催化CO₂还原反应因反应条件温和、工艺过程简单等优点,被认为是极具应用前景的减碳技术之一,其关键在于高效、高稳定性电催化剂的开发。过渡金属-氮-碳（M-N-C）材料是电还原CO₂生成CO的有效催化剂,针对其高温热解制备过程中活性金属原子容易聚集且氮原子流失严重,进而使得活性位密度降低,催化性能下降等问题,本文提出以双氰胺（DCDA）为碳源和氮源,以乙酰丙酮镍（Ni（acac）₂）为金属源,以氯化铵（NH₄Cl）为第二氮源和造孔剂,采用简单的NH₄Cl辅助热解-酸刻蚀的方法制备得到镍-氮-碳纳米管（Ni-N-CNTs）电还原CO₂催化剂,并详细考察NH₄Cl添加量对催化剂结构和催化性能的影响。表征结果表明：NH₄Cl的加入有利于催化剂纳米管状形貌和多级孔结构的生成,同时有利于催化剂中Ni-Nx （1.6%,摩尔分数）和pyridinic-N （1.75%,摩尔分数）物种含量的增加。一系列性能测试结果表明：催化剂的活性中心为Ni-Nx,同时pyridinic-N的存在也有利于催化性能的提高,当前体中NH₄Cl加入量与氮源和金属源总质量比为1∶1时,所得Ni-N-CNTs-1催化剂催化性能最好,在电压为-0.65 V （vs RHE）时,CO法拉第效率最高达92%,此时CO部分电流密度为8 mA·cm^-2。此外,该催化剂还表现出良好的催化稳定性,连续恒电位电解12 h,催化性能基本不变。该催化剂制备工艺简单,制备条件可控,研究结果可为高效M-N-C电还原CO₂催化剂的设计和制备提供一种切实有效的研究思路和方法。     

光化学法制备过渡金属-氮共掺杂多孔炭基CO2电还原催化剂

过渡金属-氮共掺杂炭材料是一类高效的CO₂电还原催化剂。以热解聚合物制备的氮掺杂炭材料为载体,浸渍镍源,经红外灯光照2 h,利用光化学法制备了高分散的镍-氮-碳催化剂（Ni/NC）。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、物理吸附、粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对催化剂的形貌、结构、物相和组成进行了分析,并评价了催化剂的CO₂电还原反应性能。电化学性能测试结果表明,在0.5 mol/L的KHCO₃电解液中,镍的负载量为2 %（质量分数）时催化性能最好,CO分电流密度得到有效提升,塔菲尔斜率为492 mV/dec,起始过电位为286 mV;在-0.6 V（vs.RHE）下,CO的法拉第效率为78%,在-1.0 ~-0.5 V（vs.RHE）内,n（CO）/n（H₂）=0.5~3.6。     

电催化还原二氧化碳制一氧化碳催化剂研究进展

电催化还原CO₂作为缓解能源危机和全球变暖的有效途径已成为催化领域的研究热点。然而,不同反应途径的氧化还原电位较为接近,使产物的选择性成为电催化还原CO₂所需解决的主要问题。迄今为止,在水性电解质中可实现CO₂选择性地转化为一氧化碳（CO）和甲酸（HCOOH）。本文简述了电催化还原CO₂制CO的机理,包括CO₂吸附过程、二电子转移过程和CO脱附过程。从贵金属的晶面设计、形貌调控和表面功能化对反应活性和产物选择性的影响,铁卟啉、钴酞菁和镍三嗪在还原CO₂为CO反应中的电子转移途径,非金属碳基材料中杂原子和碳基质间的耦合效应等方面,重点介绍了近年来贵金属催化剂、过渡金属络合物催化剂和非金属碳基材料催化剂的研究进展,总结了各类催化剂的优缺点。指出在三类电催化还原CO₂制CO的催化剂中,非金属碳材料具有较高的CO法拉第效率,尤其是非金属碳材料成本较低、制备简单、结构易调控,在电催化还原中具有潜在的应用优势,是有望实现商业化应用的新型催化剂的候选材料之一。     

二维沸石咪唑骨架有效催化二氧化碳电还原的研究

成功合成了2种金属有机框架材料，并探究其在CO₂电催化还原反应中的应用。结果表明，二维ZIF-L催化剂的CO₂电催化还原活性、选择性和稳定性显著高于ZIF-7。在-1.3 V（vs.RHE）时，CO法拉第效率可达78.5%,是相同电势下ZIF-7的近2倍；CO的电流密度为16.8 mA/cm²,高于文献中报道的Zn基MOFs上CO的电流密度值。二维ZIF-L催化剂独特的孔腔结构有利于CO₂的吸附，从而有效催化CO₂电还原。     

氮掺杂碳限域的花状SnS催化CO2电还原制甲酸

合理设计高效的电催化剂是二氧化碳电化学还原（CO₂ER）为高附加值化学品和燃料的关键。本文利用水热-煅烧法制备了氮掺杂碳限域的花状SnS催化剂（SnS@NC）并研究了其电催化CO₂的特性。基于超薄氮掺杂碳层的限域效应，SnS的层厚由原始的30nm缩减至20nm，电化学活性面积明显增强，同时氮掺杂碳层增强了对CO₂的吸附和活化。SnS@NC催化CO₂转化为甲酸的能力明显增强，在-1.3V（vs. RHE）的H型电解池中法拉第效率为81.2%，电流密度为29.5mA/cm²，本文为金属硫化物复合催化剂功能化提供了新策略。     

NH4Cl改性活性炭脱除气态Hg0的特性分析

制备了原始活性炭与NH₄Cl改性活性炭,对其进行了物化特性表征,在固定床汞吸附实验台上考察了N₂气氛下颗粒粒径、NH₄Cl溶液浓度、SO₂、CO₂等因素对活性炭脱除Hg⁰性能的影响。研究结果表明：NH₄Cl浸渍改性没有造成活性炭孔隙结构的明显变化,但使得Cl元素成功担载到活性炭表面;随着颗粒粒径增大,活性炭吸附Hg⁰的外部传质速率、内部扩散速率均降低,较小的颗粒粒径有利于活性炭脱汞;由NH₄Cl改性在活性炭表面所产生的卤素官能团（AC-Cl）能够有效地氧化烟气中的Hg⁰,增强了活性炭对于Hg⁰的氧化吸附作用;SO₂能有限地促进原始活性炭的脱汞性能,对NH₄Cl改性活性炭脱汞性能则表现出先促进后抑制并主要体现抑制作用的现象,并且抑制作用随SO₂浓度的增大而增加;CO₂由于能在活性炭表面极化,且能与氨基官能团反应生成有利于吸附汞的羰基,促进了活性炭的脱汞性能。     

建筑废弃物木屑材料制备多孔碳材料

为研究建筑废弃物——锯末木屑在环保中的应用,以NaNH₂为活化剂和氮源,利用一步热解法制备了氮掺杂的多孔碳材料,采用X射线衍射、X光电子衍射、氮气吸附-脱附等温线等方法对样品进行表征。结果发现样品主要由微孔构成,大的比表面积和高的氮含量相互协同,为CO₂的电化学还原反应提供了丰富的催化活性位点和CO₂反应物。电化学测试研究结果发现,样品还原CO₂的主产物为CO,在-0.7 V(可逆氢电极,RHE)的过电势下,CO的法拉第效率高达82%,且样品可持续稳定电解18 h。说明以建筑废弃木屑材料制备的多孔碳可有效还原CO₂,实现在环保领域中的应用。     

碳毡负载Sn气体扩散电极CO2电化学还原性能

针对CO₂电化学还原中气体扩散电极可强化CO₂的传质,基于碳毡制备了负载锡-石墨烯催化层的新型气体扩散电极,研究了CO₂反应条件、电极厚度、催化剂载量及反应电位对CO₂电化学还原性能的影响。实验结果表明：与溶解态CO₂反应条件相比,采用气相CO₂反应条件电化学还原性能更好;一定范围内增加电极厚度和催化剂载量可以增加气-液-固三相反应界面,提升CO₂电化学还原性能;随着电解电位负移,甲酸产量增加,电流效率先增大后减小;实验中使用厚度为5 mm、载量为5 mg·cm^-2的电极,在-1.8 V（vs Ag/AgCl）条件下进行电化学还原时,平均电流密度为（12.79±1.27） mA·cm^-2,甲酸电流效率达到最佳为41.55%±2.50%。     

结构化铜基催化剂电化学还原CO2为多碳产物研究进展

近年来,随着有关铜基催化剂价态、晶面、微观形态等结构化因素对其催化性能影响的研究不断深入,铜基催化剂电化学还原CO₂高选择性制备高附加值多碳（C₂₊）产物取得长足进展。本文系统综述了近五年来结构化铜基催化剂电化学还原CO₂生成C₂₊产物的研究报道,并分析总结了铜基催化剂表面混合价态、高活性晶面和丰富晶界的存在,以及富含限域空间的形态学结构（纳米线阵列、纳米树突和纳米多孔结构等）的构建与其电化学还原CO₂生成C₂₊产物的活性和选择性之间的构效关系。进一步提出了CO₂电化学还原领域发展的新趋势,即充分发挥各个结构化因素的协同作用,原位制备具有混合价态和丰富晶界的纳米多孔结构铜基催化剂,并在流通池中高效还原CO₂持续生成C₂₊产物。     

不同氨基修饰条件对NH2-MIL-53(Al)CO2吸附性能的影响

采用水热合成法,通过改变配体中2-氨基对苯二甲酸的含量制备了不同氨基含量的NH₂-MIL-53（Al）,考察了氨基含量,氨基功能化方法和氨基种类对NH₂-MIL-53（Al）的CO₂吸附性能的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱表征（IR）发现在3500～3900 cm^-1处存在-NH₂基的伸缩振动带,氨基修饰成功。低压下,NH₂-MIL-53（Al）的CO₂吸附容量随氨基含量的增加而增大,且当氨基含量100%时,其CO₂吸附性能优于直接合成的NH₂-MIL-53（Al）。合成前修饰比合成后修饰,更有利于提高CO₂吸附容量。采用乙醇胺、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯、N,N'-二亚乙基三胺进行后氨基功能化都不能提高MIL-53的CO₂吸附能力。     

沉淀温度对Pd-Cu/凹凸棒土结构及其CO常温催化氧化性能的影响

以凹凸棒土(APT)为载体,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,采用沉积-沉淀法制备Pd-Cu/APT催化剂。在连续流动微反装置上,考察不同沉淀温度对Pd-Cu/APT催化剂CO常温催化氧化性能的影响。利用N2物理吸附-脱附、XRD、FT-IR和H2-TPR等对Pd-Cu/APT催化剂进行表征。结果表明,不同沉淀温度制备的催化剂均含有Cu2Cl(OH)3和CuO两种形式的Cu物种,但与沉淀温度25℃和90℃制备的催化剂相比,沉淀温度70℃制备的催化剂具有更多的活性Cu2Cl(OH)3物种,这有利于Pd2+物种的再生,显著提高其CO常温催化氧化活性。     

助剂二氧化硅对CO2加氢制备甲醇CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃-ZrO₂(CZAZ)催化剂,用于二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇。通过加入少量的助剂二氧化硅得到了一系列CZAZ/SiO₂改性催化剂。采用XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD以及CO₂-TPD等技术进行表征,研究了助剂二氧化硅含量对催化剂的物理化学性质以及组织结构的影响。结果表明,助剂二氧化硅的含量对催化剂的组织结构具有较大的影响。同时评价了该组催化剂参与二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇反应的催化性能。测试结果表明,采用助剂二氧化硅质量分数为4%的改性催化剂,表现出较为优良的催化活性。助剂二氧化硅促进了活性组分氧化铜的分散,并且经过二氧化硅改性的CZAZ催化剂具有更大的比表面积,这些因素都对该催化剂在二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇方面的良好表现起到重要作用。     

Effective regeneration of thermally deactivated commercial V-W-Ti catalysts

An effective method for the regeneration of thermally deactivated commercial monolith SCR catalysts was investigated. Two types of regenerated solutions, namely NH₄Cl (1 mol/L) and dilute H₂SO₄ (0.5 mol/L), were employed to treat the used catalyst. The effects of temperature and the regeneration process on the structural and textural properties of the catalysts were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption, elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results suggest that the anatase phase of the used catalyst is maintained after exposure to high temperatures. Some of the catalytic activity was restored after regeneration. The catalyst regenerated by aqueous NH₄Cl had a higher activity than that of the catalyst treated by dilute H₂SO₄. The main reason is that the NH₃ generated from the decomposition of NH₄Cl at high temperatures can be adsorbed onto the catalyst which promotes the reaction. The aggregated V₂O₅ were partially re-dispersed during the regeneration process, and the intrinsic oxidation of ammonia with high concentrations of O₂ is a factor that suppresses the catalytic activity.     

Effects of identities of supports on Fe-based catalyst and their consequences on activities of CO2 hydrogenation to olefins

The direct synthesis of olefins by CO₂ hydrogenation with iron-based catalysts is one of the best ways to achieve CO₂ emission reduction and CO₂ conversion and utilization. At present, the CO₂ hydrogenation activity and structural strength of the iron-based catalysts are still relatively low during CO₂ hydrogenation process, which has become an important challenge for the industrialization of CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins. In this work, a series of the supported iron-based catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method to study the influence of the properties of support materials on the structure of iron-based catalysts and the reactivities of the direct synthesis of olefins from CO₂ hydrogenation. This work found that the support induced the iron species formed during the process of CO₂ hydrogenation, simultaneously affected the order degree of carbon species on the surface of iron-based catalyst, and tuned the capability of CO₂ adsorption and the activities of CO₂ activation. The results shown that the Fe-based catalyst supported on ZrO₂ exhibited the best catalytic performance for CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins at 320℃ and 2.0 MPa. The CO₂ conversion (>30%) and the selectivity of olefins in C₂—C₇ hydrocarbon products were as high as over 85%, the ratio of olefins to paraffins was 8.2, and the CO selectivity was 17.1%.     

载体对铁基催化剂结构及CO2加氢制烯烃反应性能的影响特性

铁基催化剂CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃是实现CO₂减排及CO₂转化与利用的最佳途径之一。目前铁基催化剂的CO₂加氢活性及反应过程中铁基催化剂结构强度仍然较低，成为CO₂加氢制烯烃产业化生产的重要挑战。通过浸渍法制备一系列负载型铁基催化剂，研究载体材料性质对铁基催化剂结构及CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃的影响特性。研究发现，载体可诱导铁基催化剂在CO₂加氢反应过程中形成的铁物种，同时影响铁基催化剂表面碳物种的有序度，调变对CO₂吸附及活化能力；研究结果表明ZrO₂负载的Fe催化剂展现出最佳的CO₂加氢合成烯烃催化性能，在温度320℃和反应压力2.0 MPa时，CO₂转化率>30%，C₂~C₇烃类产物中烯烃选择性高达85%以上，烯烷比为8.2，且CO选择性较低为17.1%。     

Coke study on MgO-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in combined H2O and CO2 reforming of methane for gas to liquid (GTL) process

MgO-promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been investigated with respect to catalytic activity and coke formation in combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CSCRM) to develop a highly active and stable catalyst for gas to liquid (GTL) processes. Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were promoted through varying the MgO content by the incipient wetness method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), H₂-chemisorption and CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) were used to observe the characteristics of the prepared catalysts. The coke formation and amount in used catalysts were examined by SEM and TGA, respectively. H₂/CO ratio of 2 was achieved in CSCRM by controlling the feed H₂O/CO₂ ratio. The catalysts prepared with 20 wt.% MgO exhibit the highest catalytic performance and have high coke resistance in CSCRM. MgO promotion forms MgAl₂O₄ spinel phase, which is stable at high temperatures and effectively prevents coke formation by increasing the CO₂ adsorption due to the increase in base strength on the surface of catalyst.     

Simultaneous characterization of acidic and basic properties of solid catalysts by a new TPD method and their correlation to reaction rates

We propose a new TPD method for simultaneously characterizing the acidic and basic properties of solid catalysts by utilizing the co-adsorption of NH₃ and CO₂ on catalysts. First CO₂ was adsorbed on the catalyst sample; then NH₃ was adsorbed on it. Another adsorption sequence of NH₃ and CO₂, and CO₂ and NH₃ single adsorptions were also conducted. The TPD measurements were carried out by heating the catalyst sample from 373 to 773 K at a heating rate of 2.5 K min⁻¹ in a helium stream under a total pressure of 1.3 kPa. In solid acid catalysts, there is little difference in the NH₃-TPD spectra between single and co-adsorption systems. This results from the absence of any induction effect between the acid and base sites, because the number of base sites in the solid acid catalyst is very small. In contrast, in a solid acid–base catalyst of alumina, a remarkable difference in the NH₃-TPD spectra was observed between single adsorption and co-adsorption systems. The difference in the TPD spectra between single and co-adsorption systems was ascribed to a strong induction effect appearing on the acid and base sites, which was proved by an in situ IR measurement. The validity of the TPD method was examined by correlating the number of the strong acid sites to catalytic activities of dehydrolysis of ethanol over solid acid and solid acid–base catalysts. In solid acid–base catalysts, the number of strong acid sites was calculated from the activation energy distribution for the desorption of NH₃ in a co-adsorption system because of the strong induction effect. A proportional relationship between the intrinsic reaction rate constant, which is based on the concentration of ethanol within the catalyst, and the number of strong acid sites could be obtained, regardless of the catalysts or their types or pore structure.     

MnOx/Pt/Al2O3 catalysts for CO oxidation in H2-rich streams

The catalytic activity of Pt on alumina catalysts, with and without MnO_x incorporated to the catalyst formulation, for CO oxidation in H₂-free as well as in H₂-rich stream (PROX) has been studied in the temperature range of 25–250 °C. The effect of catalyst preparation (by successive impregnation or by co-impregnation of Mn and Pt) and Mn content in the catalyst performance has been studied. A low Mn content (2 wt.%) has been found not to improve the catalyst activity compared to the base catalyst. However, catalysts prepared by successive impregnation with 8 and 15 wt.% Mn have shown a lower operation temperature for maximum CO conversion than the base catalyst with an enhanced catalyst activity at low temperatures with respect to Pt/Al₂O₃. A maximum CO conversion of 89.8%, with selectivity of 44.9% and CO yield of 40.3% could be reached over a catalyst with 15 wt.% Mn operating at 139 °C and λ = 2. The effect of the presence of 5 vol.% CO₂ and 5 vol.% H₂O in the feedstream on catalysts performance has also been studied and discussed. The presence of CO₂ in the feedstream enhances the catalytic performance of all the studied catalysts at high temperature, whereas the presence of steam inhibits catalysts with higher MnO_x content.