聚苯乙烯/高岭石纳米复合材料的制备与表征

高岭石是一种层状硅酸盐矿物，以二甲亚砜为前驱体制备有机高岭石，二甲亚砜进入高岭石层间，层间由亲水转变为疏水，层间表面能降低，苯乙烯单体分子插层进入高岭石层间，在加热条件下聚合，制得聚苯乙烯／高岭石复合材料。所制备的复合材料由x射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和热失质分析进行表征，证实所制备的复合材料为聚苯乙烯／高岭石纳米复合材料。     

淮北焦宝石型高岭石/二甲基亚砜插层复合物的制备与表征

采用XRF、XRD等研究了淮北高岭石的矿物学特征,结果表明淮北高岭石为隐晶质结构,结晶有序度低,Hinckley指数仅为0.56.以此为原料,制备了高岭石/二甲基亚砜插层复合物,并对其进行表征.XRD和FTIR分析显示DMSO插入了高岭石层间,使晶层间距d(001)由0.720 nm增加到1.132 nm,插层率为87％.DSC-TG分析显示插层复合物的脱嵌与挥发发生在120 ～280℃,高岭石的脱羟基温度在插层前后变化不明显.     

高岭石/二甲亚砜插层复合物的热分析

用热重-差示扫描量热法(thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry,TG-DSC)和X射线衍射研究了高岭石/二甲亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)插层复合物形成时,吸附在高岭石表面的DMSO分子的存在状况.测量了复合物在60℃干燥不同时间和升温速率不同时的TG-DSC曲线.结果表明:复合物在60℃干燥24h后可将吸附分子除去,而不影响插入的DMSO;水和DMSO的脱附温度分别为60℃和117℃.根据热分析数据计算得到了Al2[SiO2O5](OH)4与DMSO的摩尔比值为1.04:1.研究发现:在高岭石的层间不存在水分子,水分子仅仅吸附在高岭石的表面.     

高岭石/酒石酸插层复合物的制备与表征

介绍了二甲亚砜(DMSO)取代法制备高岭石/酒石酸(标记为K/T)插层复合物.产物经XRD-6000粉晶衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱表征.XRD表明:高岭石层间距由0.72 nm扩张到1.09 nm,插层率达50%.红外光谱表明:酒石酸分子的羰基与高岭石的内表面羟基形成了氢键,而羟基与高岭石的硅氧面的氧形成了氢键.酒石酸分子以单分子层平铺于高岭石层间.     

高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物的制备和表征

在60℃下,高岭石与二甲基亚砜反应制备高岭石/二甲基亚砜插层复合物,使用X衍射分析、热分析、红外光谱分析对其进行表征。在140℃下,苯甲酰胺与高岭石/二甲基亚砜插层复合物反应4 d,得到高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物,对其进行表征,然后与高岭石/二甲基亚砜插层复合物进行对比。结果表明：在没有二甲基亚砜作为前驱体的情况下,苯甲酰胺不能与高岭石直接进行反应;高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物结构的稳定性好,是由于苯甲酰胺插层内羰基中的氧原子与高岭石层间表面上的铝硅酸盐形成氢键。     

阳离子对醋酸盐插层高岭石影响的研究

采用研磨法制备了高岭石/醋酸钠和高岭石/醋酸钾钠插层复合物,并用XRD、FI-IR、TG-DSC对插层复合物进行表征,探讨了阳离子不同对插层结果的影响.结果表明: K~+、Na~+的不同对插层结果有很大影响,与醋酸钾插层复合物只有一个1.365 nm衍射峰不同,醋酸钠插层复合物,出现了0.979 nm和0.765 nm两个衍射峰,醋酸盐分子在高岭石层间直立取向,阳离子和甲基可能进入到了复三方孔中.     

超声波法制备高岭石插层复合物

用超声波法制备了高岭石插层复合物.利用红外光谱、X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜分析了不同产地高岭石结构的差异、插层效果以及它们之间的关系.比较了不同类型插层剂与高岭石的插层产物、插层效果及插层机理.结果表明:相同条件下,多水高岭石(埃洛石)和结构压力大的管状高岭石比普通高岭石更易于插层.在60℃,3 h,超声波条件下,将高岭石/二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulphoxide,DMSO)作为媒介,采用两步插层法快速制备高岭石/乙醇前驱体,但DMSO的插层率优于乙醇的.甲醇钠与苏州高岭石作用后,使部分苏州土片层间剥离.     

高岭石/丙烯酰胺插层复合物的微波制备及其表征

高岭石及其有机插层复合物在高性能陶瓷领域有着良好的应用前景。本文利用微波技术,以DMSO作为前驱体,制备高岭石/丙烯酰胺插层复合物,发现微波对丙稀酰胺的插层反应具有相当明显的促进作用,反应时间从通常的几天缩短到几个小时。采用X-射线衍射、FT-IR光谱、TG等技术对其进行表征。结果表明:反应2小时后,该插层复合物的层间距即可扩大为1.139nm,其键合方式发生了改变,形成新的氢键。这为工业生产高岭石有机插层物以及制造纳米级高岭土提供了高效的新途径,并为进一步生产高性能陶瓷方面打下了基础。     

苯甲酰胺分子在高岭石层间的成键和取向

利用X射线粉末衍射和Fourier变换红外光谱实验分析了2种高岭石及其苯甲酰胺插层复合物的结构.结构表征与分析表明:复合物的层间距分别扩张到1.437 nm和1.444 nm,苯甲酰胺分子在高岭石层间均呈单分子竖直排列,但与层间表面的倾斜状况不同.在佛山高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物中,氨基和羰基同时参于与内表面羟基的作用;而在苏州高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物中,只有氨基与内表面羟基成键,且苯甲酰胺分子还部分嵌入高岭石的复三方空穴.     

高岭石/甘氨酸插层复合物的制备与表征

通过取代法成功地将甘氨酸插入到高岭石层间，制备出高岭石／甘氨酸插层复合物，XRD显示插层复合物1．0nm出现衍射峰，红外光谱表明甘氨酸分子中的N、O原子与高岭石片层间离子形成了氢键。     

Compact Swelling in Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6Oy During the Formation of High-Tc Superconducting Phase

Compact swelling in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor has been studied by observing the effects of the size of calcined powders, volatilization of materials, and sintering of high- T _c (2223) powders. The bulk density increases at the early stage of sintering, for about 20 h, and then decreases. Densification occurs when the low- T _c (2212) phase and a liquid phase exist, whereas dedensification occurs with the formation of the 2223 phase regardless of the presence of the liquid. Gas evolution from specimens does not appear to be responsible for compact swelling. Compact swelling is explained by anisotropic growth of thin, platelike 2223 grains in random orientation. When 2223 grains grow in a preferred direction, compact swelling is suppressed.     

Synthetic routes to nanoscale BxCyNz architectures

B_xC_yN_z nanoscale materials, hybrids of h-BN and graphite, have been recently synthesised using various techniques. Here, we present the latest advances in the synthesis and characterisation of B-C-N nanotubes and nanofibres. In particular, we focus on layered BC₂N, BN, BC and CN_x systems, reviewing their production methods as well as their structural and electronic properties. These materials may find important applications in the fabrication of nanotransistors, robust nanocomposites, conducting polymers, storage components and field emission sources.     

Structure Evolution from Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 to La(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3

The crystal structure of lanthanum-modified lead magnesium niobates having composition (Pb_{1− x} La _x ) (Mg_{(1+ x )/3}-Nb_{(2− x )/3})O₃ with X = 0 to 1 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that the fundamental reflections from perovskite structure remain in the whole range of composition. The superlattice reflections from the A(B'_1/2-B"_1/2)O₃ ordered structure are also well preserved for La content greater than 50 at.%; however, a series of extra peaks of mixing indices appears, with intensities gradually enhanced with the increase of La content. For the complete substitution of Pb by La, a splitting of some reflections can be observed in the diffraction pattern. The results indicate that the crystal structure evolves continuously with the La content, from disordered cubic perovskite of space group Pm 3 m for X = 0, to ordered cubic perovskite of space group Fm 3 m for X = 0.5, distorted cubic perovskite of space group Pa 3 for 0.5 < X < 0.9, and finally to a rhombohedral perovskite, possibly belonging to the space group R 3 , for X ≥ 0.9. In the evolution of structure, a linear reduction of the lattice constant of the perovskite cell from 4.048 to 3.964 Å was observed.     

(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–Ba(Cu1/2W1/2)O3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics

(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃ with 0–6 mol% Ba(Cu_1/2W_1/2)O₃ (BNT-BCW), a new member of the BNT-based group, has been prepared following the conventional mixed oxide route. The compacted bodies were sintered at 1130°C for 2 h to get dense ceramics. The addition of BCW into BNT ceramics facilitated the poling process because of a reduction in leakage current. 0.995BNT·0.005BCW ceramics exhibit a relatively high piezoelectric constant ( d ₃₃= 80 × 10⁻¹² C/N) and a relatively low dielectric loss (tan δ= 1.5%). Increased amount of BCW was found to increase the dielectric constant and loss of BNT-BCW ceramics and to suppress the grain growth. During sintering, some BCW diffuses into the lattice of BNT to form a solid solution and some remains on the grain boundaries.     

炭黑/煤矸石/碳纳米管复合填料体系对天然橡胶性能的影响研究*

利用硝酸氧化法对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行纯化,并用环氧天然橡胶(ENR)进行改性处理。结合胶质量分数测定结果表明, ENR用量15%(质量)时效果最佳。采用胶乳凝聚法制备CNTs/天然橡胶(NR)母料。煤矸石粉(CG)经高温煅烧和表面改性处理。 将CNTs/天然橡胶(NR)母料、CG和炭黑(CB)通过机械混炼法与天然橡胶及配合剂混合,制备CB/CG/CNTs/NR复合材料,并对复合材料进行硫化特性及物理机械性能。结果表明： CNTs延迟硫化效应明显;相比炭黑,CG对硫化具有促进作用。硫化特性和甲苯溶胀法测定结果表明,在填料份数相同的条件下,单独由CB填充的NR有最大的交联密度,CNTs对交联密度影响不明显。物理机械性能测试结果表明,当CG：CB：CNTs=17.5:16.5:1(Phr)时,NR硫化胶的300%定伸应力和扯断伸长率明显高于单独由CB填充NR,而拉伸强度与之接近,复合填料样填充NR具有较好的综合性能。扫描电镜测试结果表明,复合填料在NR基体中分布均匀。     

Dielectric-State Analysis in Solid-Solution Pb(Yb1/2Ta1/2)O3–Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3

The structure and temperature dependence of complex lead perovskite dielectrics were investigated for the system (1 − x )Pb(Yb_1/2Ta_1/2)O₃– x Pb(Lu_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃. Superlattice reflections for the compositions 0.8 < x < 1.0 were observed by X-ray diffractometry, and the temperature-composition dielectric-state diagram was determined. In the present study, the disordered middle composition, with 0.2 < x < 0.8, showed a diffuse paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition, whereas the ordered end compositions, with 0 ≤ x < 0.2 and 0.8 < x ≤ 1.0, revealed successive sharp paraelectric–antiferroelectric and weak antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transitions. The dielectric state was confirmed by examining the variation of polarization ( P ) with electric field ( E ).