高温复合隔热结构组成对其瞬态热特性的影响

建立多层复合隔热结构辐射-导热与相变换热模型,采用Monte Corlo方法模拟复合隔热结构内半透明介质的热辐射传递,有限体积法求解能量方程。分析比较了纤维隔热毡-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-相变隔热材料-金属膜复合结构等三类典型复合隔热结构的瞬态换热特性,研究表明不同的复合隔热结构组成其热特性差异显著,为复合隔热结构的设计、优化提供了指导思路。     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的力学性能

将陶瓷纤维与氧化硅溶胶复合经超临界干燥得到陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料.研究了陶瓷纤维体积分数以及气凝胶密度对材料力学性能的影响,分析了纤维对气凝胶隔热复合材料的增强机制.结果表明:纤维与气凝胶复合后,气凝胶充分填充纤维之间的空隙,复合材料力学性能得到显著改善.气凝胶隔热复合材料的力学性能随纤维体积分数的增大先增后减,随气凝胶密度的增大则逐渐增大.当纤维体积分数为7.6%,气凝胶密度为0.202g/cm3时,材料抗拉强度、抗弯强度分别为1.44,1.31 MPa,抗压强度可达0.59MPa(10%形变)、1.28MPa(25%变).     

细菌纤维素/热塑性聚氨酯复合气凝胶纤维制备及性能

使用绿色有机材料细菌纤维素(BC),并掺杂增强材料热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)经过湿法纺丝制备复合气凝胶纤维,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、全自动比表面孔隙度分析仪和单丝强力仪对制备的气凝胶纤维进行结构分析和性能表征,结果表明复合气凝胶纤维具有多孔结构,良好的力学性能和隔热性能,断裂强度达到24.69Mpa,断裂伸长为38.54%。     

细菌纤维素-二氧化硅复合气凝胶纤维的制备及性能研究

气凝胶因为自身具备的高孔隙率、低密度、大的比表面积等特性使其具有很多优异的性能。但目前气凝胶因为其自身差的力学性能导致了其产品主要以粉末、块体、气凝胶毡形态存在,这限制了气凝胶的应用场景。为丰富气凝胶的形态并拓宽其应用场景,本工作尝试以偏硅酸钠为硅源,通过二次塑形后的原位溶胶凝胶法及冷冻干燥工艺制备细菌纤维素-二氧化硅复合气凝胶纤维。通过对线状细菌纤维素进行二次塑形提升细菌纤维素-二氧化硅复合气凝胶纤维的力学性能。通过调控偏硅酸钠的用量制备不同特性的细菌纤维素-二氧化硅复合气凝胶纤维。对样品进行了扫描电镜(SEM)、力学性能、比表面积分析测试(BET)、隔热性能。结果表明:制得的产品密度不超过0.28g·cm-3,抗拉强度最高可达4.5 MPa。当偏硅酸钠的用量为20 wt%时,产品具备最佳的隔热性能:热源温度为150℃时,样品表面比热源降低约45℃。     

基于气凝胶保温涂料的复合保温结构研究及应用

本文以纳米气凝胶、 TiO₂、SiO₂、SiC三种隔热粉体作为填料，氧化铝纤维和硅酸铝纤维作为增强材料，有机-无机复合胶体作为粘结剂，制备了纳米气凝胶保温涂料。考查了气凝胶用量对涂料的干密度、隔热性能和导热系数的影响。结果表明：粘结剂量为 35%、纤维总加入量为 25%（氧化铝纤维和硅酸铝纤维质量比 1∶1）、填料量为 40%（TiO₂、SiO₂、SiC粉体质量比例为 2∶1∶1且保持与气凝胶量的总和占涂料的 40%），当气凝胶量为 15%时，涂料的导热系数为 0.04 W/m.K，干密度为 158 kg/m³，涂料的隔热性能最好。以纳米气凝胶保温涂料为基础，研究了一种适用于稠油热采蒸汽管保温的复合保温结构，将耐热纤维层、保温涂料层和金属外壳进行复合，这一复合保温结构成功应用在稠油注蒸汽管道外层保温改造项目中。与原有保温结构相比，年估算节能量约为 94.8 t标准煤，有效提高了稠油热注蒸汽管线的保温效果。     

溶胶凝胶法制备SiO2气凝胶/纤维复合材料及其性能的表征

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为前躯体,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备氧化硅溶胶,将其与无机陶瓷纤维预置体在常温下复合干燥后得到SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品微观结构进行分析,利用热平板法对材料的热学性能进行表征,分析了氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料隔热机理。研究表明：采用溶胶凝胶工艺和真空技术,气凝胶充分填充在纤维预置体的空隙中,可以制得低导热系数、低热扩散系数和低比热容的SiO2气凝胶/纤维复合材料,导热系数为0.06815W/mK,热扩散系数为0.2677mm^2/s,比热容为0.2919MJ/m3K。     

硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的制备与性能

分别以硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维为骨架材料,采用溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥制得纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料,并对材料进行了结构和性能的测试分析。结果表明,二氧化硅气凝胶附着于纤维表面,提高了材料力学强度。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的隔音性能优于玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料。两种纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料耐高温、燃烧性能均达到A级。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的产烟毒性分别为AQ₁级和AQ₂级,导热系数分别为0.034 W/（m·K）和0.033 W/（m·K）。     

硅酸铝纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的力学与隔热性能研究

SiO_2气凝胶由于其独特的纳米多孔结构而具有优异的保温隔热性能,但其力学性能较差限制了其在很多工业领域内的应用。以硅酸铝纤维作为增强材料,采用溶胶凝胶法以及常压干燥法制备出完整的块状硅酸铝纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合隔热材料,并分别用电子万能试验机、SEM、热导率测试仪、BET等检测方法表征了该复合隔热材料的性能。结果显示,纤维的加入提供了一种新的能量消耗机制,硅酸铝纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合隔热材料的力学性能明显优于纯气凝胶材料。该复合材料的比表面积和平均孔径分别为383.5 m2/g和8.4 nm,孔隙率高达87%,是典型的介孔材料,热导率低至0.02 W/(m·K)~0.04W/(m·K),具备良好的保温隔热性能。     

热塑性聚氨酯中空纤维/SiO2气凝胶隔热材料的制备及性能研究

以热塑性聚氨酯中空纤维为增韧材料,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了热塑性聚氨酯中空纤维/SiO2气凝胶隔热材料.考察了纤维类型、中空纤维铺设方式、中空纤维规格对SiO2气凝胶隔热性能的影响.结果表明:中空纤维增韧SiO2气凝胶的隔热性能略低于纯SiO2气凝胶,但其韧性有了显著提高.中空纤维垂直铺设,采用合适的内径及壁厚的中空纤维能获得较好隔热性能的SiO2气凝胶隔热材料.     

纤维增强Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶是一种低密度、高比表面积、高孔隙率、低热导率的三维结构纳米多孔材料,在航空航天、建筑保温、石油化工等领域具有广泛的应用前景,是理想的高温隔热基体之一。但纯Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶力学性能和抑制高温辐射传热能力较弱,限制了自身在隔热领域的应用。采用纤维作为增强体,制备的Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶复合材料同时具有较好的力学和隔热性能,是目前国内外高温隔热材料方向的研究热点之一。本文介绍了纤维增强Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备方法,综述了目前国内外该材料的研究进展,并对其未来发展趋势做了展望。     

Lightweight,robust, porous heterocyclic para-aramid aerogel hollow fibers for multifunctional applications

In nature, many fibers with warmth-retention properties, such as the hair of polar bears and rabbits, both have a hollow cross-section structure. The static air in fiber cavities can effectively inhibit heat conduction and serve as an effective thermal insulator. In this work, the high-performance heterocyclic para-aramid polymer was selected as the spinning solution, and aerogel hollow fiber was prepared by coaxial wet spinning and freeze-drying techniques. The effects of spinning solution concentration and lyophilized solvent on the micromorphology, mechanical properties, and specific surface area of heterocyclic para-aramid aerogel hollow fiber (HPAAHF) were systematically studied. The produced HPAAHF possessed excellent mechanical properties (tensible strength ~3.85 MPa), high specific surface area (~ 260.90 m² g⁻¹), and lightweight advantages. The thermal conductivity of HPAAHF was only 0.0278 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, indicating its excellent thermal insulation properties. The aerogel fabric exhibited outstanding flame retardancy properties, with a total heat release of only 0.7 MJ m⁻² in the cone calorimetric experiment, making it a self-extinguishing fabric. In addition, phase change material was injected into the hollow structure to obtain aerogel-phase change material composite fibers, which exhibited great energy storage prospects. As a result, the high-performance heterocyclic para-aramid polymer-based aerogel hollow fiber was successfully prepared and had multifunctional applications in thermal insulation, flame retardancy, and heat energy storage fields.     

Elytra-mimetic ceramic fiber aerogel with excellent mechanical,anti-oxidation,and thermal insulation properties

High-performance thermally insulating aerogel with low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity characteristics was widely used in heat insulation. However, the large-scale application of aerogel was still limited by its brittleness and infrared radiation transparency at high-temperature. Fiber composite aerogel had achieved significant progress, but its anti-oxidation ability was poor, and its thermal insulation required further improvement at ultra-high temperatures. Herein, inspired by the structure of elytra, nanoparticle fiber (NF) was prepared by electrospinning of coaxial fiber loaded with opacifier and antioxidant nanoparticles. The NF was incorporated into the SiBCN aerogel to prepare NF/SiBCN ceramic fiber aerogel. The mechanical properties were improved by fiber networks. The shell structure increased the antioxidant properties. Heat conduction and heat convection were suppressed by the aerogel, while heat radiation was reduced by the coaxial fiber. The results showed that the ceramic fiber aerogel exhibited superior mechanical, antioxidant, and ultra-low thermal conductivity properties.     

二氧化硅气凝胶及其在保温隔热领域应用进展

二氧化硅气凝胶是目前已知最轻的固体材料，具有热导率低、孔隙率高和比表面积大等优点，被誉为新型超级保温隔热材料。然而，二氧化硅气凝胶自身存在力学性能差和制备成本高的问题，大大限制了其在保温隔热领域大规模推广应用。本文简述了二氧化硅气凝胶合成技术和力学性能增强方法，从制备过程控制、老化条件优化、热处理、纤维复合和高分子聚合物复合等方面分析了其对气凝胶性能和工艺的影响，重点介绍了近年来二氧化硅气凝胶保温隔热材料应用在航空航天、军工领域、工业管道、建筑保温以及新能源汽车等领域的研究进展，总结了其在各领域应用的技术挑战。指出未来需进一步拓展二氧化硅气凝胶的使用温区，利用共前体和化学交联等方法增强高温下的隔热性能，同时解决气凝胶纤维复材“掉粉”和微米级粉体分散不均匀等难题，尤其是新能源汽车等新兴应用领域发展迅猛，未来仍需针对新的应用需求对其合成技术进行设计和优化。     

Super-insulating,ultralight and high-strength mullite-based nanofiber composite aerogels

Ceramic nanofiber aerogel is one of the most attractive insulation materials in recent years. However, its practical application ability is limited at high temperature due to high radiation heat transfer. Herein, we constructed a novel closed-cell/nanowire structured mullite-based nanofiber composite aerogel via electrospinning technology and solvothermal synthesis method. Hollow TiO₂ spheres were used as pore-making material and infrared opacifier to reduce fiber solid heat conduction and high temperature radiation heat transfer simultaneously. In addition, TiO₂ nanowires grown in-situ on the fiber surface further decrease the radiation heat transfer of aerogel and improve the mechanical properties. The unique structure endows the aerogel with high mechanical robustness (0.32–0.35 MPa, 10% strain), low density (39.2–47.5 mg/cm³) and ultralow thermal conductivity (~0.017 W m^?1 K^?1 at 25 ℃ and ~0.056 W m^?1 K^?1 at 1000 ℃). This work offers a novel strategy for the development of ceramic nanofiber aerogel at high temperature.     

纤维改善SiO2气凝胶的力学和隔热性能研究进展

纤维/SiO2气凝胶复合材料因良好的力学和隔热性能具有广泛的节能应用前景,是当今国内外建筑、能源及材料等领域的研究热点.根据尺寸及形貌特征将纤维分为常规束状纤维、预制件纤维和纳米纤维三种类型,分析概述了不同类型的纤维与SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备工艺、形貌特征以及力学和隔热性能,讨论了纤维改善SiO2气凝胶性能所存在的问题,并对以后的研究和发展趋势进行了展望.     

夏热冬冷地区不同墙体结构的保温层厚度分析

选择合适的保温材料及其厚度是实现建筑节能的重要途径.针对夏热冬冷地区,建立了计算保温材料经济厚度的数学模型,分析了XPS、EPS、聚氨酯泡沫、玻璃纤维棉以及气凝胶保温材料应用在页岩空心砖、加气混凝土、钢筋混凝土三种典型基层墙体结构的经济性.结果表明聚氨酯泡沫应用在三种基层墙体的经济厚度分别为53 mm、43 mm、62 mm,经济厚度适中、投资费用低且回收期短,适应性明显好于其他常用保温材料.其次分析了气凝胶保温材料对不同基层墙体的适用性,钢筋混凝土复合墙体由于投资回收期短,经济性及适应性较好.研究结果对于复合墙体的结构设计及气凝胶保温材料的建筑节能应用具有重要意义.     

Polar bear hair inspired ternary composite ceramic aerogel with excellent interfacial bonding and efficient infrared transmittance for thermal insulation

Highly porous, heat resisting ceramic aerogels are considered as promising materials for high-temperature insulation. However, the general structural characteristics of ceramic aerogel, such as poor mechanical strength and transparency to infrared radiation, pose a major obstacle to their practical application. In this paper, we report a general strategy to prepare hollow mullite fiber (HMF) structures by coaxial electrostatic spinning and grow TiO₂ nanorods (TiO₂/NAs) in situ on HMF. The ternary composite ceramic aerogel material was prepared by filling the pores of HMF-TiO₂/NAs with SiCN aerogel. The TiO₂/NAs increased the fiber/aerogel interfacial bonding of the composite (0.392 MPa, 30% strain) and improved the IR transmittance (∼0%, 1200 ℃) without sacrificing their low density and thermal conductivity. In addition, low thermal conductivity (0.041 W/(m·K), 1200 °C) and excellent high-temperature insulation properties allow the composite aerogel to meet the urgent need for lightweight, high-strength, high-temperature insulation systems for spacecraft.     

A simple and efficient method for the preparation of SiO2/PI/AF aerogel composite fabrics and their thermal insulation performance

As a new type of insulation material, aerogels are characterized by a high specific surface area, high porosity, low density and low thermal conductivity, which makes them a new alternative to the use of traditional insulation materials. In this paper, a simple method for preparing aerogel insulation materials is proposed. Specifically, SiO₂/PI/AF (aramid fiber) aerogel composite fabrics were successfully obtained by combining coating technology and finishing processes to use tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the precursor, polyimide (PI) powder as the reinforcing agent, and nonwoven AF as the substrate. These composite fabrics were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), tensile testing with an Instron 5967, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal infrared imaging. The results show that the composite fabrics exhibited excellent performance and could effectively block heat transfer. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the front decreased from 4.08 to 3.91 (W/cm·°C) × 10^-4. This work provides a novel method for the structural design of thermal insulation clothing.