规整结构催化剂及反应器研究进展

介绍了一种新颖的规整结构催化剂。它在废气排放处理等气相催化反应中已表现出优于常规催化剂的优良催化性能,在气液固多相催化反应领域的研究也表明它能够应用于更多的催化反应。将这种催化剂和反应器结构特性与常规催化反应中应用的固体催化剂和反应器进行了比较,结果表明它有可能替代浆态床和固定床反应器,具有良好的应用前景。     

纳米复相陶瓷

本文简要介绍了纳米复相陶瓷、纳米复相陶瓷力学性能，着重分析了纳米Ｓｉ３Ｎ４－ＳｉＣ复相陶瓷显微结构特点，同时展望了今后纳米复相陶瓷的研究重点。     

微尺度下非均相反应的研究进展

微结构反应器(微反应器)是微化工系统的核心装备之一,是实现化工过程强化的重要技术基础。从微尺度非均相反应过程的基本原理出发,系统综述了近十年来微尺度下多相流动、分散和传递等方面的相关报道,系统地介绍了一些典型微尺度非均相反应过程,分析总结了微尺度反应技术的优势和特点,并对未来微尺度反应技术的发展方向提出了展望。     

金属氮化物/碳化物催化剂加氢性能研究进展

介绍了过渡金属氮化物/碳化物独特的晶体结构和电子性能及其与催化性能的内在联系。综述了过渡金属氮化物/碳化物在涉氢反应中催化加氢机理的研究进展,以及过渡金属氮化物/碳化物在加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)和其他涉氢反应中的应用。与传统的过渡金属硫化物催化剂相比,过渡金属氮化物/碳化物具有更加优异的氢吸附、活化和转移能力。     

Analytik der morphologie von Mehrphasensystemen

Polymer multiphase systems are classified according to various points of view at first and the impact of supermolecular structure on physical and chemical properties is pointed out. Methods of analysis of the supermolecular structure are then discussed with emphasis on those in which chemical reactions are employed. Such methods are based on differences in either reactivity or accessibility of the different phases for specific reagents in a multiphase system. The following materials and methods are used as examples: selective dying of styrene-butadiene block copolymers and semicrystalline pol(ethylene) for electron microscopy; ordering phenomena and their characterization by mechanical spectroscopy and selective hydrolysis in segmented polyesters; chemical etching and GPC-analysis of the reaction products in order to elucidate the fine structure of the fold surfaces in semicrystalline polymers. The importance of such reactions for the present status of knowledge on the nature of supermolecular structure is extensively and critically discussed using poly(ethylene) as an example. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is reviewed as an example for a more complicated and not fully understood case of a multiphase system. The last section deals with the problem of the distribution of comonomer units between crystalline and amorphous zones in random copolymers which have been partially crystallized It is deduced from experiments that comonomer units are built into the lattice to a fair amount. Theoretical understanding of this effect is not yet well developed.     

Hitzebeständige und flammfeste fasern. Eine neue klasse: Die aromatischen polyamid-imide

There is an increasing need for heat- and flame-resistant fibres. Among these fibres a new class has been developed under the trademark Kermel: the aromatic Polyamide-Imides. Different methods of polymer preparation are reviewed. A direct polycondensation process in polar solvents is described, starting from trimellitic anhydride and aromatic diisocyanates. The inherent viscosity and the mechanical pr?operties of the corresponding fibres depend strongly on the solvent, the diisocyanate and eventually another difunctional comonomer. The fibres prepared by dry or wet spinning processes are characterized by a high level of heat and flame-resistance together with good textile properties, as compared with other fibers. In relation to their inherent properties, the main applications are the highly safe professionnal protective clothing, non flammable furnishings and some other technical applications.     

Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends

ABSTRACT

Conventional and emerging processes that require the application of multiphase reactors are reviewed with an emphasis on catalytic processes. In the past, catalyst discovery and development preceded and drove the selection and development of an appropriate multiphase reactor type. This sequential approach is increasingly being replaced by a parallel approach to catalyst and reactor selection. Either approach requires quantitative models for the flow patterns, phase contacting, and transport in various multiphase reactor types. This review focuses on these physical parameters for various multiphase reactors. First, fixed-bed reactors are reviewed for gas-phase catalyzed processes with an emphasis on unsteady state operation. Fixed-bed reactors with two-phase flow are treated next. The similarities and differences are outlined between trickle beds with cocurrent gas–liquid downflow, trickle-beds with countercurrent gas–liquid flow, and packed-bubble columns where gas and liquid are contacted in cocurrent upflow. The advantages of cyclic operation are also outlined. This is followed by a discussion on conventional reactors with mobile catalysts, such as slurry bubble columns, ebullated beds, and agitated reactors. Several unconventional reactor types are reviewed also, such as monoliths for two-phase flow processing, membrane reactors, reactors with circulating solids, rotating packed beds, catalytic distillation, and moving-bed chromatographic reactors.

Numerous references are cited throughout the review, and the state-of-the-art is also summarized. Measurements and experimental characterization methods for multiphase systems as well as the role of computational fluid dynamics are not covered in a comprehensive manner due to other recent reviews in these areas. While it is evident that numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the behavior of multiphase reactors, a key conclusion is that the current level of understanding can be improved further by the increased use of fundamentals.     

Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends

Conventional and emerging processes that require the application of multiphase reactors are reviewed with an emphasis on catalytic processes. In the past, catalyst discovery and development preceded and drove the selection and development of an appropriate multiphase reactor type. This sequential approach is increasingly being replaced by a parallel approach to catalyst and reactor selection. Either approach requires quantitative models for the flow patterns, phase contacting, and transport in various multiphase reactor types. This review focuses on these physical parameters for various multiphase reactors. First, fixed-bed reactors are reviewed for gas-phase catalyzed processes with an emphasis on unsteady state operation. Fixed-bed reactors with two-phase flow are treated next. The similarities and differences are outlined between trickle beds with cocurrent gas-liquid downflow, trickle-beds with countercurrent gas-liquid flow, and packed-bubble columns where gas and liquid are contacted in cocurrent upflow. The advantages of cyclic operation are also outlined. This is followed by a discussion on conventional reactors with mobile catalysts, such as slurry bubble columns, ebullated beds, and agitated reactors. Several unconventional reactor types are reviewed also, such as monoliths for two-phase flow processing, membrane reactors, reactors with circulating solids, rotating packed beds, catalytic distillation, and moving-bed chromatographic reactors.

Numerous references are cited throughout the review, and the state-of-the-art is also summarized. Measurements and experimental characterization methods for multiphase systems as well as the role of computational fluid dynamics are not covered in a comprehensive manner due to other recent reviews in these areas. While it is evident that numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the behavior of multiphase reactors, a key conclusion is that the current level of understanding can be improved further by the increased use of fundamentals.     

微通道内屈服应力型流体的流变特性及多相流研究进展

屈服应力型流体（YSFs）是一种典型的非牛顿流体,因其丰富的流变特性被广泛关注。屈服应力是高浓度的粒子分散系统和凝胶状物质（多相乳液、微胶囊、3D打印复杂结构、药物输送凝胶等）的基本特征。本文对微通道内简单屈服应力型流体的流动特征和流变行为,及其流变性对多相流系统的影响进行了综述,剖析了受限空间内流体流动与流体流变性,及多相流动力学和界面现象的耦合机制,并对亟需推进的研究方向进行了展望。为微通道内屈服应力型流体的数值模拟、实验研究和应用提供参考。     

喷射环流反应器应用研究进展

描述了喷射反应器的结构和工作原理,详细介绍了喷射反应器作为多相反应器在化学化工、生物化学、环境保护和其它领域的应用研究进展,充分显示了喷射反应器的优异性能及其在多个领域中的重要地位,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

多相聚合物共混体系增容剂的研究与发展

本文综述了多相聚合物混体系增容剂的研究与发展，介绍了各类增容剂的特点及应用，依据其加入共混体系的方法和与其共混组分间的作用进行了分类。     

聚噻吩纳米复合材料的制备及性能

以各组分尺寸大小为基础对聚噻吩/无机物纳米复合材料进行了分类,详细阐述了各类材料的制备方法。同时强调了聚噻吩/无机物纳米复合材料除了具有聚噻吩、无机物的原有性能外,还会由于聚噻吩与无机物粒子之间的协同作用而具有优异的电性能、光性能,并从分子角度对这些性能提高的机理进行了阐述。     

Rheology to understand and optimize processibility, structures and properties of starch polymeric materials

This paper reviews the state of the art in the field of the rheology of starch polymers, including specially designed rheometric techniques and complex rheology as influenced by different conditions. In terms of rheometric techniques, off-line extruder-type capillary/slit rheometers are commonly used but subsequent changes during measurement often occur as starch structures are highly sensitive to thermomechanical treatment. An in-line rheometer set-up with a double-channel die incorporated to the processing extruder is a direct and effective method to minimize the processing history change at different testing shear rates. In addition, pre-shearing, multipass, and mixer-type rheometers are also suitable for starch polymers. The rheological behavior of starch polymeric materials can be greatly impacted by their formulation (botanical source, plasticizer and additive type and content, and the structure related to blend or composite) and processing conditions (temperature, mechanical energy, etc.). Starch polymer melts exhibit shear-thinning and extension-thinning behaviors, and shows strong elastic properties. A wide range of rheological models, considering formulation and processing conditions, have been reviewed for different multiphase systems. The rheological behavior can also be related to the compatibility (blends, composites), expansion/foaming properties, film blowing properties, etc. The significance of processing rheology of starch polymers lies in characterizing the complex melting and flow behaviors, characterizing the viscoelastic properties, determining optimal processing method and conditions, and better controlling the quality of the final products.     

Amine chemistries for isocyanate-based coatings

The inherent high reactivity and color instability of primary amines has limited their applicability in polyisocyanate-based coatings. However, recent developments in the use of modified amine functional coreactants in such formulations shows significant progress towards having two-component systems with excellent application and durability properties. The systems reviewed here use amine functional groups which are either blocked by addition of carbonyl compounds, or are of reduced reactivity through steric hindrance and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The relative benefits and drawbacks of the various systems are detailed along with their applicability to high solids coatings.     

Toughened multiphase thermosetting polymers

In recent years a new generation of advanced structural adhesives has become available. They are typically based upon epoxy resins modified by the presence of a second phase of dispersed rubbery particles. This multiphase microstructure results in the material possessing a considerably higher toughness or crack resistance, compared to the unmodified, single-phase resin, but with only a minimal reduction in other important properties such as modulus and high-temperature and creep resistance. Even more recently, polyimide adhesives have also been toughened employing this principle. The present paper considers the following aspects:

• 1 The chemistry of rubbery-toughened thermosetting polymers developed for adhesive applications.
• 2 Structure-property relationships of multiphase adhesives which incorporate a dispersed rubbery phase or rigid particulate fillers. The mechanisms of toughening are discussed and related to the microstructure. The effects of volume fraction, particle size and particle size distribution on the polymer's fracture energy are also described
• 3 The particular problems encountered when using such toughened multiphase adhesives in structural joints are reviewed, including aspects of joint design and environmental effects.

     

Fine Bubble‐based CO2 Capture Mediated by Triethanolamine Coupled to Whole Cell Biotransformation

Carbon capture technology can be set up in combination with biocatalysis to utilize the bound CO₂ as substrate in the Kolbe‐Schmitt like enzymatic reaction. The exemplary whole cell biotransformation of catechol to 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid in a triethanolamine‐mediated multiphase system shows increased equilibrium conversion. Apart from the beneficial thermodynamics, the inherent fluid properties of triethanolamine is enabling easy application of CO₂ fine bubbles as highly efficient gassing method to minimize the CO₂ demand and CO₂ emissions.     

Adaptive soft sensor modeling framework based on just-in-time learning and kernel partial least squares regression for nonlinear multiphase batch processes

Batch processes are characterized by inherent nonlinearity, multiple phases and time-varying behavior that pose great challenges for accurate state estimation. A multiphase just-in-time (MJIT) learning based kernel partial least squares (KPLS) method is proposed for multiphase batch processes. Gaussian mixture model is estimated to identify different operating phases where various JIT-KPLS frameworks are built. By applying Bayesian inference strategy, the query data is classified into a particular phase with the maximal posterior probability, and thus the corresponding JIT-KPLS framework is chosen for online prediction. To further improve the predictive accuracy of the MJIT-KPLS algorithm, a hybrid similarity measure and an adaptive selection strategy are proposed for selecting local modeling samples. Moreover, maximal similarity replacement rule is proposed to update database. A procedure of input variable selection based on partial mutual information is also presented. The effectiveness of the MJIT-KPLS algorithm is demonstrated through application to industrial fed-batch chlortetracycline fermentation process.     

复相陶瓷材料的设计原则

根据陶瓷材料在使用上的性能要求，设计和确定材料的组成、显微结构和工艺，是陶瓷材料研究的进步。陶瓷材料向多相方向发展，为陶瓷材料的晚思考余地。本文阐述了复相陶瓷瓣设计原则，显微结构的设计，不同相之间的化学共存，不同相之间的物理匹配。     

单颗粒和颗粒群研究的挑战

Numerical simulation of multiphase flows in processing equipment in industry with two-fluid models and Eulerian-Lagrangian approaches requires the constitutive equations describing the interactions between the dispersed phase of high concentration and the continuous phase. The status of research on the forces on dispersed solid and fluid particles is reviewed in this article. As compared with the knowledge on drag of single solid particles, study on particle swarms and on other forces is not sufficient to meet the demand of reliable and efficient numerical simulation of multiphase flows. Thus, thorough study on the particle swarms becomes the key to accurate multi-scale simulation of multiphase flows. Besides, the development of efficient algorithm dealing with the non-uniformity on both equipment and mesoscopic scales is recognized as an important issue to be resolved. The research topics in the near future are suggested.     

Elastomeric Multiphase Systems Consisting of IPN-Domain Latex Particles

A. Multiphase Polymeric Materials

The unique properties of multiphase polymeric materials resulting from their phase-separated morphology are becoming increasingly important due to the potential synergistic effects of combining two polymers with different properties. Multiphase polymeric materials can result from incompatible or semi-incompatible blends, block copolymers, graft copolymers, and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). There are many examples of the superior properties of elastometic and rigid multiphase polymers [1, 2].