锰氧化物制备及其对锰和氨氮的去除研究

为制备具有优良吸附性能的材料,采用高锰酸钾氧化(分别在酸性条件和中性条件下进行)和空气自然氧化水中2价锰,制备了3种锰氧化物(ORIG-MnO_x、Na₂CO₃-MnO_x、O2-MnO_x),对其结构进行了表征,并探究了对水中NH₄⁺-N和Mn²⁺污染的去除特性及影响因素。结果表明,所制备的ORIG-MnO_x与Na₂CO₃-MnO_x为结晶度较低的ε-MnO₂,但二者形貌和精细结构存在明显差异,O₂-MnO_x为结晶度较高的黑锰矿(Mn₃O₄);ORIG-MnO_x、Na₂CO₃-MnO_x具有比O₂-MnO_x更好的除Mn²⁺、除NH₄⁺-N性能,且Na₂CO₃-MnO_x吸附性能最佳,其NH₄⁺-N和Mn²⁺去除过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型和准2级反应动力学模型。可为以锰氧化物为基础的NH₄⁺-N和锰的去除工艺提供理论和技术支撑。     

Biological treatment of high NH4+-N wastewater using an ammonia-tolerant photosynthetic bacteria strain (ISASWR2014)

Wastewaterwith high NH₄⁺-N is difficult to treat by traditional methods. So in this paper, a wild strain of photosynthetic bacteria was used for high NH₄⁺-N wastewater treatment together with biomass recovery. Isolation, identification, and characterization of the microorganism were carried out. The strain was inoculated to the biological wastewater treatment unit. The impacts of important factorswere examined, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, and light intensity. Results showed that photosynthetic bacteria could effectively treat high NH₄⁺- Nwastewater. Forwastewaterwith NH₄⁺-N of 2300 mg · L^-1, COD/N=1.0, 98.3% of COD was removed, and cell concentration increased by 43 times. The optimal conditions for the strain's cell growth and wastewater treatment were 30 ℃, dissolved oxygen of 0.5-1.5 mg · L^-1 and a light intensity of 4000 lx. Photosynthetic bacteria could bear a lower C/N ratio than bacteria in a traditionalwastewater treatment process, but the NH₄⁺-N removal was only 20%-40% because small molecule carbon source was used prior to NH₄⁺-N. Also, the use of photosynthetic bacteria in chickenmanurewastewater containingNH₄⁺-Nabout 7000mg· L^-1 proved that photosynthetic bacteria could remove NH₄⁺-N in a real case, finally, 83.2% of NH₄⁺-N was removed and 66.3% of COD was removed.     

木质框架土壤渗滤系统处理养猪废水厌氧消化液的效能

为处理高氨氮、低C/N比的养猪废水厌氧消化液, 构建了具有缓释碳源特性的木质框架土壤渗滤系统(WFSI), 并通过运行测试了进水浓度和表面水力负荷(SHL)对系统处理效能的影响。在SHL为0.2 m³·m^-2·d^-1条件下, 当进水COD和NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别从152和175.5 mg·L^-1提高到421和788.7 mg·L^-1时, 系统对COD的去除率从52.3%提高到61.2%, NH₄⁺-N去除率从84.2%下降到61.5%, TN去除率从28.6%提高到了33.5%, NH₄⁺-N和TN去除负荷分别达到了75.5和41.7 g·m^-3·d^-1。当SHL提高为0.32 m³·m^-2·d^-1时, 系统仍能维持运行, 但处理效能受到显著影响。在进水COD 和NH₄⁺-N分别为265和465 mg·L^-1左右时, COD、NH₄⁺-N及TN的去除率分别平均为56.5%、53.3%和20.9%。木质填料及其附着层形成的NH₄⁺-N浓度梯度, 可使系统承受较高的SHL的同时获得缓释碳源, 并保护氨氧化细菌免受自由氨毒性。     

不同填料的厌氧氨氧化污泥挂膜性能比较

向厌氧氨氧化反应器内投加填料形成生物膜有利于污泥的持留,然而有关填料本身的不同特点对厌氧氨氧化生物膜生长影响的报道较少。将两种不同密度的悬浮塑料填料和两种不同密度的海绵填料置于同一反应器内,进行厌氧氨氧化污泥的挂膜,结果发现海绵填料的单个填料氨氮平均去除速率和亚硝态氮平均去除速率整体高于悬浮塑料填料,所挂污泥的EPS含量整体也高于悬浮塑料填料,并且挂膜速度也相对较快。在挂膜30 d后,单个小密度海绵填料便可检测出氨氮和亚硝态氮去除速率,且Δ（NO₂^--N）/（NH₄⁺-N）值接近1.32。在挂膜105 d后,单个小密度海绵填料的氨氮平均去除速率为0.123 mg·L^-1·h^-1,亚硝态氮平均去除速率为0.160 mg·L^-1·h^-1,值为1.30,最为接近理论值1.32,厌氧氨氧化活性为最佳,并且其所挂污泥的厌氧氨氧化菌丰度值在4种填料中最大,为1.73×10¹⁰ copies·（g dry sludge）^-1,总体来看小密度海绵填料的挂膜效果更好。     

温度降低对UMSR处理高氨氮低碳氮比养猪废水效能的影响

针对干清粪养猪废水高氨氮低碳氮比的特点,前期研发了升流式微氧活性污泥反应器（UMSR）,在23℃条件下可实现碳氮的高效同步去除。为降低处理成本,在HRT 8 h和出水回流比45：1的条件下,对UMSR在20℃、17℃和15℃下的COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除效果进行了考察。结果表明,当温度阶段性地从20℃降低为15℃时,UMSR对养猪废水COD的去除率变化不大,均可保持在60%以上,但NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别从98.9%和79.8%左右大幅下降到了61.8%和39.7%左右。在17℃条件下,UMSR对COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率分别平均为62.4%、80.7%和71.2%,出水浓度分别为71、55.5和80.7 mg·L^-1左右,完全满足《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB 18596-2001）的要求。在15～20℃范围内,温度的降低并没有显著改变UMSR系统的脱氮机制,仍然保持着以anammox为主要脱氮途径的特征。     

A/O1/O2生物膜系统污染物降解特性

将传统A/O工艺的好氧单元分为两段,在各反应器中设置填料,构建了A/O₁/O₂生物膜系统,对锦纶废水进行处理,研究了污染物在系统各段的降解情况,并借助红外光谱分析方法探讨了污染物中官能团的变化规律。结果表明,A/O₁/O₂生物膜系统处理锦纶废水的效果良好,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN的平均去除率分别为92.70%、85.35%和58.85%。当有机负荷从1.64～4.61 kg/(m³·d) 变化时,A段、O₁段和O₂段中COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN的降解变化趋势均不相同。对于COD的去除,A段、O₁段和O₂段的平均贡献率分别为63.08%、29.72%和4.16%;对于NH₄⁺-N的去除,O₁段和O₂段的平均贡献率分别为23.80%和75.99%;对于TN的去除,A段、O₁段和O₂段的平均贡献率分别为74.97%、19.77%和4.09%。经A段缺氧、O₁段和O₂段好氧处理后,废水中酰胺化合物、氨基酸和脂肪族化合物含量减少,出现了无机的NH₄⁺、NO₃^－、HCO₃^－以及碳水化合物。     

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor

In this study, the performance of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater was evaluated. The replacement rate of wastewater was set at 12.5%throughout the exper-iment. The anaerobic and aerobic times were 3 h and 7 h, respectively, and the dissolved oxygen concentration of the aerobic phase was about 3.95 mg·L?1. The SBBR process demonstrated good performance in treating swine wastewater. The percentage removal of total chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) was 98.2%, 95.7%, 95.6%, and 96.2%at effluent concentrations of COD 85.6 mg·L?1, NH4+-N 35.22 mg·L?1, TN 44.64 mg·L?1, and TP 1.13 mg·L?1, respectively. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phenomenon was observed. Further improvement in removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TN occurred at COD/TN ratio of 11:1, with effluent concentrations at NH4+-N 18.5 mg·L?1 and TN 34 mg·L?1, while no such improvement in COD and TP removal was found. Microbial electron microscopy analysis showed that the fil er surface was covered with a thick biofilm, forming an anaerobic–aerobic microenvironment and facilitating the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters. A long-term experiment (15 weeks) showed that stable removal efficiency for N and P could be achieved in the SBBR system.     

短程硝化过程中NO_2~-对NH_4~+及NH_2OH氧化产生N_2O的影响

N2O是一种强效的温室气体,而污水生物脱氮过程是N2O产生的一个主要人为来源。在本研究中,向生物处理出水中投加NH+4、NH2OH及NO-2,研究了NO-2对NH+4及NH2OH氧化过程中N2O产生的影响。试验结果表明,NH+4及NH2OH氧化过程的最初30 min内(总反应时间180 min)产生的N2O占总N2O产生量的25%以上。在NH4+或NH2OH氧化完成前的30 min内,N2O的净产生量仅有0.2 mg·L-1。NH2OH的氧化是短程硝化开始阶段产生N2O的途径,此后NH+4或NH2OH氧化为AOB提供还原NO-2电子,引起的反硝化作用是产生N2O的主要途径。在实际生活污水短程硝化试验过程中,由于部分COD的存在,在低氧条件下,可能会出现异养菌的反硝化作用。同时,由于氧气及NO-2对氧化亚氮还原酶(NOS)的抑制,使得在生活污水进行短程硝化时,N2O的净产量比上述出水试验时增加了17%以上,总产量最高达到了11.07 mg·L-1。这一途径对N2O产生的贡献也是不容忽视的。     

溶解氧对长距离输水管道水质影响

为保证长距离输水管道输送水水质,采用管道模拟反应器考察了溶解氧（DO）对输水管道水质影响以及曝气充氧后水质恢复情况。结果表明：DO降低影响氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除,DO浓度越低越不利于NH₄⁺-N的去除,且曝气充氧后恢复越缓慢,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1和DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行95 h后,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别由90%降到21%和85%,曝气充氧54 h和3 h后恢复;DO浓度降低导致亚硝酸氮（NO₂^--N）积累明显增加,DO浓度越低,NO₂^--N的积累越严重,且曝气充氧后恢复越缓慢,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行95 h后,出水NO₂^--N由0.02 mg·L^-1增加到0.354 mg·L^-1,曝气充氧54 h后恢复,DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行32 h后,出水NO₂^--N达到最大值0.112 mg·L^-1,曝气充氧4 h后恢复;DO浓度降低使水中UV₂₅₄升高,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1和DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行2 h后,出水UV₂₅₄分别增加了70.8%和20.8%,均在运行32 h后恢复,且曝气充氧后保持稳定。因此,DO对长距离输水管道水质具有重要影响,可采用DO实现对水质的调控。     

工业污水处理厂生化出水氨氮周年变化及原因分析

化工园区工业污水处理厂生化出水氨氮呈现出显著的周年变化。对进水水质进行分析,发现进水pH、氨氮浓度、阴离子浓度、重金属离子浓度均不是影响冬春季该工业污水厂生化出水氨氮不达标的原因。实验室连续流小试试验表明,好氧池污泥浓度、溶解氧也不是显著影响冬春季工业污水厂生化出水氨氮不达标的原因。进一步分析表明,温度显著影响该工业污水厂生化出水氨氮浓度,且存在不同的阈值。在夏季温度逐渐升高时,出水氨氮并没有逐渐下降,而是在当地最低气温达19~21℃时,出水氨氮才迅速下降并保持稳定;在冬季温度逐渐降低时,出水氨氮并没有逐渐升高,而是在当地最低气温达3~5℃时,出水氨氮迅速上升并保持稳定,且超出排放标准。温度较低时可以投加葡萄糖,提高对氨氮的去除能力。     

不同来源家庭户用沼气池沼液成分分析及风险评价

采集了中国8个省市的43个不同原料家庭户用沼气池的沼液,进行化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）和重金属等指标分析,阐述不同原料导致沼液成分的差异,评价了不同来源沼液存在的生态风险,旨在为不同来源沼液的资源化利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,以牛粪和秸秆为原料的沼液COD浓度较高,分别达到6800 mg·L^-1和5800 mg·L^-1;以猪粪和混合粪便为原料的沼液氨氮浓度较高,都超过1800 mg·L^-1,而牛粪原料沼液氨氮浓度明显低于其他原料,平均值仅有450 mg·L^-1,因此以牛粪为原料的沼液COD/NH₄⁺-N显著高于其他三种原料,COD/NH₄⁺-N达到15,而其他三种原料的沼液COD/ NH₄⁺-N均低于5;所有原料沼液磷酸盐浓度的平均值均低于80 mg·L^-1;沼液中汞的污染较严重,且在不同原料和不同地区的沼液中具有普遍性;潜在生态风险指数RI分析结果表明,云南、河南和湖北的沼液RI介于130～260之间,属于中等生态危害,存在一定的生态风险。     

纤维束-活性炭-沸石联用工艺净化城市污染雨水

为了有效控制道路微污染雨水径流污染,利用纤维束-活性炭-沸石联用法对模拟雨水进行处理,考察该系统对浊度、TOC、氨氮及磷酸盐的去除效果。结果表明,当浊度、TOC、氨氮及磷酸盐浓度分别在（3.85~25.60 NTU）、（4.58~17.80 mg/L）、（0.31~1.42 mg/L）和（0.05~0.36 mg/L）范围内时,该联用工艺对上述污染物去除率分别为（79.2%~96.9%）、（82.7%~87.2%）、（87.5%~94.0%）和（52.9%~65.6%）。活性炭对TOC的吸附能力较强,其吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,单分子层最大吸附量为41.70 mg/g;沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附能力明显,其吸附过程同样符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,单分子层最大吸附量分别为12.31和0.64 mg/g。该组合工艺是一种理想的净化城市污染雨水的方法。     

HRT和曝气量对AAO-BAF系统反硝化除磷性能的影响

以COD/TN为4左右的生活污水为处理对象,通过调节系统进水流量和曝气生物滤池（BAF）曝气量,研究了水力停留时间（HRT）和BAF气水比对AAO-BAF反硝化除磷系统运行性能的影响。结果表明,气水比和水力负荷（HLR）对BAF的硝化性能有显著影响,BAF气水比为3：1时,NH₄⁺去除率降低到了72%;当AAO的HRT为4 h,BAF的HLR为3 m³·m^-2·h^-1时,即使BAF的气水比达到8：1,也不能保证NH₄⁺的完全去除。试验得出,AAO-BAF反硝化除磷系统的PO₄^3-去除率与NH₄⁺去除率存在良好的相关关系,为保证90%以上的磷去除率,NH₄⁺去除率应该达到98%。当AAO的HRT≥6 h,BAF气水比≥4：1时,AAO-BAF系统对COD、NH₄⁺、TN和PO₄^3-的去除率分别可达87%、99%、80%和95%。     

蜂窝填料三相流化床去除城市污水中的总氮特性研究

在好氧条件下,构建了蜂窝填料三相流化床,研究了三相流化床去除城市污水中总氮的效果以及氨态氮、亚硝酸盐和硝态氮转化规律。结果表明,当HRT为3 h时,三相流化床对总氮去除率为52.61%。氨氮去除率为45.71%,进、出水中的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐氮质量浓度均较低(进水低于1.12 mg/L,出水低于4.52 mg/L)。对剥落的生物膜进行隔离研究,证实了三相流化床内存在明显的硝化和反硝化菌群。蜂窝填料具有独特的结构特征,使蜂窝填料不同孔内生物膜优势群体存在较大差异,系统中存在好氧区和缺氧区。     

TiO2改性石墨烯电极电吸附去除污水中NH4+

通过水热法制备得到TiO₂改性石墨烯复合材料（RGO/TiO₂），考察了其形貌结构和电化学性能。将其组装成电极，对比未改性石墨烯（RGO）电极和RGO/TiO₂电极的电吸附NH₄⁺性能。重点考察外加电压、循环流速、初始浓度等工艺参数对RGO/TiO₂电极电吸附NH₄⁺的影响，并对其电吸附NH₄⁺特性和对模拟实际含NH₄⁺废水深度脱NH₄⁺效果进行研究。结果表明：RGO/TiO₂复合材料具有三维孔洞结构，比表面积为382.08 m²·g^-1，比电容量在扫速为0.01 V·s^-1时达到325.80 F·g^-1，优于RGO材料。RGO/TiO₂电极的初次电吸附量较RGO电极提升了28.3%，循环再生吸附10次后，RGO/TiO₂电极的NH₄⁺吸附量仅降低了5.87%，循环再生吸附性能优于RGO电极。外加电压2.0 V、循环流速35 ml·min^-1和NH₄⁺初始浓度1.0 mmol·L^-1为RGO/TiO₂电极的最佳NH₄⁺电吸附条件。RGO和RGO/TiO₂电极电吸附NH₄⁺过程符合准一级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型，电吸附NH₄⁺为非均匀表面的多层吸附行为，以物理吸附为主。RGO/TiO₂电极4级串联时对模拟实际含NH₄⁺炼油净化水的去除率达到86.84%。     

Zeolite-mediated removal of NOx by NH3 from exhaust streams at low temperatures

NH₃ stored on zeolites in the form of NH₄⁺ ions easily reacts with NO to N₂ in the presence of O₂ at temperatures <373 K under dry conditions. Wet conditions require a modification of the catalyst system. It is shown that MnO₂ deposited on the external surface of zeolite Y by precipitation considerably enhances the NO_x conversion by zeolite fixed NH₄⁺ ions in the presence of water at 400–430 K. Particle-size analysis, temperature-programmed reduction, textural characterization, chemical analysis, ESR and XRD gave a subtle picture of the MnO₂ phase structure. The MnO₂ is a non-stoichiometric, amorphous phase that contains minor amounts of Mn²⁺ ions. It loses O₂ upon inert heating up to 873 K, but does not crystallize or sinter. The phase is reducible by H₂ in two stages via intermediate formation of Mn₃O₄. The manufacture of extrudates preserving stored NH₄⁺ ions for NO_x reduction is described. It was found that MnO₂ can oxidize NO by bulk oxygen. This enables the reduction of NO to N₂ by the zeolitic NH₄⁺ ions without gas-phase oxygen for limited time periods. The composite catalyst retains storage capacity for both, oxygen and NH₄⁺ ions despite the presence of moisture and allows short-term reduction of NO without gaseous O₂ or additional reductants. The catalyst is likewise suitable for steady-state DeNO_x operation at higher space velocities if gaseous NH₃ is permanently supplied.     

Removal of ammonium ions in wastewater by electrosorption with TiO2 modified graphene electrode

In this study, the TiO₂ modified graphene composite material (RGO/ TiO₂) was prepared by hydrothermal method, and its morphological structure and electrochemical properties were investigated. Then RGO/TiO₂ material was assembled into electrode, and NH₄⁺ ions electrosorption efficiencies of unmodified graphene (RGO) electrode and the RGO/TiO₂ electrode were compared. The effects of applied voltage, circulating velocity and initial concentration on NH₄⁺ ions electrosorption by RGO/TiO₂ electrode were investigated. The characteristics of NH₄⁺ ions electrosorption and the effect of advanced NH₄⁺ ions removal from simulated actual wastewater containing NH₄⁺ ions were also studied. The results showed that the RGO/TiO₂ composite material had a three-dimensional pore structure with specific surface area of 382.08 m²·g^-1 and specific capacitance of 325.80 F·g^-1 at a scan rate of 0.01 V·s^-1, which were better than those of the RGO material. The initial adsorption capacity of RGO/TiO₂ electrode was 28.3% higher than that of RGO electrode. After 10 cycles of regeneration adsorption, the adsorption capacity of NH₄⁺ ions of RGO/TiO₂ electrode only decreased 5.87%, and its cyclic regeneration adsorption property was better than that of RGO electrode. In addition, the applied voltage 2.0 V, circulating velocity 35 ml·min^-1 and initial concentration 1.0 mmol·L^-1 were the optimal NH₄⁺ ions electrosorption conditions for RGO/TiO₂ electrode. The electrosorption process of NH₄⁺ ions by RGO and RGO/TiO₂ electrodes was in accordance with the quasi-first-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model. The electrosorption of NH₄⁺ ions was a multi-layer adsorption behavior on heterogeneous surface and physical adsorption was the dominant. When the RGO/TiO₂ electrode was connected in 4-stage series, the removal efficiency of simulated actual NH₄⁺ refining purified water reached 86.84%.     

无机纤维棉生物膜载体反应器脱氮性能及优化

研究了一种生态多孔纤维棉(EPFC)的生物挂膜性能,并将其应用于脱氮反应器中,考察不同DO水平与装置设计(填充率、孔密度)对脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,EPFC是一种良好的生物挂膜材料。DO含量对反应器脱氮效果影响显著,在ρ(DO)=10~11 mg/L、HRT=5 d时NH₄⁺-N去除率最高97.41%;TN去除率在ρ(DO)=9~10 mg/L、HRT=4 d时最高45.52%。对装置设计进行优化后,发现反应器BR5脱氮效果最好,其填料填充率为2/3、孔密度为5.2个/cm²;优化运行条件为ρ(DO)=9~10 mg/L、HRT=5 d,NH₄⁺-N与TN去除率分别可达98.59%和59.93%。可为EPFC进一步应用于生物脱氮工艺如生物接触氧化法、序批式活性污泥法工艺等提供思路。     

单级SBR厌氧/好氧/缺氧处理中期垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮

为了考察单级SBR处理实际中期垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的可行性,采用单级SBR在“厌氧/好氧/缺氧”(AOA)运行方式下处理实际中期垃圾渗滤液。试验发现,厌氧/好氧/缺氧交替运行下驯化的微生物能在厌氧段消耗胞内糖原,并将水中部分溶解性有机物以聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)形式储存;在好氧段微生物消耗胞内PHAs,转化为胞内糖原,氨氧化的同时也伴随着同步硝化反硝化脱氮;好氧段氨氧化结束后贮存的碳源(PHAs和糖原)能为后置缺氧反硝化提供碳源。经长期试验研究,进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度分别为6430～9372 mg·L^-1、1025.6～1327 mg·L^-1、1345.7～1853.9 mg·L^-1,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN浓度能达到525～943 mg·L^-1、1.2～4.2 mg·L^-1、18.9～38.9 mg·L^-1。在未投加外碳源的情况下,SBR法AOA运行方式下能够实现中期垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮,出水TN<40 mg·L^-1。其中,好氧段(DO<1 mg·L^-1)通过同步硝化反硝化去除TN占总去除量的1/3左右;缺氧后置反硝化去除的TN占总去除量的2/3左右。     

333.15 K K+,NH4+//Cl-,SO42——H2O和K+,NH4+//Cl-,SO42——(CH2OH)2-H2O体系固液相平衡

采用等温溶解法研究333.15 K体系（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O）和（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--（CH₂OH）₂-H₂O）[w（（CH₂OH）₂）=30%]的固液相平衡关系。测定了平衡溶液的溶解度数据及物化性质,包括密度、黏度、折射率、pH。根据实验数据,绘制了相应的干盐相图、水图及物化性质-组成图。实验中的物化性质（黏度、密度、折射率、pH）随J（2NH₄⁺）的变化呈现相似性规律。实验结果表明：在333.15 K下,体系（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O）和（K⁺,NH₄⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--（CH₂OH）₂-H₂O）[w（（CH₂OH）₂）=30%]的相图相似,均含有一个四元共饱和点,四条单变曲线及四个固相结晶区域。这两个体系均为复杂体系,存在（K,NH₄）Cl、（NH₄,K）Cl、（K,NH₄）₂SO₄、（NH₄,K）₂SO₄四种固溶体。实验所获数据和结论,可优化以硫酸盐型固体废弃物为硫酸根来源,转化法生产硫酸钾工艺。