微胶囊聚磷酸铵阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能研究

以三聚氰胺、甲醛为原材料,利用原位聚合法制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)微胶囊化聚磷酸铵;通过红外光谱、SEM图像研究包覆效果,并分别将两种微胶囊化APP添加到聚氨酯泡沫中,通过氧指数、垂直燃烧等研究泡沫的阻燃性能,通过万能试验机测试压缩强度来研究力学性能。研究得出微胶囊APP可以提高阻燃性能。MAPP的添加量为30%时,MAPP/PU氧指数达到30,并能通过V-0等级测试,此后增加缓慢,压缩性能达到50.5 Kpa。MCAPP的添加量为25%时,MCAPP/PU氧指数达到28,通过V-0等级测试,压缩性能达到57.7 Kpa。     

无卤阻燃PUR-T的制备及其力学性能的研究

采用原位聚合法制备了以环氧树脂(EP)为壁材,聚磷酸铵(APP)为芯材的微胶囊阻燃剂(MCAPP).通过垂直燃烧测试、极限氧指数等手段,研究了不同的阻燃剂配比对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(PUR-T)阻燃性能、力学性能的影响,同时对比了微胶囊包覆前后的APP对PUR-T综合性能的影响.结果表明,加入膨胀型无卤阻燃剂能有效提高PUR-T的阻燃性能,但却大幅降低了PUR-T的力学性能,而MCAPP在保持阻燃性能的同时,减少了其对PUR-T力学性能的影响.     

聚磷酸铵与次磷酸铝的共微胶囊制备及其在阻燃聚丙烯中的应用

以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂（MF）为囊材、聚磷酸铵（APP）和次磷酸铝（AHP）为芯材，制备出共微胶囊化阻燃剂M（A-A）。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及溶解度测试等方法来表征MF的包覆效果；采用垂直燃烧测定仪、极限氧指数仪和锥形量热仪等设备考察M（A-A）对聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃效果；通过冲击和拉伸实验对复合材料的力学性能进行表征。结果表明，MF树脂成功包覆并有效提高了A-A的耐水性能；添加相同质量的M（A-A）和A-A，前者明显降低热释放速率（R_HRR）和总热释放量（H_THR），对PP的阻燃效果更好。添加阻燃剂后，复合材料的冲击强度先提高后降低，经过微胶囊化处理的阻燃剂对材料的拉伸性能损伤更小。     

微胶囊化聚磷酸铵及其阻燃聚丙烯的研究进展

从聚磷酸铵（APP）的微胶囊化方法入手,以微胶囊所用囊材材料（三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、异氰酸酯聚合物、硅油以及热塑性树脂等）为主要线索,分析并讨论国内外研究微胶囊化APP所取得的成果：经三聚氰胺及三聚氰胺甲醛树脂微胶囊化后能提高APP的耐水性,并能在一定程度上提高其阻燃性能,而硅油微胶囊化后的APP具有良好的疏水性;并介绍了微胶囊化APP阻燃聚丙烯（PP）所取得的一些进展,三聚氰胺和三聚氰胺甲醛树脂微胶囊化的APP添加到PP中较一般未包覆的APP阻燃性更佳。     

微胶囊化膨胀型无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

对聚磷酸铵（APP）进行微胶囊化，复配了新型无卤膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）。利用IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。对包覆APP和IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行研究。结果表明，包覆的APP粒度均匀致密；在PP中添加IFR阻燃剂不小于30份时，有明显成炭效果，获得良好的阻燃性能，UL-94阻燃级数为V-0。阻燃PP体系的热稳定性也得到提高。     

微胶囊化聚磷酸铵的制备及表征

以聚磷酸铵(APP)为芯材、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MF)为壁材,用原位聚合法制备出微胶囊化聚磷酸铵(PMCAPP),采用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、热重分析及吸湿试验等仪器及手段进行表征。结果表明,PMCAPP粒径增大,粒径分布变窄,吸水率由15%(质量分数,下同)降低到7%;热分解性能有所提高;聚丙烯(PP)/PMCAPP的阻燃性能优于PP/APP的,当PMCAPP的添加量达到15%时阻燃性能最佳,极限氧指数(LOI)值达到36.0%。     

无卤膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的性能研究

利用微胶囊化技术合成的新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。考察了阻燃剂IFR中聚磷酸铵（APP）的微胶囊包覆效果以及阻燃剂IFR对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能、热稳定性以及表面形态等的影响。结果发现包覆后的APP粒度均匀致密，效果比较良好；在PP中添加的IFR阻燃剂质量分数达到30％左右时，有明显的成炭效果，氧指数达到32％，阻燃性能提高；力学性能下降也趋于平缓；且IFR与PP的界面相容性比较良好；阻燃PP材料的热稳定性也得到了提高。     

环氧树脂包覆聚磷酸铵-聚丙烯阻燃体系构建

为构建膨胀聚丙烯(PP)阻燃体系,采用原位聚合法制备环氧树脂包覆聚磷酸铵微胶囊(EP-APP)以改善APP与PP材料的相容性,并选用季戊四醇(PER)为成炭剂与EP-APP构成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),制备PP/EP-APP/PER阻燃复合材料。以微胶囊的水溶性为指标优化微胶囊包覆工艺,考察了EP-APP与PER质量比和IFR添加量对复合材料的阻燃性能及力学性能的影响,分析了IFR中EP-APP与PER的反应机理。结果表明,当EP加入量为APP质量的10%、固化剂三乙烯四胺(TETA)用量为EP质量的15%时,采用40℃(1 h)+70℃(1 h)的固化反应温度设置,可制得有良好耐水性的EP-APP微胶囊。当IFR质量分数为25%,IFR中EP-APP与PER质量比为3∶1时,制得PP/APP/PER阻燃复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)达到35.0%,垂直燃烧性能达到UL 94 V-0等级,且复合材料仍能保持较好的拉伸性能。热重分析表明,IFR的分解反应可分为三个阶段：首先是EP-APP受热分解后与PER发生反应,生成含有磷酸酯键的物质;然后是酯类化合物生成稳定的环状酯并释放出H_...     

改性密胺甲醛树脂包覆红磷及其对PP性能的影响

为了减少密胺甲醛树脂(MF)包覆红磷(MFRP)在其阻燃材料加工过程中产生磷化氢气体(PH_3),通过添加改性剂(乙二醇、己二胺)对MF进行改性,再包覆红磷(RP),得到改性密胺甲醛树脂包覆红磷(M-MFRP),比较了MFRP和M-MFRP阻燃处理PP加工时PH_3的释放量。在PP加工条件下,添加10%(以PP质量计,下同)阻燃材料时,MFRP-PP释放24.13 mg/L的PH_3,而M-MFRP-PP释放的PH_3量降到8.05 mg/L。并分别对两种阻燃PP进行了阻燃性能、力学性能、热分解性能分析。结果发现,M-MFRP对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能、热分解性能以及残炭外貌的影响与MFRP差别不大,热分解挥发产物基本相同,火行为相似。     

微胶囊聚磷酸铵的制备及阻燃环氧树脂的性能研究

采用三聚氰胺甲醛树脂预聚物通过原位聚合法制备了微胶囊聚磷酸铵阻燃剂(MAPP),利用扫描电镜观察到MAPP颗粒表面包覆了一层树脂。采用热重分析法、垂直燃烧法和氧指数法研究了聚磷酸铵(APP)和MAPP阻燃环氧树脂材料的热性能及阻燃性能。结果表明:与APP相比,MAPP阻燃环氧树脂的最大失质量温度、残炭量以及阻燃性能均显著提高。添加10%APP或MAPP的环氧树脂材料的氧指数均大于27.0%,阻燃性能均达到UL 94 V-0级,且MAPP样条燃烧后可形成膨胀炭层。相比于APP,MAPP阻燃材料的力学强度均有所改善,当阻燃剂填充10%时材料的拉伸强度从32.6 MPa提高到35.7 MPa,冲击强度从10.8 kJ/m2提高到11.6 kJ/m2,均高于纯环氧树脂材料的力学强度。     

Microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate: Preparation,characterization, and its flame retardance in polypropylene

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) with a melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin coating layer was prepared by in situ polymerization. MCAPP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so on. The results show that the microencapsulation with MF resin leads to a decrease in the particles' size and water absorption. The flame retardant action and mechanism of MCAPP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in polypropylene are studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test, and their thermal stability is evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The LOI value of the PP/MCAPP composite at 30 wt% loading is 30.5%, whereas the corresponding value of the PP/APP composite is only 20%. Moreover, the LOI values of the PP/MCAPP/PER composites are higher than the ones of the PP/APP/PER composites. In the UL 94 test, the PP/MCAPP/PER composites with suitable ratios of MCAPP to PER can reach the V‐0 rating, and the best rating of the PP/APP/PER composites is V‐1. V‐1. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Intumescent Flame Retardation of EVA Using Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate and Pentaerythritols

With a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin coating layer, microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) is prepared by in situ polymerization and is characterized by XPS and water leaching test. The microencapsulation of APP with the MF resin leads to a decrease in the particle's water leaching rate. The flame-retardant action of MCAPP and APP in EVA are studied using LOI and UL 94 test, and their thermal stability is evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The LOI value of the EVA/MCAPP composite at the same loading is higher than the value of the EVA/APP composite. In comparison with the EVA/MCAPP composites, it is found that the LOI values of the EVA/MCAPP/PER and EVA/MCAPP/DPER ternary composites at the same additive loading increase, and UL 94 ratings of most ternary composites are raised to V-0. The water-resistant properties of the EVA composites are studied, and the results of the composites containing with APP and MCAPP are compared. Moreover, the peroxide cross-linking of the EVA composites is investigated, and the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites increase after the cross-linking.     

Study on flame retardance of co‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and dipentaerythritol in polypropylene

Co‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and dipentaerythritol [M(A&D)] was prepared using a melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin by in situ polymerization method, and characterized by XPS. The co‐microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate and dipentaerythritol (DPER) leads to a great improvement in water solubility of the additives. The flame retardant effect of M(A&D) in polypropylene (PP) is evaluated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test, and the water resistance of the PP/M(A&D) composites is also studied. The flame retardant properties and water resistance of the PP/M(A&D) composites are much better than the ones of the PP/APP/DPER composites. Moreover, the thermal stability of the PP/M(A&D) composites is improved compared with the PP/APP/DPER composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Microencapsulation of APP‐I and influence of microencapsulated APP‐I on microstructure and flame retardancy of PP/APP‐I/PER composites

In this article, the microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate crystalline with form I (APP‐I) coated with melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) was prepared by in situ polymerization. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that APP‐I is successfully microencapsulated with MF. Compared with APP‐I, the microencapsulated APP‐I with MF (MFAPP‐I) is of much smaller spheroidal particle size and lower solubility in water. In this study, the polypropylene (PP)/APP‐I/penpaerythritol (PER) and PP/MFAPP‐I/PER composites are prepared, and flame retardancy, thermal stability, and microstructure of corresponding composites are carefully investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 testing, TG, EDS, and SEM. Experimental results show that PP/MFAPP‐I/PER composites have advantages over PP/APP‐I/PER composites in terms of flame retardant properties and water resistance. Results of TG, SEM, and EDS show that the microencapsulated APP‐I with MF resin is conducive to increase the amount of residual yield and improve thermal stability of PP/MFAPP‐I/PER composites and the compatibility and dispersion of MFAPP‐I. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Study on surface modification and flame retardants properties of ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene

Microencapsulation ammonium polyphosphate used as flame‐retardant in polypropylene was prepared with hydroxyl silicone oil (HSO) and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin in this article. Fourier transform infrared and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to identify the structure of HSO‐MFAPP. For the HSO‐MFAPP/polypropylene (PP) composites, the flame retardant effect was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index and UL‐94 testing, the compatibility was observed with scanning electron microscope, and the thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with HSO‐MF was prepared by in situ polymerization, and the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the PP/HSO‐MFAPP/pentaerythritol (PER) composites were much better than the ones of the PP/APP/PER composites. Moreover, the compatibility of HSO‐MFAPP with PP was better than that of unmodified APP. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Effect of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) was prepared by using melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin via polymerization in situ. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, water solubility tests, water contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis. The tests indicate that ammonium phosphate (APP) was successfully coated by the MF resin, and MCAPP with lower water solubility and higher water resistance outperformed APP. After modification by MCAPP, the flammability of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The results showed that MCAPP/WPC had higher LOI value, lower heat release rate, and more char residual at the end of cone calorimetry than APP/WPC, indicating that the WPC used MCAPP as flame retardant performed better flame retardancy than the WPC mixed with unmodified APP. Moreover, all measured mechanical properties of MCAPP/WPC were distinctly better than APP/WPC. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:666–673, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis of a novel intumescent flame retardant and its flame retardancy in polypropylene

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (GMFAPP) is prepared by in situ polymerization method with a shell of poly(ethylene glycol) modified melamine-formaldehyde resin. Due to the presence of shell, GMFAPP shows less size, higher water resistance and flame retardancy in polypropylene (PP) compared with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The flame retardant action of GMFAPP and APP in PP are studied using LOI, UL-94 and cone calorimeter, and their thermal stability is evaluated by thermogravimetric apparatus. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the PP/GMFAPP at the same loading is higher than the value of PP/APP. UL-94 ratings of PP/GMFAPP can reach V-0 at 30 wt% loading. The water resistant properties of the PP composites are studied, and the results of the composites containing with APP and GMFAPP are compared. The cone results put forward that GMFAPP is an effective flame retardant in PP compared with APP. Moreover, the thermal oxidative behavior of GMFAPP is evaluated by dynamic FTIR to study its flame retardant mechanism in PP.     

苯基聚硅氧烷微胶囊化聚磷酸铵的制备及其在PP中阻燃性能研究

采用苯基三甲氧基硅烷为前驱体,通过溶胶凝胶法制备出苯基聚硅氧烷微胶囊化聚磷酸铵（MAPP）。将MAPP作为阻燃剂,季戊四醇（PER）作为成炭剂,制备阻燃聚丙烯（PP）。用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及热重分析仪对MAPP进行表征。结果表明,聚磷酸铵（APP）被苯基聚硅氧烷成功包覆;较之APP,MAPP的热稳定性和疏水性显著提高;MAPP的阻燃性能优于APP,PP/MAPP/PER复合材料达到V-0级别;阻燃剂及成炭剂的加入对PP的结晶行为有促进作用。