氢氧化镁阻燃EVAC的流变性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了Mg(OH)2阻燃乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯塑料(EVAC),并采用毛细管流变仪对其流变性能进行了研究。讨论了温度、剪切速率和剪切应力对熔体表观黏度的影响;研究了黏流活化能与剪切速率的变化规律。结果表明,熔体的表观黏度随温度的升高而降低,随剪切速率和剪切应力的增大而减小;黏流活化能随剪切速率的增大而降低。其非牛顿指数小于1,说明Mg(OH)2阻燃EVAC为假塑性流体。当剪切应力无限小时,由Spencer-Dillon公式外推得到阻燃EVAC的零切黏度。     

相对分子质量对全同聚1-丁烯熔体流变行为的影响

采用恒速型双筒毛细管流变仪研究了不同相对分子质量的全同聚1-丁烯(iPB)在较宽剪切速率范围的稳态剪切流变行为。讨论了剪切速率、温度及相对分子质量对iPB熔体黏弹性、非牛顿指数、黏流活化能及挤出物表观的影响。结果表明:在实验剪切速率范围内,iPB是典型的假塑性流体,相对分子质量越大非牛顿指数越小,熔体的黏弹性和黏流活化能越大,挤出物临界剪切速率越小;升高温度能降低熔体的黏弹性。iPB熔体的非牛顿性随温度变化及黏流活化能随剪切速率变化均因相对分子质量的不同而略有差异。     

丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物的流变性能

用毛细管流变仪测试了丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯（ASA）树脂的表观黏度、黏流活化能、非牛顿指数等流变参数,讨论了剪切速率、剪切应力、温度对ASA的表观黏度的影响,研究了黏流活化能与剪切速率的变化规律。结果表明,随着温度升高, 共聚物的表观黏度下降,非牛顿指数增大;随着剪切速率的增大,树脂的黏流活化能降低;其非牛顿指数n小于1,说明ASA是典型的假塑性流体。     

固相缩聚半芳香透明聚酰胺的流变性能

采用毛细管流变仪对固相缩聚半芳香透明聚酰胺(Semi-AromaticTransparent Polyamide,简称SATPA)的流变性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:固相缩聚SATPA熔体属假塑性流体,非牛顿指数随剪切速率的增大而减小;表观黏度随温度、剪切速率和剪切应力的升高而降低。随着剪切速率的增大,黏流活化能减小,表观黏度对于温度的敏感性减弱。     

尼龙612及其共聚物流变性能的研究

采用毛细管流变仪对尼龙612/6(PA 612/6)共聚物的流变性能进行了研究,并与PA 612进行比较。结果表明:PA 612/6共聚物和PA 612熔体均为剪切变稀的假塑性非牛顿流体,在相同温度和剪切速率下,PA 612/6共聚物熔体的表观黏度均小于PA 612的;在温度为240℃时其非牛顿指数分别为0.749,0.748;随着温度的升高,两者熔体的表观黏度和稠度系数均逐渐下降,非牛顿指数逐渐增大;PA 612/6共聚物和PA 612熔体的黏流活化能随剪切速率的增大先增大后减小,在剪切速率为115 s~(-1)左右时,两者的黏流活化能达到最大,分别为61.49,61.27 kJ/mol,此时熔体的表观黏度对温度的敏感性最强。     

高黏度聚酯流变行为的研究

采用毛细管流变仪研究了高黏度聚酯(PET)的表观黏度及黏流活化能随温度(280～300℃)及剪切速率(20～104s-1)的变化。结果表明:高黏度PET熔体随着剪切速率的增加出现切力变稀现象,随着熔体温度升高,剪切速率对熔体的表观黏度的影响降低;高黏度PET的黏流活化能随着剪切速率的提高而降低;在温度为300℃,剪切速率为3 000 s-1时,高黏度PET熔体具有较好的流动性。     

纺丝用可熔性聚四氟乙烯的流变性能研究

采用毛细管流变仪,对PFA熔体的流变性能进行研究。讨论了温度、剪切速率对纺丝用PFA熔体的非牛顿指数、表观粘度、结构粘度指数等方面的影响。结果表明,PFA熔体非牛顿指数随温度上升而升高。在不同温度下,PFA熔体的粘度均随着剪切速率的增大而减小,表观粘流活化能随剪切速率增加而减小。PFA熔体的结构粘度指数Δη随熔体温度的增高而逐渐减小。     

聚丙烯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料流变性能研究

采用毛细管流变仪对聚丙烯/纳米羟基磷灰石(PP/n HA)复合材料的流变性能进行了研究,并讨论了复合材料的表观黏度、非牛顿指数、黏流活化能与温度、剪切速率、n HA用量之间的关系。结果表明:PP/n HA熔体为假塑性流体,其表观黏度随着n HA用量的增加总体呈上升趋势,但在其用量为1%时达到极小值;非牛顿指数随着温度的提高而增大,随着n HA用量的增加而逐渐减小;黏流活化能则随着剪切速率的增加逐渐降低,随着n HA用量的增加呈上升趋势。     

全氟磺酸离子交换树脂挤出流延薄膜加工性能研究

选取3种不同的离子交换容量(IEC)的氟型全氟磺酸离子交换树脂(PFSR),采用熔融流延挤出方法来制备不同IEC值的离子交换薄膜.分别利用热失重分析(TGA)、熔体流动速率仪、毛细管流变仪、哈克扭矩流变仪、X射线衍射(XRD)对3种树脂的熔融加工稳定性、熔体流变性能及挤出树脂的结晶性能进行了全面的分析研究.结果表明,在380℃以下,3种树脂的静态稳定性都很好,但当温度升高,静态稳定性随树脂IEC的升高而下降.低剪切速率下,PFSR熔融温度随IEC的升高而明显降低.PFSR树脂为剪切变稀型非牛顿流体,其表观黏度对加工剪切速率敏感;PFSR树脂在高剪切速率下的动态热稳定性能明显下降,当达到240℃以上,树脂中会出现微小气泡,其加工和动态热稳定温度随IEC值的降低而增加.另外,PFSR树脂为一种低结晶型聚合物,其结晶能力主要受其IEC值影响,并随其增加而下降.     

HDPE/石墨导热复合材料流变行为研究

制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/石墨导热复合材料,研究了该复合材料在毛细管流变仪中的流变行为。结果表明:该HDPE/石墨复合材料熔体在毛细管流变仪中的流动为非牛顿型流动,遵从假塑性流体的流动规律。随着石墨用量的增加,复合材料熔体的真实黏度、黏流活化能增大,非牛顿指数呈减小的趋势;随着剪切速率的增加,复合材料熔体的真实黏度和黏流活化能则均有所减小;而随着温度的升高,复合材料熔体的非牛顿指数呈增大的趋势。     

混合离子交换树脂除盐的性能研究

研究了强酸型离子交换树脂D072和强碱型离子交换树脂D201混合吸附杂离子的性能。D072和D201的质量比为1∶2,考察其30℃时的吸附特性,结果表明,混合树脂符合兰格缪尔吸附模型,等温吸附平衡方程为q=7.55c/(0.97+c) (R2=0.9971)。此外,考察了树脂固定床的操作性能。进料流速与初始进料浓度对树脂固定床的穿透曲线影响显著,当液相初始进料浓度为800 mg/L、进料速度为3 min/L时,穿透时间为83 min,该操作条件大幅提高了离子交换树脂的吸附效率。     

柱色谱法对大豆低聚糖浆脱色效果的研究

研究了离子交换树脂和大孔吸附树脂对大豆低聚糖浆的脱色效果。比较了不同树脂处理大豆低聚糖浆的脱色效果,并选择D392作为脱色树脂,确定的适宜操作条件为:固体分质量分数为10.75%的低聚糖浆与树脂的体积比为11∶1,在常温脱色3~4 h,脱色率可达86%以上,较优解吸剂为w(NaOH)=10%水溶液和无水乙醇的混合溶液V[w(NaOH)=10%的水溶液]∶V(无水乙醇)=1∶1,解吸率达99.81%。     

Poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate) and poly(2‐acrylamido glycolic acid) polymer–clay ion exchange resins with enhanced mechanical properties and metal ion retention

This research presents the synthesis of novel nanocomposite ion exchange resins based on poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate) and poly(2‐acrylamido glycolic acid). Nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ radical polymerization using organic modified montmorillonite as filler and different clay contents. Loaded resins showed improvements in mechanical properties compared with unloaded resins: specifically, when the nominal montmorillonite content was 2.5 wt%, poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate) nanocomposite increased its shear modulus from 323 to 910 Pa and doubled its elastic recovery ratio, and the yield point was almost 20 times higher than for unloaded resins. In the case of metal ion retention, the effect of pH and clay content were studied for Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Al(III) by a batch procedure. Results showed high efficiency, reaching over 80% after only 1 h of contact. Poly(2‐acrylamido glycolic acid) presented a higher pH dependence than poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate). In addition, it was observed that montmorillonite contributes to retention capacity from the increase in distribution coefficients for loaded resins compared with unloaded resins. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

固定床不同床深下的米格列醇离子交换性研究

为考察米格列醇在固定床树脂不同堆积高度下的离子交换吸附行为,采用称量不同量的D001树脂装入离子交换柱中,通过固定床堆积高度的改变,在上样液流速和浓度固定前提下研究米格列醇溶液与树脂间的离子交换规律性,并结合床深服务时间(BDST)模型对此条件下固定床透过曲线进行分析评价。结果表明:固定床堆积高度的增加,提高了树脂与米格列醇溶液间的接触时间和树脂总的可交换离子数,有利于离子交换过程的进行,树脂的吸附质量和吸附率都得到了相应提高,堆积高度的增加使饱和点时间变长,吸附效率变小;对固定床透过曲线进行BDST模型拟合分析,结果表明:该模型与实验值间具有很高的相关系数,计算的相关参数间差异很小,对于该离子交换体系,表明BDST模型能很好地应用于该体系的离子交换吸附过程。     

一种降低合成镁砂中CaO含量的新方法

介绍了一种用离子交换树脂降低合成镁砂中CaO含量的新方法。对原料预处理条件、离子交换反应时间等工艺因素进行了条件试验。同时,对不同树脂的使用效果进行了对比。     

阳离子交换树脂分离纯化石杉碱甲的工艺研究

研究了5种离子交换树脂对石杉碱甲的吸附量和解吸率。结果表明,C004阳离子交换树脂的效果最好,其最佳工艺参数为:上柱液pH=3.0,上柱流速为3 BV/h,洗脱剂用3 mol/L氨水-70%乙醇,洗脱剂体积3 BV,洗脱速率1 BV/h。在此优化条件下,产品中的石杉碱甲含量可达5%。     

Porosimetrie gequollener makroretikularer Ionenaustauscher

The relative micro and macro pore volumes and the macro pore size distribution were used to characterize the pore structure of ion exchangers. The evaluation of these from density measurements and mercury penetration measurements was described for a sulphonated macro reticular ion exchange resin in the swollen state with different contents of swelling agent. On taking up water the dry volume of the exchange resin increased (swelling) until a water content of about 33 wt.-% was reached. Additional water filled up the macro pores to a final content of 58 wt.-%. With the specific volume of the exchange resin in the swollen state in addition to the specific volume of the gel phase, the relative macro pore volume of the fully swollen state was evaluated. The results of the mercury penetration method agreed with those of the density measurements taking into account the compressibility of the mercury itself and those of the swelling agent and the matrix. Corresponding correction factors could be evaluated from measurements on micro reticular ion exchange resins. The mercury penetration measurements provided additional information on the macro pore size distribution of the swollen state. For the examined ion exchange resins a logarithmic standard distribution with an arithmetically weighed mean pore radius of about 1 100 Å was evaluated. The relative over-all pore volume of 0,65 was not identical with the value of 0,61 for the partition coefficient of ethylene glycol from dilute aqueous solutions, as only that part of the water, which is bound to the sulphonic groups (hydrated water), could be exchanged by ethylene glycol. Pure ethylene glycol substituted the hydrated water completely. The specific volume of the exchange resin thereby decreased in comparison to that of the water-swollen state.     

处理高浓度氨氮废水的阳离子交换树脂筛选

目前树脂种类繁多,给处理高浓度氨氮废水的树脂选型带来困难。根据离子交换理论,利用001×7、D61和D001三种阳离子交换树脂,模拟研究了氮肥厂废水（氨氮浓度为915 mg·L^-1）氨氮的吸附等温式,在30～50 min内三种树脂对氨氮的吸附基本可达到平衡,吸附等温线均符合Freundlich吸附模式;进而研究了这三种树脂对废水中氨氮吸附的选择性系数、工作交换容量和离子交换速率。结果表明,用D61树脂处理含高浓度氨氮的废水效果较为理想,可以相对较少的用量,使处理后水质达到相关排放标准的要求。     

Ionenaustauscher als beispiel für reaktionsfähige hochpolymere

The resin-based ion exchange materials used nowadays are insoluble polyelectrolytes. Synthetic processes allow a large variety of modifications of the ion exchange substance itself as well as of the functional groups. It is thus possible to offer tailormade special resins for many different uses. Beside resins which are resistant at elevated temperatures or in oxidizing media, the introduction of the macroporous matrix has proved to be a special success. It leads to more resistant products and makes it possible to use appropriately designed ion exchange resins for general adsorption purposes as well, similar to activated carbon. The range of application of ion exchange resins is rapidly increasing as new resins are being offered and improved process engineering is being developed. The most important fields are water conditioning, detoxification of waste waters, recovery of valuable inorganic and organic substances, as well as use in chemical processes. These versatile products will in future be used in these fields to a greater extent and new applications will certainly be found.     

MEASUREMENT OF Li-NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS ON ADSORBED Li IONS IN STRONGLY ACIDIC CATION EXCHANGE RESINS.

ABSTRACT

Li-NMR chemical shifts were studied on adsorbed lithium ions in strongly acidic cation exchange resins with different degrees of crosslinking. The observed chemical shifts measured from the reference peak of butyl lithium have shown a linear relation with crosslinking degrees, regardless the types of gel or porous resins. Li-NMR chemical shifts, relating to the chemical conditions of the adsorbed lithium ion, directly indicate the microscopic environment of the ion exchange sites where cations are accommodated. Thus Li-NMR can be used as a convenient tool to analyze the crosslinking degrees or mobility of cations in the cation exchange resins.