SAPO-34的改性及其在合成气制低碳烯烃中的应用

对金属氧化物与分子筛组成的双功能催化剂中的分子筛进行改性，可进一步提高合成气制低碳烯烃（STO）反应性能。采用水热法合成不同金属Me（Ce、Zn、Zr）及不同Zr掺杂量改性的SAPO-34分子筛，并与GaZrOx金属氧化物物理混合制备GaZrOx/SAPO-34双功能催化剂，考察其催化STO反应性能。采用XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR、NH3-TPD、XPS对分子筛表征发现，不同金属改性的分子筛均合成了具有CHA结构的SAPO-34，掺杂Zr提高了分子筛的相对结晶度，减小了颗粒尺寸。Zr掺杂量为1.0%（n(ZrO2)与n(Al2O3)的物质的量比为1:100）时合成的1.0%ZrSP-34分子筛颗粒尺寸最小，平均粒径为0.53 μm，且强酸量适中（1.34 mmol/g）；掺杂2% Zr时导致多余的Zr以ZrO2形式存在于分子筛表面，覆盖了强酸中心。与未改性的SAPO-34相比，采用掺杂1.0% Zr合成的1.0%ZrSP-34制备GaZrOx/1.0%ZrSP-34双功能催化剂，可使CO转化率从14.2%增加到21.2%，低碳烯烃选择性从71.0%提高至82.4%，且该催化剂反应60 h后未出现明显失活。     

非金属改性CuZnAl催化性能研究

考察非金属络合剂改性CuZnAl催化剂的催化性能和结构特征。通过完全液相法制备络合剂改性CuZnAl催化剂,在500 mL浆态床中进行CO加氢反应,并用XRD,H_2-TPR,NH_3-TPD,CO_2-TPD表征催化剂表面性质。在250℃,5 MPa,n(H_2)/n(CO)=2/1和空速360 mL/(h·g)下,N-甲基吡咯烷酮和三乙醇胺络合物改性CuZnAl催化剂产物中乙醇选择性达24.5%;表征显示该催化剂特征是表面Cu~+和Cu~0共存,且有高碱酸比。研究表明:络合剂改性CuZnAl能改变活性组分物相状态和表面酸碱性质,能增强碳链增长能力,为合成气合成乙醇展示良好的发展前景。     

用于合成气制高值产物的InZrOx 氧化物制备及性能

以四水合硝酸铟和五水合硝酸锆为原料，通过共沉淀法和水热法制备InZrOx氧化物，并在最佳制备条件下探究煅烧温度对合成氧化物的影响，与SAPO-34分子筛结合为双功能催化剂用于用于合成气催化转化制高值产物。采用XRD、SEM-EDS、HRTEM、XPS和BET对氧化物的织构性质、晶体结构、形貌特征及表面电荷进行表征与测试，并在固定床反应器中系统研究了空速、原料气氢碳比（物质的量）、氧化物与分子筛质量比、反应温度及反应压力对催化效果的影响规律。结果表明，共沉淀法得到的氧化物在各方面表现均优于水热法，最佳煅烧温度为550 ℃。在空速为2000 mL/(gcat·h)、原料气氢碳比（物质的量）为3：1、m(InZrOx)：m(SAPO-34)=1：1、400 ℃、3 MPa的反应条件下，CO转化率为67.58%，高值产物选择性为70.81%[C2-4=选择性为37.74%、液体燃料（C5+）烃类选择性为33.07%]，C2-4=收率可达23.98%，副产物CO2选择性仅为5.99%。     

铁改性Cu/Zn/MgO催化剂对合成气制低碳醇的影响

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了Fe改性的Cu/Zn/Mg O催化剂,研究了其CO加氢制低碳醇的催化性能。采用低温氮气吸附-脱附、XRD、H2-TPR和CO-TPD表征了Fe的添加对催化剂的影响。结果表明,Fe的加入形成了Mg Fe2O4相,有助于Fe、Mg物种的分散。适量Fe增强了催化剂表面对CO吸附强度,有利于C2+醇的合成。当Fe加入量n(Fe)/n(Cu)=0.15时,总醇中C2+醇质量分数w(C2+醇)由未加Fe时的19.6%增加到59.7%,C2+醇时空收率由23.3 g/(kgcat·h)增加到45.3 g/(kgcat·h)。     

钛酸钾催化DMC酯交换反应合成碳酸二异辛酯的研究

研究了碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与异辛醇（EHOH）酯交换合成碳酸二异辛酯（DEHC）的反应，对几种钾盐的催化性能比较，发现K2TiO3具有较好的催化活性和选择性。实验结果表明，K2TiO3为催化剂时，最佳反应条件为：反应温度140 ℃，反应时间2 h，n(DMC)∶n(EHOH)=1∶3，催化剂用量为原料总质量的1%，DMC转化率为72.1%，DEHC收率为57.6%，DEHC选择性为79.2%。     

载体及助剂对铜锌系合成气制异丁醇催化剂影响的研究

通过改变铜锌系合成气制异丁醇催化剂的载体及添加不同助剂,以提高原料的利用率和目的产物异丁醇的选择性。以Cu,Zn,Zr等金属离子的硝酸盐为原料,采用并流共沉淀的方式制得铜锌系催化剂。在催化剂主要活性组分铜和锌摩尔比为1∶1的基础上,在反应压力5 MPa、反应温度350℃、空速8 000 h~(-1)、混合气组成中n(H_2)∶n(CO)=2、催化剂装填量2.0 mL、反应时间10 h的条件下,考察了不同载体和助剂对异丁醇选择性的影响。结果表明:以Zr作为载体时,异丁醇的选择性最高,液相产物的时空收率也较高,异丁醇的时空收率最大;从提高异丁醇的选择性来考虑,Cu,Zn,Zr摩尔比为3∶3∶2的催化剂较合适;助剂Mn和Pd的加入有利于提高液相产物收率及异丁醇选择性。     

碳酸钾催化酯交换合成碳酸二丁酯的研究

研究了碳酸二甲酯（DMC）与正丁醇（n-BuOH）酯交换合成碳酸二正丁酯（DBC）的反应，筛选出合成碳酸二正丁酯的催化剂。考察了物料配比、温度和时间诸因素对反应的影响。结果表明，K₂CO₃具有较好的催化活性和选择性。得出了该反应最佳工艺条件：常压，反应温度140 ℃，反应时间4 h，n(DMC)∶n(n-BuOH)=1∶3。在催化剂用量为原料总质量的1%的条件下，DMC转化率为89.1%，DBC收率为86.9%，DBC选择性为97.6%，甲基丁基碳酸酯（MBC）收率为2.2%，碳酸二异丁酯(DIBC)的收率为70.0%，碳酸二叔丁酯（DTBC）收率为10.3%。     

MgO/NaY催化甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

以硝酸镁为前体,通过等体积浸渍法制备不同负载量的MgO/NaY催化剂,用CO2-TPD和TEM对催化剂进行了表征,考察MgO负载量、反应温度、反应时间等条件对甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯（EC）酯交换反应合成对碳酸二甲酯（DMC）的影响。实验结果表明：MgO的负载量对催化剂表面的碱量和MgO分散程度有着重要影响。高分散的MgO物种越多,其催化剂碱量越高。采用12%MgO/NaY为催化剂、反应温度70 ℃、n(甲醇)∶n(EC)= 8∶1、反应时间3 h时,EC的转化率和DMC的选择性最佳,DMC收率高达89%。     

锌基催化剂制备及其催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

通过尿素沉淀法制备了以锌基为主要活性组分的不同的复合型氧化物催化剂,考察了尿素与1,2-丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应的催化性能。用XRD,SEM,BET,CO2-TPD对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的强碱性位数量可能是影响催化活性的关键因素,在此基础上推出碱催化机理:较强的碱强度有利于降低中间产物羟丙基氨基甲酸酯(HPC)转化为PC的活化能。在反应温度170℃,反应时间1 h,PG/尿素摩尔比1.5,0.6 g催化剂(占尿素质量的2%),反应压力3.99×104Pa的条件下,PC收率高达99.8%。n(锌)∶n(镁)=1∶4,催化剂经过5次再生,PC收率降低了2.2%。     

新型Cu/ZrO2环己醇脱氢催化剂的制备

以硝酸铜、氧氯化锆为原料，配制成n(Zr)∶n(Cu)＝（1～4）∶1的溶液，以w（NaOH）＝15％溶液为沉淀剂，采用共沉淀法，制备出新型Cu/ZrO₂环己醇脱氢催化剂。通过正交试验选择出较优的催化剂制备条件为：n(Zr):n(Cu)=2∶1，锆盐初始浓度0.2 mol·L^－1，焙烧时间5 h，焙烧温度400 ℃，滴定终点pH值为12。考察了催化剂预处理、反应温度等对脱氢过程产物收率和选择性的影响。在优化条件下制得的催化剂用于环己醇脱氢时，环己酮产品收率达85%，选择性近100％。     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material prepared from a sucrose-containing precursor

Monoclinic structure Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C composite powders are synthesized via a novel homogeneous mixing route followed by a one-step heat treatment. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and galvanostatic charge/discharge, CV measurements. The influence of the heat treatment on the electrochemical properties of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C composites was investigated. To examine the effect of residual carbon content on the properties of the composites, six samples with 1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.4, 5.8, and 7.0 wt% carbon were prepared. The sample with 4.4 wt% carbon exhibited good cycling performance and rate capability in the range of 3.0–4.8 V.     

Synthesis of ternary zinc spinel oxides and their application in the photodegradation of organic pollutant

Ternary zinc spinel oxides such as Zn₂SnO₄, ZnAl₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄ were synthesized and characterized, and their activities in the photodegradation of phenol molecules were investigated. Zn₂SnO₄, ZnAl₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄ powders were synthesized by hydrothermal, metal–chitosan complexation and solvothermal routes, respectively. The face-centered cubic spinel structure of each material was confirmed by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and its porous structure by N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms. The characterization of spinels was complemented with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-rays fluorescence (XRF), revealing the formation of spinel structures with high purity. The photocatalytic activity in the degradation of phenol was observed only with Zn₂SnO₄ oxide. Mineralization degree of phenol molecules by Zn₂SnO₄ photocatalyst determined by total organic carbon analysis (TOC) reached 80% at 360 min under sunlight.     

Niobium doped lithium titanate as a high rate anode material for Li-ion batteries

Niobium doped lithium titanate with the composition of Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂ has been prepared by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are employed to characterize the structure and morphology of Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂. The Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂ electrode presents a higher specific capacity and better cycling performance than the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrode prepared by the similar process. The Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂ exhibits an excellent rate capability with a reversible capacity of 135 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 C, 127 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 C and even 80 mAh g⁻¹ at 40 C. Electrical resistance measurement and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) reveal that the Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂ exhibits a higher electronic conductivity and faster lithium-ion diffusivity than the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, which indicates that niobium doped lithium titanate (Li₄Ti_4.95Nb_0.05O₁₂) is promising as a high rate anode for the lithium-ion batteries.     

Crystallographic characterization of silicon nitride ceramics sintered with Y2O3–Al2O3 or E2O3–Al2O3 additions

Silicon nitride ceramics were sintered using Y₂O₃–Al₂O₃ or E₂O₃–Al₂O₃ (E₂O₃ denotes a mixed oxide of Y₂O₃ and rare-earth oxides) as sintering additives. The intergranular phases formed after sintering was investigated using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The use of synchrotron radiation enabled high angular resolution and a high signal to background ratio. Besides the appearance of β-Si₃N₄ phase the intergranular phases Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG) and Y₂SiO₅ were identified in both samples. The refinement of the structural parameters by the Rietveld method indicated similar crystalline structure of β-Si₃N₄ for both systems used as sintering additive. On the other hand, the intergranular phases Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and Y₂SiO₅ shown a decrease of the lattice parameters, when E₂O₃ was used as additive, indicating the formation of solid solutions of E₃Al₅O₁₂ and E₂SiO₅, respectively.     

Chemical zoning of calcium aluminoferrite formed during melt crystallization in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 pseudoquaternary system

In the CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ pseudoquaternary system, the solid solutions of Ca₂(Al_xFe_1−x)₂O₅, with x<0.7 (ferrite), Ca₂SiO₄ (belite), Ca₃Al₂O₆ (C₃A) and Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ (C₁₂A₇), were crystallized out of a complete melt during cooling at 8.3 °C/min. Upon cooling to 1370 °C, both the crystals of ferrite with x=0.41 and belite would start to nucleate from the melt. During further cooling, the x value of the precipitating ferrite would progressively increase and eventually approach 0.7. At ambient temperature, the ferrite crystals had a zonal structure, the x value of which successively increased from the cores toward the rims. The value of 0.45 was confirmed for the cores by EPMA. The chemical formula of the rims was determined to be Ca_2.03[Al_1.27Fe_0.68Si_0.02]_Σ1.97O₅ (x=0.65). As the crystallization of ferrite and belite proceeded, the coexisting melt would become progressively enriched in the aluminate components. After the termination of the ferrite crystallization, the C₃A and belite would immediately crystallize out of the melt, followed by the nucleation of C₁₂A₇. The C₁₂A₇ accommodated about 2.1 mass% Fe₂O₃ in the chemical formula Ca_12.03[Al_13.61Fe_0.37]_Σ13.98O₃₃, being free from the other foreign oxides (SiO₂ and P₂O₅).     

Effect of HfO2 content on the microstructure and piezoelectric properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 lead-free ceramics

(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃–xHfO₂ [BNBT–xHfO₂] lead-free ceramics were prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction method. Effects of HfO₂ content on their microstructures and electrical properties were systematically studied. A pure perovskite phase was observed in all the ceramics with x=0–0.07 wt%. Adding optimum HfO₂ content can induce dense microstructures and improve their piezoelectric properties, and a high depolarization temperature was also obtained. The ceramics with x=0.03 wt% possess optimum electrical properties (i.e., d₃₃~168 pC/N, k_p~32.1%, Q_m~130, ε_r~715, tan δ~0.026, and T_d~106 °C, showing that HfO₂-modified BNBT ceramics are promising materials for piezoelectric applications.     

Development of new alumina-modified sorbents for CO2 sorption and regeneration at temperatures below 200 °C

A new regenerable alumina-modified sorbent was developed for CO₂ capture at temperatures below 200 °C. The CO₂ capture capacity of a potassium-based sorbent containing Al₂O₃ (KAlI) decreased during multiple CO₂ sorption (60 °C) and regeneration (200 °C) tests due to the formation of the KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ phase, which could be converted into the original K₂CO₃ phase above 300 °C. However, the new regenerable potassium-based sorbent (Re-KAl(I)) maintained its CO₂ capture capacity during multiple tests even at a regeneration temperature of 130 °C. In particular, the CO₂ capture capacity of the Re-KAl(I)60 sorbent which was prepared by the impregnation of Al₂O₃ with 60 wt.% K₂CO₃ was about 128 mg CO₂/g sorbent. This excellent CO₂ capture capacity and regeneration property were due to the characteristics of the Re-KAl(I) sorbent producing only a KHCO₃ phase during CO₂ sorption, unlike the KAlI30 sorbent which formed the KHCO₃ and KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ phases even at 60 °C. This result was explained through the structural effect of the support containing the KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ phase which was prepared by impregnation of Al₂O₃ with K₂CO₃ in the presence of CO₂.     

Catalytic Production of Carbon Nanotubes by Decomposition of CH4 over the Pre-reduced Catalysts LaNiO3, La4Ni3O10, La3Ni2O7 and La2NiO4

A large amount of more graphitic carbon nanotubes with a narrow size distribution was produced from catalytic decomposition of CH₄ over pre-reduced LaNiO₃, La₄Ni₃O₁₀, La₃Ni₂O₇ and La₂NiO₄. The structure and component of fresh and reduced LaNiO₃, La₄Ni₃O₁₀, La₃Ni₂O₇ and La₂NiO₄ were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The carbon nanotubes obtained were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermal oxidation of carbon nanotubes in air was made by thermogravimetric experiments (TG). The results revealed that the value of La/Ni in different catalyst precursors influences the diameter distribution and graphitic degree of carbon nanotubes. Lower La/Ni leads to wider diameter and higher graphitic degree of carbon nanotubes.     

Preparation and characterization of multicomponent porous materials prepared by the sol-gel process

An experimental strategy was developed to obtain transparent Si-Al-Ti-Ni-Mo and Si-Zr-Ti-Ni-Mo sols via the sol-gel process. The sol was prepared from Si(OEt)₄ (TEOS), Al(OBu^s)₃ (OBu^s: C₂H₅CH(CH₃)O), Ti(OEt)₄ (OEt: OCH₂CH₃), Zr(OPrⁿ)₄ (OPrⁿ: OCH₂CH₂CH₃). In both cases nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O) and ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ · 4H₂O) were the Ni and Mo sources, respectively. The sols were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Assignments of the simultaneous formation of the Si-O-Al, Si-O-Ti, Si-O-Ni, and Si-O-Zr bonds were done. The sols were polymerized at room temperature (293 K) to obtain gels, and these were dried at 423 K and calcined at 573, 853 and 893 K in air. The characterization techniques used were small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). The density of the solids was measured following ASTM method D-4892 and the porosity and surface area were determined by N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms. The corresponding average pore diameters were evaluated using the BJH, HK, and DA methods.