Degradation Kinetics of Xylose and Glucose in Hydrolysate Containing Dilute Sulfuric Acid

In preparation of fuel alcohol from biomass as feedstock, hydrolysis with dilute acid as catalyst is one way to produce fermentable saccharide, xylose and glucose. However, the acid is also the catalyst in degradation of xylose and glucose and the yield of sacchride is dependent on the kinetic behaviors of saccharide. The degradation kinetics of xylose and glucose in the hydrolysate was investigated under the conventional process conditions of hydrogen ion concentration from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/L and temperature from 150 to 200℃. With a numerical calculation method, the kinetic parameters were estimated, and the activation energy of xylose and glucose in the degradation reaction was obtained. The kinetic equations correlating the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the rate constants of degradation reaction were established. Comparison between the calculated results from the equations and experimental ones proved that the established kinetic model could satisfactorily predict the degradation behavior of xylose and glucose in the acidic hydrolysate.     

Functionalized metal–organic frameworks with strong acidity and hydrophobicity as an efficient catalyst for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

In the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(HMF), in situ produced water weakens the acid strength of the catalyst and causes the rehydration of HMF, causing unsatisfactory catalytic activity and selectivity. In this work, a class of benzenesulfonic acid-grafted metal–organic frameworks with strong acidity and hydrophobicity is obtained by the direct sulfonation method using 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid as sulfonating agent. The resultant MOFs have a specific surface area of greater than 250 m~2·g~(-1), acid density above 1.0 mmol·g~(-1), and water contact angle up to 129°. The hydrophobic MOF-Ph SO_3 H exhibits both higher catalytic activity and selectivity than MOF-SO_3 H in the HMF synthesis due to its better hydrophobicity and olephilicity. Moreover, the catalyst has a high recycled stability. At last, fructose is completely converted, and 98.0% yield of HMF is obtained under 120 °C in a DMSO solvent system. The successful preparation of the hydrophobic acidic MOF provides a novel hydrophobic catalyst for the synthesis of HMF.     

The cooperation effect of Ni and Pt in the hydrogenation of acetic acid

The catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acid to alcohols is one of the important strategies for the conversion of biomass.Herein,a series of Ni-doped PtSn catalysts were prepared,characterized and studied in the hydrogenation of acetic acid.The Ni dopant has a strong interaction with Pt,which promotes the hydrogen adsorption,providing an activated hydrogen-rich environment for the hydrogenation.Meanwhile,the presence of Ni also improves the Pt dispersion,giving more accessible active sites for hydrogen activation.The cooperation of Pt and Ni significantly promotes the catalytic activity of the hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol.As a result,the catalyst with 0.1%Ni exhibits the best reaction activity,and its space time yield is twice as that of the PtSn/SiO2 catalyst.It provides a meaningful instruction on the catalyst design for the carboxylic acid hydrogenation.     

Kinetics of Sawdust Hydrolysis with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid and Ferrous Chloride

With dilute hydrochloric acid as catalyst and promoted by ferrous chloride, hydrolysis of waste sawdust to produce monosaccharides was conducted by using an one-step method in a batch-wise operation reactor. Based on the model of first order consecutive irreversible reactions, the kinetics equation incorporating the term of catalyst concentration was obtained that is suitable for describing the hydrolysis of sawdust. Activation energies were calculated for hydrolysis of sawdust and decomposition of monosaccharides.     

Preparation of ZSM-5 containing vanadium and Brønsted acid sites with high promoting of styrene oxidation using 30% H2O2

Design and synthesis of low cost and efficacious industrial catalyst for the oxidation of styrene has been an important research project. Herein, ZSM-5 zeolite containing tetrahedral vanadium(V) and Br?nsted acid sites(V-H-ZSM-5)was prepared, and identified by characterizations such as XRD, SEM, UV–vis, NH_3-TPD, H_2-TPR N_2-adsorption/desorption and FTIR. V-H-ZSM-5 performed extremely enhanced catalytic activity for the oxidation of styrene with 30% H_2O_2 at 40 °C. Moreover, in-situ FTIR spectrum was used to investigate the catalytic mechanism. The results demonstrate that Br?nsted acid site could not only increase the adsorption concentration of styrene in the micropores of V-H-ZSM-5 via the π complex interaction between double bond of styrene and Br?nsted acid sites, but also increase the oxidation potential of H_2O_2. The synergetic action of tetrahedral vanadium(V) and Br?nsted acid enhanced the catalytic activity for the oxidation of styrene with 30% H_2O_2. Impressively, V-H-ZSM-5 performed high reusability within five runs at a low reaction temperature(40 °C) for the first time.     

高温液态水中葡萄糖无催化降解反应动力学

The decomposition kinetics of glucose was studied in high-temperature liquid water （HTLW） from 180 to 220℃ under a pressure of 10 MPa. It was found the main products from glucose decomposition were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural （5-HMF） and levulinic acid （LA）. The decomposition kinetics of 5-HMF and stability of LA in HTLW were further investigated. A kinetic model for glucose decomposition was proposed accordingly. In the model, a series of first-order reactions with the consideration of parallel by-reactions were used to illustrate the decomposition of glucose. The decomposition activation energies of glucose, 5-HMF, and LA were evaluated as 118.85, 95.40, and 31.29 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.     

小麦秸秆制备乙酰丙酸的动力学研究

Levulinic acid is considered as a promising green platform chemical derived from biomass. The kinetics of levulinic acid accumulation in the hydrolysis process of wheat straw was investigated in the study. Using dilute sulfuric acid as a catalyst, the ki-netic experiments were performed in a temperature range of 190-230C and an acid concentration range of 1%-5% (by mass). A simple model of first-order series reactions was developed, which provided a satisfactory interpretation of the experimental results. The kinetics of main intermediates including sugar and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were also established. The kinetic pa-rameters provided useful information for understanding the hydrolysis process.     

Preparation and characterization of sulfated TiO2 with rhodium modification used in esterification reaction and decomposition of methyl orange☆

A unique Rh/TiO_2 solid acid catalyst modified with H_2SO_4 was synthesized and evaluated in the esterification reaction of propylene glycol methyl ether and decomposition of methyl orange(MO) in aqueous phase under halogen lamp irradiation. For this purpose, rhodium(Rh) nanoparticles were loaded on SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2 via the photo-deposition method. It was found that SO_4~(2-)/Rh–TiO_2 exhibited stronger catalytic activity than SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2. The new catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and high-resolution(HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). Results from XRD and BET show that SO_4~(2-)/Rh–TiO_2 has higher specific surface area and smaller pore size than SO42-/TiO_2. The distribution of loaded Rh was found to be uniform with a particle size of 2–4 nm. Data from XPS reveal that Rh primarily exists as Rh~0 and Rh~(3+)in Rh–TiO_2 and SO_4~(2)-/Rh–TiO_2. These valence forms of Rh likely contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity. Furthermore, FT-IR spectra of the catalysts show an abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, which help the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the enhancement of surface acid density. The results show that more acid sites are formed on the sulfated Rh–TiO_2, and these acidic sites are largely responsible for improving the catalytic performance. This superior SO_4~(2-)/Rh–TiO_2 catalyst has potential applications in reactions requiring efficient acid catalysts, including esterification reactions and waste water treatment.     

加压微波辅助水解甘草酸粗品制备甘草次酸(英文)

A pressured microwave-assisted hydrolysis(PMAH) technique has been developed for hydrolyzing the crude glycyrrhizic acid(GA) extracted from licorice root to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid(GRA).In order to optimize the efficiency of PMAH,several experimental parameters were investigated,including liquid-solid ratio,hydrolysis time,sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature.The optimized hydrolysis conditions were as follows:pressured microwave-assisted hydrolysis of crude GA for 21 min(taking 15 min to reach 150 oC,and holding it for 6 min) at 150 oC(at a radiation power of 450 W) in 3%-5% sulfuric acid solution with the liquid-solid(ml?g?1 crude GA) ratio of 25︰1.As a result of the considerable saving in time and higher product yields(up to 90%),PMAH was proved more effective than conventional methods.     

Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst:Characterization and optimization

A palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has been used for biodiesel production. An efficient sulfonated-glucose acid catalyst (SGAC) was prepared by sulfonation to catalyze the esterification reaction. The effect of three variables i.e. methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time, on the yield of PFAD esters was studied by the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum reaction conditions were:12.2:1 methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 2.9%catalyst concentration and 134 min of time as predicted by the RSM. The reaction under the optimum conditions resulted in 94.5%of the free fatty acid (FFA) conversion with 92.4%of the FAME yield. The properties of the PFAD esters were determined according to biodiesel standards.     

固体酸催化淀粉一锅法制备果葡糖浆的研究

研究了几种负载型固体酸催化剂催化淀粉转化为果葡糖浆的催化效果,其中,超稳Y型分子筛（USY）负载硫酸制备得到的SO₄^2-/USY可以作为双功能催化剂,既催化淀粉水解为葡萄糖,又使葡萄糖异构为果糖,实现了淀粉一锅法制备果葡糖浆的工艺途径,具有良好的催化效果。对催化剂的制备条件进行优化,发现较佳的制备条件为1.5 mol/L H₂SO₄和550℃的焙烧温度。以此为催化剂对反应条件进行优化,获得较佳的反应条件是5%淀粉（淀粉/水）、催化剂用量为淀粉质量的30%、反应温度为150℃、反应时间为1 h、转速400 r/min,得到的果葡糖浆得率为86.18%,含58.34%的葡萄糖和27.84%的果糖。对催化剂进行物理吸附表征,发现USY具有较高的比表面积和孔隙度,通过浸渍焙烧过程能有效使硫酸通过键合作用吸附在USY表面上。对催化剂进行NH₃程序升温脱附和元素分析表征发现,催化剂的重复使用活性降低与含碳有机质沉积和催化活性中心的SO₄^2-流失有关。通过简单的焙烧（除去表面积碳）和硫酸中浸渍活化（增加SO₄^2-）的催化剂再生方法,可以有效地恢复SO₄^2-/USY的催化活性。     

Preparation of solid acid catalyst SO42−/TiO2/γ-Al2O3 for esterification: A study on catalytic reaction mechanism and kinetics

In this work, a series of SO₄^2-/TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ solid acid catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method, in which nano-TiO₂ was prepared by sol-gel method, and then the nano-TiO₂ sol was loaded on porous γ-Al₂O₃ supporter through impregnation. The structure and property of catalyst were characterized by XRD, N₂-BET, SEM, TEM, XPS, NH₃-TPD, Pyridine-IR and FT-IR. In addition, the catalyst of chelate bidentate coordination acid center model was established. The catalytic performance test was carried out in the esterification of n-butyl alcohol with lauric acid and the catalyst showed excellent activity. The experimental results showed that the medium strength acid sites were more dominant active sites than the strong and weak acid sites for the rapid esterification reaction. Its kinetic behaviors and activation energy were studied for the esterification under the catalytic reaction condition.     

SO42-/TiO2-HZSM-5固体超强酸催化剂的制备及酯化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了HZSM-5分子筛负载SO₄^2-/TiO₂固体超强酸催化剂, 利用直接酯化法催化合成三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯。通过IR、XRD、BET、SEM对催化剂进行了表征, 结果表明TiO₂以纳米颗粒的形式附着于HZSM-5分子筛表面, 且负载后催化剂的比表面积高达309.2m²/g, 比HZSM-5分子筛提高了45.6m²/g, 且催化剂具有强酸性(-13.8< H₀ < -12.14)。探讨了沉淀pH值、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对SO₄^2-/TiO₂-HZSM-5固体超强酸催化剂催化三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯酯化反应活性的影响。结果表明在沉淀pH=8、硫酸的浸渍浓度为0.5mol/L、浸渍时间为30min、焙烧温度为550℃、焙烧时间4h的条件下, SO₄^2-/TiO₂-HZSM-5固体超强酸催化剂催化活性最高, 三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯的酯化率高达97.6%;抗乳化性能良好, 油水分离时间为5min。SO₄^2-/TiO₂-HZSM-5固体超强酸催化剂在重复使用6次的情况下, 酯化率下降8.8%, 催化剂的重复使用性能良好。     

C/TiO2-SO42-的制备及其光解水性能

通过溶胶-凝胶制备过程中水含量控制,分别获得了硫酸根修饰的TiO₂（25）和无修饰的TiO₂（150）两种二氧化钛载体。在两种载体上,通过浸渍法引入不同浓度的碳点胶体,获得了系列不同C含量的C_x/TiO₂（25）和C_x/TiO₂（150）催化剂。利用TEM、XRD、FT-IR、UV-Vis、BET、XPS等表征分析了催化剂的表面形貌、晶格间距、晶型结构、光吸收、孔结构及元素组成。结果显示：相对于无硫酸根修饰的TiO₂（150）催化剂,硫酸根修饰的TiO₂（25）催化剂的光吸收发生显著红移,展示了更宽的可见光响应;对于TiO₂（25）样品,C的引入可提高其O_ads/O_latt比值。催化性能研究显示,C的引入可以提高其光催化活性。     

稀土复合固体酸催化合成棕榈酸生物柴油的研究

用溶胶凝胶法制备稀土复合固体酸催化剂SO₄^2-/TiO₂/Ce⁴⁺,将其用于棕榈酸与甲醇的加压酯化反应.考察了不同制备条件对催化剂性能的影响,并对其结构进行表征.结果表明,在Ce⁴⁺浓度0.05 mol/L、H₂SO₄浓度1.38 mol/L、煅烧温度450 ℃和煅烧时间3 h的制备条件下,催化剂活性最高.棕榈酸与甲醇的加压酯化反应最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量之比10:1、反应温度110 ℃、反应时间30 min、催化剂用量3%,此时转化率可达到96.33%.催化剂在重复使用4次后,转化率仍在50%以上.     

硫酸促进型固体超强酸在水预处理条件下的稳定性对比

以TiO₂和ZrO₂为载体的固体超强酸作为考察对象,重点对比研究了载体与酸化方式不同的固体超强酸在两种不同温度水预处理条件下的催化稳定性。XRD和BET表征结果显示在经过水预处理之后,各组固体超强酸的晶型和孔结构没有发生变化。结合FTIR、NH₃-TPD对比研究发现,各组固体超强酸的催化活性在经过水预处理后均出现下降,水预处理温度越高,固体超强酸的酸量下降越多,酸强度减弱幅度越大,最终表现出催化活性明显下降;相比之下,硫酸促进型TiO₂固体超强酸的初始活性优于以ZrO₂为载体的固体超强酸,但稳定性较差;另外,对制备方式的研究发现,先焙烧再酸化所制得的固体超强酸其SO₄^2-在水预处理过程中损失相对较少,表现出了较好的稳定性。     

Separation of mixed salts(Cl~-/SO_4~(2-)) by ED based on monovalent anion selective membranes

The industrial products or wastewater rich in the mixed salts(Cl~-/SO_4~(2-)) not only causes the environmental damage, but also induces waste of resource. In this study, an ED stack with monovalent selective AEMs and conventional CEMs was employed to separate the Cl~-and SO_4~(2-)from simulated wastewater. The effect of current density and mass fraction percentage was investigated in order to optimize the experimental conditions during ED process. It was found that at a concentration ratio between NaCl and Na_2SO_4 of 95/5(wt%/wt%) and a current density of40 m A·cm~(-2), a current efficiency of 72%, an energy consumption of 1.6 k W·h·kg~(-1) Na Cl and a Cl~-/SO_4~(2-)concentration(67.5/3.5 g·L~(-1)) were obtained. Hence, it is appropriate and effective to separate Cl~-and SO_4~(2-)by ED using the monovalent selective AEMs.     

制备条件对Pt/SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3异构化性能的影响

采用沉淀法制备了Pt/SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (PtSZA)催化剂,考察了氢氧化锆水凝胶干燥速率、锆盐浓度、铂含量、Al₂O₃和SO₄^2-添加顺序等制备条件对PtSZA异构化性能,尤其是低温异构化性能的影响,并用XRD和TG对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,提高水凝胶的干燥速率降低了PtSZA催化剂中的硫含量,大大提高了催化剂中的单斜相,进而导致了催化剂低温失活加速以及高温活性下降。较低或较高的锆盐浓度劣化了PtSZA的低温异构化稳定性,以0.4~0.6mol/L硝酸氧锆制备的催化剂硫含量和四方相氧化锆含量较高,异构化活性相对较好,Al₂O₃和SO₄^2-添加顺序对PtSZA异构化性能没有明显影响。     

Pt/TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂的制备及其催化转化正丁烷

采用溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法,分别对ZSM-5分子筛进行TiO₂改性和Pt负载,获得了具有脱氢-裂解双功能的Pt/TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、TEM、XPS和NH₃-TPD对样品的晶体结构,孔结构、形貌、活性金属价态和酸性质等进行了表征,并研究了正丁烷在此催化剂上催化转化制备低碳烯烃的反应规律。研究结果表明,TiO₂的引入,一方面使得改性后的ZSM-5分子筛获得了额外的酸性中心,特别是强酸性位含量的增加,有助于促进正丁烷的活化;另一方面Pt与TiO₂之间存在“金属-载体”强相互作用（SMSI）,在H₂还原气氛下,Pt能够促进TiO₂的还原,生成Ti³⁺物种,而Ti³⁺的存在增加了Pt周围的电荷密度,降低了Pt对低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）的吸附能力,抑制了深度脱氢和生焦反应,从而提高双功能催化剂对烯烃的选择性。当H₂还原温度为450℃时,Pt/10TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂在625℃下的正丁烷转化率为76.1%,低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）收率为50.9%,分别比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂提高了16.7%和12.6%。