全双层化结构压力容器

从压力容器安全使用角度出发,提出了符合压力容器安全使用要求的全双层压力容器结构,并阐明了这种结构的可行性、经济性与安全性,是一种具有开发潜力的新型压力容器。     

合理结构压力容器的特点及发展趋势分析

从经济性与安全性两方面论证了压力容器结构离散化的发展趋势,并阐述了具有代表性的全双层结构压力容器和扁平绕带式压力容器的特点及应用情况,最后指出压力容器的结构离散化发展趋势和前景展望。     

压力容器合理结构发展趋势分析

本文从经济性与安全性二方面来论证压力容器结构离散化的发展趋势,并阐述了具代表性的全双层结构压力容器和扁平绕带式压力容器的特点及应用情况,最后指出压力容器的结构离散化发展趋势和前景展望。     

降低压力容器设计制造应力集中的措施

对压力容器的结构进行详细分析,不仅有助于对压力容器的结构进行更深层次的了解,掌握制造工艺,并且可以通过设计使压力容器应力部分的情况得到改善,确保压力容器在承载上的安全性,从而延长压力容器的使用寿命。在接受应力集中和应力腐蚀的基础上对应力集中的措施进行了介绍,希望对提高我国压力容器设计的水平能够有所帮助。     

复合材料的压力容器研究与发展

讨论复合材料压力容器的优越性,系统地论述复合材料压力容器的设计和典型结构,阐述复合材料压力容器的主要应用,指出了复合材料压力容器的发展方向。     

基于复合材料的压力容器研究与发展

讨论复合材料压力容器的优越性,系统地论述复合材料压力容器的设计和典型结构,阐述复合材料压力容器的主要应用,指出了复合材料压力容器的发展方向.     

基于区间有限元法的压力容器可靠性分析

压力容器应力计算中,结构的力学参数和尺寸参数具有不确定性。这种不确定性往往是有界的。在工程上可以用一个合理的区间来描述变量的不确定性。对于多个随机变量,利用有限元软件分析变量对结构的影响水平,降低区间数的组合次数,获得压力容器结构的应力区间。根据应力区间的变化范围,得到压力容器的非概率可靠度,从而判断压力容器是否可靠,为压力容器的设计以及评估提出了一种新思路。     

扁平绕带式压力容器的复合材料特性分析

扁平绕带式压力容器在使用中具有突出的安全性,其使用寿命比一般的同类其他结构如多层包扎式、单层式、瓦片式等都要长。本文从绕带式压力容器结构与材料方面入手,阐述绕带式压力容器所具有的内在优越性,并指出绕带式压力容器具有复合材料特性。     

探究压力容器设计的安全经济性

在压力容器设计的过程中,设计人员必须要对设计过程中容易忽视的问题进行重视,防止压力容器在自身生产过程中会产生一些不可靠的现象,针对那些在设计过程中容易忽视的诸多问题,要求相关人员必须要对其实施高度重视和关注,有效避免再产生这样的技术问题,有效防止发生相关安全事故,避免产生相关经济损失。本文中,笔者就对压力容器设计的安全经济性进行探究。     

压力容器合理结构发展趋势分析

本文从经济性与安全性地崃论证压力容器结构离散化的发展趋势，并阐述了具代表性的全双层结构压力容器和扁平速扁平绕工压力容器的特点及应用情况，最后指出压力容器的结构离散化发展趋势和前景展望。     

Confocal microscope—A valuable tool for examining wood-coating interface

The suitability of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in examining a wood-coating interface was evaluated using a clear coating system. A comparison of the images of the wood-clear coating interface obtained using CLSM and light microscopy (LM) showed a marked superiority of CLSM in revealing the details of the physical nature of the interaction between the clear coating and the wood cell walls in the surface layer. The most distinct advantage of CLSM was in its ability to clearly resolve penetration of the coating into very fine cracks in cell walls, details not obtainable with LM. The information presented here demonstrates that CLSM has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of the physical aspects of an interaction between the wood and coating at the interface.     

影响纳米流体液滴蒸发沉积图案的关键因素分析

目前关于液滴蒸发后沉积图案的研究主要集中于描述其物理现象的变化,但是对于蒸发过程中导致沉积图案形成的受力分析少有研究。影响纳米流体液滴蒸发沉积图案的主要因素是与液滴接触的底板温度和纳米颗粒的质量浓度。本文选用4种不同温度（30℃、47℃、64℃和81℃）的玻璃载玻片作为底板,采用粒径为20nm的3种质量分数（0.05%、0.1%和0.2%）的Al₂O₃-H₂O纳米溶液来研究纳米流体液滴在固体表面上蒸发后沉积图案的形成机理。实验结果表明,随着溶液质量分数的增加和底板温度的升高,咖啡圈效应越来越明显,且内环结构也逐渐清晰可见。其中咖啡圈效应由底板温度和溶液质量分数共同影响。溶液质量分数和底板温度都与马兰戈尼（Marangoni）效应呈正相关性,但由停滞点和Marangoni效应产生的内环结构,受底板温度的影响更大。     

废钢在底吹反应器中运动熔化及混匀的水模型实验

通过水模型实验,使用饱和氯化钾溶液制作的冰样模拟重型废钢,研究其在底吹气体搅拌反应器中的运动、融化及溶质的混匀规律。探究了单孔吹气模式下的液面高度、双孔吹气方式下的气体流量等因素对其的影响。结果表明,单孔吹气时,液面高度较低时(液面高度与直径比为0.42),气柱发展不充分,容器内环流较弱,盐球在气柱上下往复运动,融化较为缓慢。随着液面高度增加(液面高度与直径比为1.04),盐球随着环流运动,融化过程加快,按照98%标准得到的KCl的混匀时间甚至低于融化时间。双孔吹气时,A孔气体流量0.8 m3/h不变,B孔气体流量为0.5和1.0 m3/h时,盐球从吹气孔A上方加入后,在容器底部停留一段时间,在60~70 s之后才运动到顶部,沿着环流运动;B孔流量增加至1.5 m3/h时,盐球不会在底部停留,随气柱运动到吹气流量大的一侧的羽流区,其融化过程较快。在双孔吹气方案中,也发现了KCl的混匀时间低于融化时间的规律,这和融化末期盐球质量较小,释放的盐分较少有关。在本研究中,双孔吹气对盐球融化的促进作用不如单孔吹气且流量较大的方案。     

纳米填料/橡胶体系在贮存中的结构形态变化Ⅱ.结构变化的影响因素及其对性能的影响

综述了纳米填料／橡胶复合体系在熔融态或高弹态贮存停放过程中,影响其结构形态变化的因素,以及贮存停放对复合体系流变性能、物理机械性能和导电性能的影响,并评述了相关的理论模型。纳米填料／橡胶复合体系在熔融贮存过程中的结构变化主要受橡胶的黏度、填料特性及其用量、填料与橡胶之间的相互作用以及加工性能的影响。填料网络结构的絮凝程度强化使复合体系流变性能、动态力学性能降低,但导电性能提高。相关的填料聚集动力学和填料絮凝模型大部分是唯象模型。     

Lipid soil removal from cotton fabric after mercerization and carboxymethylation finishing

Soiling and soil removal from cotton fabrics that had been chemically modified by mercerization and carboxymethylation were studied using electron microscopy and radiotracer techniques. The distribution of lard soil in specimens before and after laudering was determined by means of chemical tagging with osmium tetroxide. Both the chemical and physical changes of the cotton resulted in differences in soiling and soil removal of lipid soil. Mercerization and carboxymethylation of cotton swell the cotton fiber, decrease the crenulation and the lumen, and smooth the fiber surface. These finishes also increase the pore volume and thus the chemical accessibility of the fibrillar structure. In addition, carboxymethylation causes changes in the chemistry of the fiber by increasing the carboxyl group content. These structural changes reduce the amount of soil deposited in the lumen of the fiber, particularly for the carboxymethylated cotton. They also increase soil removal from the crenulation and the interfiber spaces in the yarn bundle. Soil removal from fiber surfaces and from within the fiber—both lumen and secondary wall—was highest for the carboxymethylated cotton, and mercerization also enhanced lipid soil removal. The results of this experiment indicate that chemical accessibility and hydrophilicity of the fiber structure influence both soil deposition and soil removal of lipid soils. Soil removal of these modified cottons is enhanced by multiple mechanisms: (i) the decrease in small crevices and the crenulation or small capillary along the fiber, (ii) the increase in pore volume that enhances chemical accessibility and thus detergency within the fiber structure, (iii) the increase in hydrophilicity that enhances soil removal from the surface by the roll-up mechanism, (iv) the increase of mechanical action due to enhanced swelling of the carboxymethylated cotton, and (v) the reduction of soil redeposition on carboxymethylated surfaces.     

聚电解质静电沉积改性制备高性能反渗透膜

利用次氯酸钠溶液对商品反渗透膜表面进行氯化处理,然后将聚阳离子电解质壳聚糖通过静电吸附作用沉积在RO膜的表面,系统地研究了氯化过程的pH、氯化时间、次氯酸钠浓度、壳聚糖浓度及其沉积时间对膜性能的影响,以制备出高通量、高截留率的RO膜。在压力1.55 MPa、原料液温度（298±1）K的条件下,测定RO膜处理2000 μg·g^-1氯化钠溶液的水通量和截留率。结果表明,当pH=9、氯化时间为30 min、次氯酸钠浓度为1000 mg·L^-1时,水通量较原膜提高了约19.89%,截留率略有提高;当壳聚糖浓度为0.1%（质量分数）、沉积时间为30 min时,改性膜的接触角降低到34.88°,亲水性提高,水通量较氯化后的RO膜几乎保持不变,为60.55 L·m^-2·h^-1,截留率达到了99.56%。经过氯化和沉积改性后的RO膜水通量和截留率均得到了提高。     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Écoulement de Taylor‐Couette en géométrie finie et à surface libre

The reactors of Taylor‐Couette type are relatively recent application in the engineering processes field. The stability and the flow structure in this device are examined under the effect combined of the free surface and the fluid's height in annular space. The exploitation of the flow regimes is carried out according to the number of Taylor for various values of aspect ration Γ. By means of ultrasonic velocimetry (UPV) we determine axial average velocity profile and the axial wavelength. We also carry out the spectral analysis by Fourier's fast transform of the fluctuations associated with the average velocity values in order to analyze the flow structure. We particularly aim for checking the presence or the absence of the azimuth wave according to the filling height and the rotational velocity imposed. We highlight the effects of free surface and aspect ratio on the conditions of appearance of the second instability ( wavy mode). The analysis of the fluctuation shows that the appearance of the azimuth wave regime (Wavy mode) is delayed when the aspect ration decreases. Below a critical value noted Γc = 10, the azimuth wave regime is not observed any more.     

Analyse Expérimentale et Numérique du Comportement de Membranes Thermoplastiques en ABS et en HIPS dans le Procédé de Thermoformage

In this work, we are interested, on the one hand in the characterization of circular polymeric ABS and HIPS membrane under biaxial deformation using the bubble inflation technique, on the other hand in modelling and numerical simulation of the thermoforming of ABS and HIPS materials using the dynamic finite element method. Hyperelastic models (Mooney‐Rivlin, Ogden) are considered. First, the governing equations for the inflation of a flat circular membrane are solved using a variable‐step‐size‐finite difference method and a modified Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm to minimize the difference between the calculated and measured inflation pressure. This will determine the material constants embedded within the models used. For numerical simulation, the lagrangian formulation together with the assumption of the membrane theory is used. Moreover, the influence of the hyperalastic model on the thickness and on the stress distribution in the thermoforming sheet are analysed for ABS and HIPS materials.     

高温干燥对褐煤孔隙结构及水分复吸的影响

利用卧式固定床实验炉制得不同温度下干燥处理的煤样,采用低温氮吸附法测试煤样的比表面积、孔体积和孔径分布等孔隙特征参数,使用复吸实验装置测定不同干燥程度褐煤煤样的平衡含水量,探索了高温干燥处理后褐煤孔隙结构的演变与其复吸特性之间的关联规律。结果表明：褐煤原煤及不同干燥温度(600~800℃)下半焦的等温吸附曲线均属于第Ⅱ类吸附等温线,褐煤原煤、600℃和700℃干燥半焦的吸附回线均属于L1型,800℃干燥半焦的吸附回线有从L1型转变为L2型的趋势;随着干燥温度的增加,干燥半焦的比表面积先增大后减小,介孔峰值的孔径微分同样先增大后减小,而大孔孔径微分基本保持不变;分形维数D₁和D₂呈相反的变化趋势,且D₂>D₁;不同干燥程度半焦的复吸曲线变化趋势相同,且平衡含水量随着干燥温度的升高而减小;半焦复吸特性与孔隙结构有关,平衡含水率与其孔容积之间呈较好的线性关系。