Self-assembly of MXene-decorated stearic acid/ionic liquid phase change material emulsion for effective photo-thermal conversion and storage

As a typical latent functionally thermal fluid with large energy storage capacity and good liquidity, phase change material emulsion (PCME) plays a broad and important role in solar energy utilization. However, the high-temperature instability and supercooling problems of PCME limit its practical application. The ionic liquid (IL)-based PCME allows for the possibility of being used as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) under more extreme temperature conditions. In this work, stearic acid (SA)/IL PCME, prepared by one-step self-assembly of MXene nanosheets at the SA/IL interface, can effectively absorb and convert solar energy into thermal energy. Furthermore, MXene-decorated SA/IL PCMEs have good high-temperature stability, little supercooling degree (0.9–3.1 °C), and large energy storage capacity. The maximum apparent specific heat capacity and average absorbance of the MXene-decorated SA/IL PCME are 4.5 and 303.1 times higher than those of IL, respectively. Under 2 sun irradiation, the 0.05–20 wt% MXene-decorated SA/IL PCME achieves high photo-thermal conversion efficiencies (91.3% at 68.9 °C, 39.4% at 115.1 °C) due to its large energy storage capacity and excellent optical absorption property. The simple interfacial self-assembly provides a promising strategy to prepare high-performance SA/IL PCME used as a novel HTF for medium-temperature solar energy utilization systems.     

Waste cotton Fabric/MXene composite aerogel with heat generation and insulation for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have become more and more indispensable due to serious electromagnetic-radiation pollution. Herein, waste cotton cellulose aerogels were prepared by dissolving waste cotton fabrics (WCF) in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, and MXene nanosheets were subsequently deposited on the cellulose aerogels by a facile dip coating method to obtain WCF/MXene composite aerogels. The WCF/MXene composite aerogels with highly porous network structure show remarkable electrical conductivity (8.2 Ω/sq of surface resistance), high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in the range of 2–18 GHz (39.3–48.1 dB). The WCF/MXene aerogel possesses high SSE and SSE/t of 677.94–829.74 dB cm³ g^?1 and 3512.62–4299.17 dB cm² g^?1, respectively (2–18 GHz). In addition, the heating temperature of WCF/MXene composite aerogels reaches 199 °C when 3 V positive voltage is applied on them. The WCF/MXene composite aerogels possess excellent electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, heat generation property and insulation, which can be potentially used as multifunctional materials for EMI shielding, electrical-heating and high temperature protection.     

新型0℃相变蓄冷材料制备及蓄冷特性

针对冷链物流应用场合,提出并制备了相变温度在0℃左右、潜热较高、过冷度较小的以质量分数5%的山梨醇水溶液为基液的相变蓄冷材料,并通过采用纳米材料对其热物性进行了优化研究,设计制作了一种可直接充冷式蓄冷保温箱,以苹果作为保温对象进行了山梨醇蓄冷保温箱的保冷性能实验。结果显示,采用纳米材料（TiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃）可以有效降低蓄冷剂溶液的过冷度并增强其热导率;当TiO₂质量分数为0.50%时,可使质量分数5%山梨醇水溶液过冷度降低至1.4℃;当TiO₂质量分数为0.40%时,5%山梨醇水溶液热导率达到最大值,为0.612W/（m·K）;山梨醇水溶液本身并无相分离现象,但因纳米材料沉淀问题需加一定量的增稠剂,最终经优化所得蓄冷材料的配比为5%山梨醇水溶液+0.40%TiO₂+1.0%聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS）,其相变温度为-2.9℃,潜热焓为293.8kJ/kg,热导率为0.62W/(m·K)。本文提出的蓄冷剂溶液可以使苹果在-1～7℃区间保温20h以上,可满足冷链物流“最后一公里”甚至更长距离冷藏运输的时间要求。     

用于冷链的低温相变材料的研究进展

相变材料（PCM）具有较高的储能密度，有利于能源的储存和高效利用。对于低温相变材料，其应用从相变温度为0℃至室温的空调和建筑等领域到零下的工业制冷和食品、药物等的运输储藏，非常广泛。本文从水溶液相变材料体系和非水相变材料体系两方面对冷链用相变材料进行了系统介绍，并从过冷、长期稳定性和导热等角度综述了近年关于冷链用相变材料的研究。指出对于水溶液相变材料体系存在的严重过冷及盐-水体系较强的金属腐蚀性，可通过使用合适的成核剂、改善相变材料对成核剂的浸润性、避免纳米粒子团聚及用不锈钢或聚合物材料封装等方法改善；对于非水相变材料体系，可通过引入高导热的纳米粒子和支撑材料，微胶囊化PCM等方法来解决有机物热导率较低的问题。关于纳米粒子的聚沉以及引入支撑材料和微胶囊化PCM导致的大量潜热损失问题，指出改善纳米粒子和支撑材料与PCM的亲和性是值得尝试的方向。     

三水醋酸钠相变储能复合材料改性制备及储/放热特性

水合盐相变储热材料普遍存在的过冷和相分离现象是影响其热稳定性和热性能的关键问题。以中低温水合盐相变储热材料三水醋酸钠（SAT）为研究对象,采用熔融共混法将羧甲基纤维素（CMC）和十二水磷酸氢二钠（DHPD）作为添加剂对三水醋酸钠进行了改性研究,通过各成分的配比优化制备了高性能相变储热复合材料,利用DSC及熔融-凝固装置对改性材料进行了热物性和稳定性的测试,分析了不同质量分数的添加剂对相变储热复合材料的相变焓、相变温度、过冷度及相分离现象的影响;在此基础上采用改性的SAT相变储热复合材料构建了高密度储热器并搭建了相变储能热水实验系统,研究了不同运行工况下相变储热器的储/放热性能。结果表明：添加0.5% CMC和2% DHPD的相变储热复合材料有效改善了纯SAT的相分离严重和过冷度大的问题,具有良好的热稳定性,多次循环后复合样品的相变焓为258 kJ·kg^-1,相变温度为57℃,过冷度在2℃以内;相变储能热水系统在不同放热工况下出口水温度均超过50℃,放热过程中相变材料温度变化平稳,储热器的储放热效率高于90%,放热功率大于10 kW,且随着入口水温下降,放热功率、放热量及储放热效率都提高,相变储热器的储能密度是传统水箱的2.6倍。     

Preparation of erythritol–graphite foam phase change composite with enhanced thermal conductivity for thermal energy storage applications

Three-dimensional interconnected graphite composite foam as a heat conductive matrix was fabricated by using low cost polymeric precursors and polyurethane (PU) foam as carbon source and sacrificial macroporous template, respectively. Erythritol–graphite foam as a stable composite phase change material (PCM) was obtained by incipient wetness impregnation method. The thermophysical properties such as thermal diffusivity, specific heat, thermal conductivity and latent heat of the erythritol–graphite composite foam were measured. From the results, it was found that the thermal conductivity of the erythritol–graphite composite foam (3.77 W/mK) was enhanced 5 times as compared with that of pristine erythritol (0.72 W/mK). This enhancement can significantly reduce the charging and discharging times of the PCM storage system. There is no chemical reaction between erythritol and graphite as confirmed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The PCM/foam composite has a melting point of 118 °C and latent heat of 251 J/g which corresponds to the mass percentage (75 wt.%) of the erythritol within the composite foam. The obtained results confirmed the feasibility of using erythritol–graphite foam as a new phase change composite for thermal energy storage (TES) applications, thus it can contribute to the efficient utilization and recovery of solar heat or industrial waste heat.     

二维手风琴状棕榈酸/MXene复合相变材料的制备及性能

以二维过渡金属碳化物、氮化物和/或碳氮化物（MXene）为支撑骨架,以棕榈酸（PA）为相变材料,通过熔融共混法制备MXene复合材料（PA/MXene）,并对不同Mxene质量分数的PA/MXene进行了结构表征和热性能分析。结果表明,与纯PA相比,MXene质量分数为20%的PA/MXene（记为PA/MXene-20%）吸光范围从200.0～263.2 nm拓展到200.0～679.3 nm,热分解温度提高了13%,导热能力可增加200.0%,光热转换效率达到84.5%,可实现太阳能光热转换、热能储存的一体化应用。     

六水硝酸镁相变储热复合材料改性制备及储/放热性能研究

水合盐相变材料因具有较高的相变焓和较低的成本在中低温储热领域有着广泛的应用前景,但其在储放热过程中通常存在过冷度大和热循环稳定性差的问题。以六水硝酸镁为主要研究对象开展相变储热复合材料的改性制备及相变储热装置的研制,采用熔融共混法制备了以二水硫酸钙为成核剂的六水硝酸镁相变储热复合材料,利用差示扫描量热仪及步冷曲线法测试了相变储热复合材料的热物性和循环热稳定性。在此基础上设计并构建了储热量为152 kWh的相变储热装置和相变储热系统,并对其储/放热性能进行了测试。结果表明：添加了2%（质量）二水硫酸钙的相变储热复合材料具有较好的循环热稳定性,且在经过50次熔化-凝固循环后其过冷度一直保持在0.5℃内,相变温度保持在87℃左右,相变焓保持在150 kJ/kg以上;相变储热装置可实现高达27 kW的平均储热功率,在保证放热过程中出水温度不低于56℃的情况下,可实现8 kW的平均放热功率和92.3%的储-放热效率,可满足建筑采暖及日常生活热水需求。     

Phasenwechselmaterial in Kugelkapseln für thermische Hybridspeicher

Heat and cold storage systems of buildings are based on different concepts of heat transfer. In thermal hybrid storage systems, the phase change material (PCM) is macroencapsulated in PCM objects which are positioned in the storage tank and around which the heat transfer fluid flows. The experimental investigations are dedicated to the loading and unloading properties of the PCMs macroencapsulated in spheres. It is shown that the specific heat transfer performance of a hybrid storage tank is directly dependent on the size of the spheres as well as on the specific thermal conductivity of the PCM.     

泡沫金属复合相变材料的制备与性能分析

利用泡沫金属多孔结构的吸附性能,以八水氢氧化钡为相变材料,泡沫铜为基体,制备了结晶水合盐/泡沫金属复合相变材料。采用差示扫描量热法测定了八水氢氧化钡的热循环性能,随着热循环次数的增加,相变材料的相变温度基本不变,相变潜热略有减少,八水氢氧化钡具有较好的热稳定性。搭建了相变储能实验台,实验分析了3组不同实验方案,结果表明,填充泡沫铜不仅增强了相变材料的传热速率,而且有效地降低了八水氢氧化钡的过冷度。当泡沫金属使用较大孔密度后,结晶水合盐的过冷问题得到了比较明显的改善。     

相变储热技术研究进展

相变储热技术是储能技术的主要方向之一，在太阳能、风能发电、工业余热回收利用、分布式能源系统等领域具有广泛应用。本文通过梳理总结近年来国内外关于相变储热技术的研究成果，对相变材料进行分类并对其性质、优缺点、适用范围等进行了详细介绍。本文针对相变材料在实际使用中存在的泄漏、腐蚀、过冷、传热性能差等缺陷，重点介绍了复合相变储热技术及传热性能强化技术。指出当前相变储热技术存在的不足并对相变储热技术的未来发展方向进行了展望，可靠的复合相变技术、高效的传热强化技术、提高储热材料高温及循环稳定性等方面应是未来的主要研究方向。该综述研究对相变储热技术的进一步研究和开发具有重要参考价值。     

Eco-friendly poly(vinyl alcohol)/delaminated V2C MXene high-k nanocomposites with low dielectric loss enabled by moderate polarization and charge density at the interface

High-dielectric-constant (high-k) polymer/conductor composites with low dielectric loss are desirable for energy storage. However, high leakage currents from interfacial regions with high charge density are difficult to handle. In this work, high permittivity and low dielectric loss were achieved in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/V₂C MXene nanocomposite films fabricated by solution casting by taking advantage of the interfacial compatibility and moderate interfacial charge density of the nanocomposites. Water-soluble PVA was utilized as the polymer matrix. Delaminated V₂C MXene nanosheets with appropriate conductivity were prepared and used as the filler. The mild interface polarization of the nanocomposites was responsible for achieving favourable permittivity values. The small gap between the work functions of PVA and V₂C contributed to moderate interfacial charge density values and thus low dielectric loss values. A proportional correlation between the interfacial charge density and the conductivity of composites was also verified. The depth of charge injection from the MXene to PVA was found to be half of the interlamellar spacing of the delaminated MXene. The dependence of the electrical properties of the nanocomposites on the frequency and MXene content was also studied. The composite with 4 wt% MXene exhibited a permittivity of ~24 (16 times that of PVA) and a dielectric loss of ~0.14 (1.5 times that of PVA) at 1 kHz, as well as breakdown strength of ~31 MV m⁻¹ (63% of PVA). This work might enable environmentally friendly fabrication of promising composite dielectrics.     

Preparation of CuMn2O4/Ti3C2 MXene composite electrodes for supercapacitors with high energy density and study on their charge transfer kinetics

In this study, we present a novel electrode material that combines Ti₃C₂ MXene and high-capacity CuMn₂O₄ to increase the energy density of supercapacitors, which are a popular choice for energy storage due to their high-performance potential. The electrode material was synthesized using the hydrothermal method with varying deposition times (3 h, 6 h and 9 h), and the resulting composite materials were characterized using advanced analytical techniques. The CuMn₂O₄/MXene composite electrode synthesized at 3h exhibited exceptional performance, with a specific capacitance of 628 mF/cm² at 4 mA/cm², due to the enhanced electrical conductivity and charge storage properties of CuMn₂O₄ and MXene sheets. We also uncovered an intricate charge transfer mechanism and storage kinetics of CuMn₂O₄/MXene composite on a nickel foam electrode, revealing a diffusion-controlled energy storage mechanism with fast mass transportation. To demonstrate practicality, we constructed an asymmetric coin cell supercapacitor device using CuMn₂O₄/MXene composite synthesized at 3h and activated carbon as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The device showed a specific capacitance of 496 mF/cm² at 6 mA/cm² with cyclic stability of 80% for up to 10,000 cycles, and a power density of 1.5 mW/cm² at a higher energy density of 0.073 mWh/cm². Our results demonstrate the potential to significantly advance the development of high-performance supercapacitors by combining Ti₃C₂ MXene and high-capacity oxides, refining the synthesis process, and exploring innovative electrode architectures.     

Preparation and performance study of cordierite/mullite composite ceramics for solar thermal energy storage

The employment of solar energy in recent years has reached a remarkable edge. It has become even more popular as the cost of fossil fuel continues to rise. Energy storage system improves an adjustability and marketability of solar thermal and allowing it to produce electricity in demand. This study attempted to prepare cordierite/mullite composite ceramics used as solar thermal storage material from calcined bauxite, talcum, soda feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, and mullite. The thermal physical performances were evaluated and characterized by XRD, SEM, EPMA, and EDS. It was found that the optimum sintering temperature was 1280°C for preparing, and the corresponding water adsorption was 11.25%, apparent porosity was 23.59%, bulk density was 2.10 mg·cm^?3, bending strength was 88.52 MPa. The residual bending strength of specimen sintered at 1280°C after thermal shock of 30 times decreased to be 57 MPa that was 36% lower than that before. The thermal conductivity of samples sintered at 1280°C was tested to be 2.20 W·(m·K)^?1 (26°C), and after wrapped a PCM (phase change materials) of K₂SO₄, the thermal storage density was 933 kJ·kg^?1 with the temperature difference (ΔT) ranged in 0‐800°C. The prepared cordierite/mullite composite ceramic was proved to be a promising material for solar thermal energy storage.     

新型复合低温相变蓄冷材料的研制及热物性优化

针对低温冷链物流应用场合,提出一种由三羟甲基丙烷（TMP）、氯化铵（NH₄Cl）和水组成的新型有机-无机复合相变蓄冷材料。首先对该复合材料的不同配比进行DSC热分析实验,筛选出热力性能较优异的材料混合比（TMP∶NH₄Cl∶H₂O质量比为1.0∶2.0∶7.0）。其次,以上述配比的复合材料为基液,研究了添加不同的纳米粒子（三氧化二铝、二氧化钛、三氧化二铁）对其过冷度、热导率的影响,以及增稠剂（羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS））对其相分离现象的影响,并进行了热循环实验。实验结果表明：添加0.40%(质量分数)的TiO₂纳米粒子对降低该复合材料过冷度效果最佳;添加0.50%(质量分数)的TiO₂纳米粒子对增大其热导率效果最佳;增稠剂CMC和PAAS可以消除该复合材料相分离现象并对其相变温度、相变潜热、过冷度等热物性影响较小。经优化所得最终复合相变蓄冷材料的配比为以1.0∶2.0∶7.0质量比混合的TMP-NH₄Cl-H₂O + 0.40%(质量分数)TiO₂ + 1.0%(质量分数) PAAS,其相变温度为－19.9℃,相变潜热为246.8 kJ/kg,热导率为0.81 W/(m·K),并具有较好的循环稳定性。     

耦合相变储热的金属氢化物反应器吸氢过程模拟

基于金属氢化物储氢反应,建立了相变材料蓄热的固体储氢反应器模型,模拟研究了吸氢压力等操作参数及相变材料的相变温度、固(液)态导热系数、相变潜热等物性参数对固体储氢反应器工作过程的影响. 结果表明,相变材料的固态导热系数和相变潜热对固体储氢反应器性能的影响较小,相变温度和液态导热系数对反应器性能影响较大. 相变温度越低,液态导热系数越大,储氢反应器性能越好. 在使用最优的相变材料储能时,提高充入氢气的压力可加快反应速率,强化相变材料的传热,有助于进一步优化反应器的储氢性能.     

脂肪酸类相变材料传热及液相渗漏的研究进展

能源的大量消耗使得储热技术研究越来越重要,相变材料作为一种有效的潜热储热材料在潜热储热系统中占据重要地位。脂肪酸相变材料因其来源广泛,具有共熔和共结晶特点、相变焓高和清洁可再生等优点受到广泛关注,但脂肪酸相变材料也存在热导率低和固-液相转变时液相渗漏等缺点。本文对国内外脂肪酸相变材料的传热和渗漏进行了综述与讨论,就热导率低的缺点提出了强化传热的方式,通过建立传热模型研究其导热行为并预测传热系数;就渗漏问题提出4种有效解决液相渗漏的方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点。对节能环保要求越来越高的今天,解决脂肪酸相变材料的传热和渗漏已成为热点问题。最后对脂肪酸相变材料的发展前景进行展望。     

Effect of in situ synthesized and additives on the thermal performance of mullite thermal storage ceramics

High-performance thermal storage ceramics can enable utilization of solar thermal power generation plants. In this work, in situ synthesis was used to prepare mullite thermal storage ceramics. Calcined bauxite, talc, and kaolin were used as raw materials. The effects of additives (e.g., SiC, Si₃N₄, TiC, and ZrB₂) on the density, mechanical durability, phase components, microstructure, and thermal performance of the mullite ceramics were studied. The results showed that the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and heat storage density of the mullite ceramics were affected by their phase components. SiC and Si₃N₄ did not decompose during the in situ syntheses, but TiC and ZrB₂ decomposed. With the addition of 10 wt% SiC, the thermal conductivity improved to 2.72 W (m K)^?1 (298 K). The heat storage density of this material was 688 kJ kg^?1 (273–1073 K). Consequently, the in situ synthesized mullite thermal storage ceramic with added SiC could be a promising candidate material for a compound latent-sensible heat storage system.     

MXene and functionalized graphene hybridized nanoflakes based silicone-oil nanofluids as new class of media for micro-cooling application

The major challenge of the current and future miniature compact high-tech electronic devices is thermal management. Micro-scale cooling is one of the promising thermo-fluidic implications possess a great potential in this cutting-edge research area. In this research work, newly emerged MXene (Ti₃C₂) and functionalized graphene (f-Gr) hybrid nanoflake is implied for the first time in the preparation of Silicon oil (Si-oil) based heat transfer media (MXene:f-Gr/Si-oil hybrid nanofluid) for the micro-scale cooling application. This research concentrates on development, characterization, thermal stability and thermal properties evaluations of new class of hybrid (MXene:f-Gr/Si-oil) nanofluids of three different concentrations of MXene and f-Gr hybrid nanoflakes. The thermal conductivity of the as produced MXene:f-Gr/Si-oil hybrid nanofluids is measured (up to 250 °C) by a Transient Hot Bridge (THB) 500 (Linseis, Germany, current 5 mA, heater-power 18 mW) with Hot Point Sensor (HPS). The measurement is conducted in a newly customized designed industrial grade hotplate heat loss protection chamber with a PID controller. Viscosity is evaluated by a Rheometer with varying temperature of 25 °C from 25 to 125 °C. Optical absorbance is measure using PerkinElmer Lambda 750. The optimum thermal conductivity enhancement is acquired about ～68% for the MXene and f-Gr hybrid nanoflakes concentration of 0.02 wt% over the pure Si-oil base fluid at 200 °C. The viscosity of MXene:f-Gr/Si-oil hybrid nanofluids is revealed to be autonomous of adding the MXene and f-Gr hybrid nanoflakes into the Si-oil base fluid. However, viscosity of hybrid nanofluid samples is decreased by ～36% within the increase of temperature from 25 to 50 °C. MXene:f-Gr/Si-oil hybrid nanofluid sample of concentration 0.02 wt% shows the thermal stability up to ～393 °C (～14% enhancement over the Si-oil). This significant improvement is advantageous for the cooling of future high-tech electronic systems. This subsequently increases thermal energy acquisition which is valuable for various other applications.     

膨胀石墨/三水乙酸钠复合相变材料储热的性能

以三水乙酸钠（SAT）为基材,添加具有多孔网状结构的膨胀石墨（EG）制备复合相变材料。使用扫描电子显微镜、温度数据采集仪、差示扫描量热仪、Hot Disk热常数分析仪等对材料进行结构观察及相关热物性测试,研究膨胀石墨对三水乙酸钠的热物性影响。结果表明,膨胀石墨不能减小三水乙酸钠的过冷度,但可大幅提高材料热导率,对材料潜热值、相变温度影响较小,能减轻三水乙酸钠的相分离现象且能提高其循环稳定性。对于基材为三水乙酸钠的相变材料,膨胀石墨添加量为7%时,复合材料吸附情况最好。当复合材料配比为7% EG+1%十二水磷酸氢二钠+SAT时,相比于纯SAT相变材料,过冷度减小约49℃,热导率提高将近1倍,相变潜热影响幅度3.14%,相变温度基本不变;50次循环后,相变潜热影响幅度保持在1.4%以内,循环稳定性较好,具有较好的应用前景。