高温液态水中葡萄糖无催化降解反应动力学

The decomposition kinetics of glucose was studied in high-temperature liquid water （HTLW） from 180 to 220℃ under a pressure of 10 MPa. It was found the main products from glucose decomposition were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural （5-HMF） and levulinic acid （LA）. The decomposition kinetics of 5-HMF and stability of LA in HTLW were further investigated. A kinetic model for glucose decomposition was proposed accordingly. In the model, a series of first-order reactions with the consideration of parallel by-reactions were used to illustrate the decomposition of glucose. The decomposition activation energies of glucose, 5-HMF, and LA were evaluated as 118.85, 95.40, and 31.29 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.     

小麦秸秆制备乙酰丙酸的动力学研究

Levulinic acid is considered as a promising green platform chemical derived from biomass. The kinetics of levulinic acid accumulation in the hydrolysis process of wheat straw was investigated in the study. Using dilute sulfuric acid as a catalyst, the ki-netic experiments were performed in a temperature range of 190-230C and an acid concentration range of 1%-5% (by mass). A simple model of first-order series reactions was developed, which provided a satisfactory interpretation of the experimental results. The kinetics of main intermediates including sugar and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were also established. The kinetic pa-rameters provided useful information for understanding the hydrolysis process.     

Degradation Kinetics of Xylose and Glucose in Hydrolysate Containing Dilute Sulfuric Acid

In preparation of fuel alcohol from biomass as feedstock, hydrolysis with dilute acid as catalyst is one way to produce fermentable saccharide, xylose and glucose. However, the acid is also the catalyst in degradation of xylose and glucose and the yield of sacchride is dependent on the kinetic behaviors of saccharide. The degradation kinetics of xylose and glucose in the hydrolysate was investigated under the conventional process conditions of hydrogen ion concentration from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/L and temperature from 150 to 200℃. With a numerical calculation method, the kinetic parameters were estimated, and the activation energy of xylose and glucose in the degradation reaction was obtained. The kinetic equations correlating the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the rate constants of degradation reaction were established. Comparison between the calculated results from the equations and experimental ones proved that the established kinetic model could satisfactorily predict the degradation behavior of xylose and glucose in the acidic hydrolysate.     

Kinetics of Asymmetric Reduction of Phenylglyoxylic Acid to R-(－)-Mandelic Acid by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae FD11b

The kinetics of asymmetric production of R-(-)-mandelic acid (R-MA) from phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA)catalyzed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. strain FD11b was studied by fed-batch cultures. The concentrations of glucose and PGA were controlled respectively with a dual feeding system. When the electron donor glucose was supplied at the rate of 0.0833mmol·gdw-1·h-1, the specific production rate (qp) and the enantiomeric excess of R-MAreached the maximum 0.353mmol·gdw-1·h-1 and 97.1％, respectively. The apparent reduction activity of yeast FD11b was obviously affected by both substrate PGA and product MA. The qp value reached the maximum 0.36-0.38mmol·gdw-1·h-1 when the PGA concentration was controlled between 25 and 35mmol·L-1. The obvious substrate inhibition of bioconversion was observed at the PGA concentrations higher than 40mmol· L-1. The accumulation of product MA also caused a severe feed-back inhibition for its production when the product concentration was above 60mmol· L-1. The kinetic model with the inhibition effect of both substrate and product was simulated by a computer-based least-square arithmatic. The established kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental data.     

近临界水中水解鱼蛋白制备氨基酸

The hydrolysis technology and reaction kinetics for amino acids production from fish proteins in subcritical water reactor without catalysts were investigated in a reactor with volume of 400 ml under the conditions of reaction temperature from 180-320℃, pressure from 5-26 MPa, and time from 5-60 rain. The quality and quantity of amino acids in hydrolysate were determined by bioLiquid chromatography, and 17 kinds of amino acids were obtained. For the important 8 amino acids, the experiments were conducted to examine the effects of reaction temperature, pressure and time on amino acids yield. The optimum conditions for high yield are obtained from the experimental results. It is found that the nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmosphere should be used for leucine, isoleucine and histidine production while the air atmosphere might be used for other amino acids. The reaction time of 30 rain and the experimental temperature of 220℃, 240℃ and 260℃ were adopted for reaction kinetic research. The total yield of amino acids versus reaction time have been examined experimentally. According to these experimental data and under the condition of water excess, the macroscopic reaction kinetic equation of fish proteins hydrolysis was obtained with the hydrolysis reaction order of 1.615 and the rate constants being 0.0017, 0.0045 and 0.0097 at 220℃, 240℃ and 260℃ respectively. The activation energy is 145.1 kJ·mol^- 1.     

0℃以下含SDS的甲烷水合物生成方式及过程对其分解速率的影响

The dissociation rates of methane hydrates formed with and without the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate(methane-SDS hydrates),were measured under atmospheric pressure and temperatures below ice point to investigate the influence of the hydrate production conditions and manners upon its dissociation kinetic behavior.The experimental results demonstrated that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate below ice point is strongly dependent on the manners of hydrate formation and processing.The dissociation rate of hydrate formed quiescently was lower than that of hydrate formed with stirring;the dissociation rate of hydrate formed at lower pressure was higher than that of hydrate formed at higher pressure;the compaction of hydrate after its formation lowered its stability,i.e.,increased its dissociation rate.The stability of hydrate could be increased by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at formation temperature and pressure before it was cooled down,or by prolonging the time period for which hydrate was held at dissociation temperature and formation pressure before it was depressurized to atmospheric pressure.It was found that the dissociation rate of methane hydrate varied with the temperature(ranging from 245.2 to 272.2 K) anomalously as reported on the dissociation of methane hydrate without the presence of surfactant as kinetic promoter.The dissociation rate at 268 K was found to be the lowest when the manners and conditions at which hydrates were formed and processed were fixed.     

炭基固体酸催化废油脂合成生物柴油动力学研究(英文)

The kinetics of simultaneous transesterification and esterification with a carbon-based solid acid catalyst was studied.Two solid acid catalysts were prepared by the sulfonation of carbonized vegetable oil asphalt and petroleum asphalt.These catalysts were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis,acidity site concentration,the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area and pore size.The kinetic parameters with the two catalysts were determined,and the reaction system can be described as a pseudo homogeneous catalyzed reaction.All the forward and reverse reactions follow second order kinetics.The calculated concentration values from the kinetic equations are in good agreement with experimental values.     

Production of Citric Acid from Apple Pomace Enzymolyzed by Cellulase

Cellulase can evidently increase the content of glucose and has a significant effect on the production of citric acid from apple pomace by Aspergillus niger. Based on experiments, a cellulolytic enzyme named cellulase A6 was found able to produce about 170 g glucose from 1 kg dried apple pomace after 12 h reaction, with cellulase concentration of 20 U/g in the medium at 50℃, natural pH without pretreatment of alkali. Using the treated apple pomace as a liquid state substrate, Aspergillus niger-C selected out was able to produce about 256 g citric acid from 1 kg dried apple pomace at 35℃ in 3 d or 30℃ in 5 d with flask rotation speed of 210 r/min, and the conversion of citric acid could reach 80% based on the amount of sugar consumed.     

Kinetics of glucose ethanolysis catalyzed by extremely low sulfuric acid in ethanol medium简

The kinetics for production of ethyl levulinate from glucose in ethanol medium was investigated. The experiments were performed in various temperatures （433-473 K） and initial glucose concentrations （0.056-0.168 mol·L-1） with extremely low sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The results show that higher temperature can improve the conversion of glucose to ethyl levulinate, with higher yield of ethyl levulinate （44.79%, by mole） obtained at 473 K for 210 min. The kinetics follows a simplified first-order kinetic model. For the main and side reactions, the values of activation energy are 122.64 and 70.97 kJ·mo1-1, and the reaction orders are 0.985 and 0.998, respectively.     

乙酸与甲醇的催化酯化

Esterification of methyl alcohol with acetic acid catalysed by Amberlyst-15 (cation-exchange resin) was carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature ranging between 318-338 K, at atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature, but decreased with an increase in water concentration. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The rate data were correlated with a second-order kinetic model based on homogeneous reaction. The apparent activation energy was found to be 22.9kJmol-1 for the formation of methyl acetate. The methyl acetate production was carried out as batch and continuous in a packed bed reactive distillation column with high purity methyl acetate produced.     

5-羟甲基糠醛在稀硫酸催化下的降解反应动力学

5-羟甲基糠醛脱羧生成乙酰丙酸是生物质资源出发制备乙酰丙酸过程中的关键步骤之一。为了研究低硫酸浓度下水解生物质制备乙酰丙酸工艺的可行性,系统地测定了在压力5 MPa、初始浓度1～9 mg·ml^-1、硫酸浓度0.05%～0.4%（质量分数）、温度150～190℃条件下,5-羟甲基糠醛在稀硫酸催化下的降解反应动力学数据,并以主反应生成乙酰丙酸、副反应生成腐黑质的平行反应动力学模型对数据进行了拟合,拟合结果表明,在实验范围内,主、副反应对5-羟甲基糠醛均为一级反应;主反应对H⁺浓度为1.16级,反应的活化能为78.5 kJ·mol^-1;副反应对H⁺浓度为0.722级,反应的活化能为98.0 kJ·mol^-1。研究结果表明,降低温度和提高硫酸浓度有利于提高生成乙酰丙酸的选择性。     

超声-微波协同辅助盐酸水解葡萄糖制乙酰丙酸的研究

以葡萄糖为原料,采用超声—微波协同辅助盐酸水解法制备乙酰丙酸.应用单变量法考察了反应温度、葡萄糖与盐酸体积比、盐酸浓度、反应时间等对乙酰丙酸产率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件如下:反应温度100℃、葡萄糖与盐酸体积比1∶0.7、盐酸浓度5 mol·L-1、反应时间60 min,此时,乙酰丙酸的产率达到49.1%.该法具有反应...     

铌酸催化水解葡萄糖的研究

研究了铌酸催化水解葡萄糖溶液的反应,考察了不同热处理温度对铌酸催化剂活性的影响。研究发现,当热处理温度为400 ℃时,此类催化剂对葡萄糖催化水解生成乙酰丙酸（LA）的活性和选择性较好。对不同制备方法得到的铌酸催化剂活性进行比较,结果表明,直接水洗法制备得到的铌酸较有利于LA的生成。对用磷酸处理的铌酸催化剂进行考察发现,对于本反应体系,催化剂酸性的增加反而使活性下降。用XRD对催化剂的结构表征结果表明,催化剂活性与其表面是否结晶无明显关系。     

稻草酸水解制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以稻草为原料,高压酸水解法制备乙酰丙酸,采用气相色谱法测定水解液中乙酰丙酸的含量,考察了反应温度、反应时间、固液比和硫酸质量分数对乙酰丙酸得率的影响,通过单因素试验确定了最佳水解条件。结果表明,在高压 1.6 MPa 条件下,反应温度 170℃,反应时间 60 min,固液比1:10,硫酸的质量分数为 5% 时,所制得乙酰丙酸得率为 24.35%,此条件下水解残渣中纤维素和多戊糖均已完全反应。     

硫酸催化葡萄糖制备乙酰丙酸的过程强化

采用高温下稀硫酸催化葡萄糖的方法制备乙酰丙酸。考察了反应温度、硫酸浓度和搅拌转速对葡萄糖转化率和乙酰丙酸收率的影响,并优化确定了最优反应条件。进一步,分析了最优反应条件下不同葡萄糖初始浓度对乙酰丙酸收率的影响。为了提高高浓度葡萄糖底物反应时乙酰丙酸的收率,采用两种不同的补料方法进行实验：分3次,依次加入7%、6%与5%的葡萄糖;每次均添加3%的葡萄糖,共6次。结果表明：①提高硫酸浓度、反应温度和搅拌速度有利于加快葡萄糖转化和乙酰丙酸生成;②高浓度葡萄糖底物不利于乙酰丙酸的生成,且浓度越高,乙酰丙酸收率越低;③通过补料操作,可使乙酰丙酸收率由 44.3%提高至65.9%。     

半纤维素六碳糖转化为5-羟甲基糠醛的动力学

选取甘露糖和半乳糖两种典型半纤维素六碳糖作为模化物,考察其在水相中较宽温度（100～200℃）和时间（10～240min）范围内的降解行为。实验结果表明,较高的反应温度能提高六碳糖的转化率和5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）的产率;在200℃时甘露糖和半乳糖生成的HMF最高产率分别为26.82%和22.86%,乙酰丙酸（LA）的产率低于3%;半乳糖因容易异构化生成塔格糖而非果糖,导致其HMF产率较低。采用六碳糖平行生成HMF和Humin,随后HMF平行生成的LA和Humin的反应模型对六碳糖降解动力学进行分析,揭示了六碳糖的类型对HMF和Humin生成机制的影响。此外,针对六碳糖生成的Humin的Van Krevelen图和FTIR谱图进行分析进一步发现,Humin是通过脱水聚合生成的呋喃环基聚合物,同时其结构特征与单糖类型紧密相关。     

加拿大一支黄花基乙酰丙酸的制备研究

以加拿大一枝黄花为原材料,提取α-纤维素,并制备乙酰丙酸。在符合生物炼制观念的基础上,考察温度、时间、酸浓度、固液比对乙酰丙酸的产率和还原糖残留量的影响。采用气相色谱法进行产率的分析。结果表明,压力为2.0 MPa时,在最佳温度230℃,时间45 min,硫酸浓度为6%,固液比1∶20的条件下,乙酰丙酸的产率为27.62%。反应结束之后,还原糖基本完全转化,残留量为1.02%。