固体超强酸Fe2O3/S2O82-催化合成乙酸正己酯

以固体超强酸Fe2O3/S2O82-为催化剂,乙酸和正己醇为原料合成乙酸正己酯,考察了反应条件对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明:醇酸物质的量之比为1.5∶1,催化剂用量为1.2 g,带水剂(甲苯)用量为10 mL,反应时间为2.0 h时,酯化产率可达95.9%,该催化剂制备简单,能够重复使用,无污染,催化效率高。     

复合无机盐CuSO4/Fe2(SO4)3催化合成乙酸异戊酯

乙酸异戊酯通常在浓硫酸催化下由乙酸和异戊醇酯化制得,由于浓硫酸的氧化和脱水作用存在产品纯度低和色泽深等缺点,开发性能更加优良的酯化催化剂以代替硫酸成为研究热点。为考察复合无机盐催化剂CuSO₄/Fe₂(SO₄)₃合成乙酸异戊酯的催化性能,研究乙酸和异戊醇为原料在复合无机盐CuSO₄/Fe₂(SO₄)₃催化下的酯化反应,并考察催化剂用量、反应时间和乙酸与异戊醇物质的量比对乙酸酯化率的影响。结果表明,在乙酸用量0.1 mol、异戊醇用量0.2 mol、催化剂用量0.8 g、反应时间2.0 h和带水剂环己烷用量10 mL条件下,酯化率高于93%。催化剂具有催化活性高、操作简单和不污染环境等优点。     

固体超强酸TiO2/SO42-催化合成乙酸苄酯

研究了以固体超强酸TiO2/SO4^2-为催化剂,乙酸和苄醇为原料合成乙酸苄酯,考察了反应条件对酯化率的影响,结果表明,当酸的用量为0．2mol,醇酸摩尔比为1．8,催化剂用量为2．0g ,带水剂甲苯为15mL,反应时间为2．0h,反应温度为100－110℃时,酯化率达91．2％。     

稀土固体超强酸Gd3+-SO42-/ZrO2催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸、异戊醇为原料,固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2为催化剂,催化合成乙酸异戊酯。确定了固体超强酸的最佳焙烧温度,进行了固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2和SO2-4/ZrO2催化活性对比实验,以及考察了原料酸醇比、反应时间、催化剂用量对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明:反应温度110~115℃,催化剂用量2 g,n(异戊醇)∶n(乙酸)=2.0∶1.0,反应时间2 h,酯化率可达88.4%,催化剂重复使用效果明显,加Gd3+的固体超强酸的催化活性明显增强。     

SO42-/WO3-ZrO2催化合成乙酸丁酯

制备了硫酸促进型酯化催化剂SO42-/WO3-ZrO2,考察了WO3含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等对酯化率的影响。结果表明催化剂适宜制备条件为：WO3含量10%,300℃焙烧2h;将其用于催化乙酸与正丁醇的酯化反应合成了乙酸丁酯,反应条件为：乙酸0.2mol,催化剂0.75g,n（正丁醇）∶n（乙酸）=1.8∶1,反应时间30min,酯化率可达98.2%。     

固体超强酸S2O82-/TiO2催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以固体超强酸S₂O₈^2-/TiO₂为催化剂、冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸正丁酯，考察反应条件对酯化率的影响。结果表明，最佳反应条件n(醇)∶n(酸)=1.4∶1，催化剂用量0.5 g(冰乙酸用量0.2 mol), 过硫酸铵浓度0.75 mol·L^－1，115～117 ℃反应1.5 h，酯化率达99%以上。催化剂可重复使用,且对设备腐蚀程度较小。     

TiSiW12 O40/Ti2催化合成葡萄糖五丁酸酯

报道了新型催化剂TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化酯化合成葡萄糖五丁酸酯的糖酸比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度诸因素对产率的影响.实验表明TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成葡萄糖五丁酸酯的良好催化剂.最佳反应条件为糖酸摩尔比16,催化剂的用量为反应物料总量的2.0%,酯化反应时间为2.0h,反应温度90～95℃,反应产率可达85.4%.     

微波诱导稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-Nd2O3催化合成乙酸苄酯

以新型稀土复合固体超强酸为催化剂，在微波辐射下苯甲醇和乙酸反应合成了乙酸苄酯，探索反应各因素对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明：SO4^2-／ZrO2-Nd2O3具有较高的催化活性。最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比2．0（乙酸用量为0．2mol前提下），催化剂用量为1．8g，带水剂环己烷12mL，微波辐射功率550W，辐射时间25min，酯化率可达96．3％。该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用，具有良好的活性稳定性。     

茉莉香精乙酸苄酯的催化合成

以纳米稀土复合超强酸La^3＋/SO4^2-/TiO2为催化剂,通过乙酸和苄醇反应合成乙酸苄酯,考察了各种因素对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米稀土复合超强酸La^3＋/SO4^2-/TiO2是合成乙酸苄酯的绿色催化剂,最佳反应条件：酸醇物质的量比为1∶1.8,催化剂用量为10%,带水剂15 mL,反应时间2 h,此时酯化率可达99.2%,并且催化剂可以多次重复使用。     

SO2-4/Sb2O3/SiO2复合固体超强酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊醇为原料,固体超强酸SO2-4/Sb2O3/SiO2作催化剂,催化合成乙酸异戊酯.考察了醇酸比、催化剂用量、反应温度与反应时间对酯化反应的影响.结果表明,乙酸异戊酯的最佳合成条件为:n(异戊醇) ∶n(乙酸)=1.4 ∶1,催化剂用量为1.2 g,反应时间4 h,反应温度108～112 ℃,在此条件下酯化率可达95.7%.并用IR手段对产品进行了确证.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Ag2O-Doped Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox Superconductors Prepared via Melt-Quenching

Ag₂O-doped superconducting Bi₂Sr₂Ca₁Cu₂O _x ceramics were prepared by a melt-quenching–reheating method. It is found that the Ag₂O-doped, as-cast specimens exhibit superconductivity ( T _c= around 80 K) by heat treatment at temperatures around 800°C even in an evacuated and sealed silica glass tube, while the undoped specimens do not and vaporize by the corresponding heat treatment. Conversion of the Ag₂O-doped, as-cast specimens into superconducting ceramics when heated in an evacuated vessel is explained in terms of the oxygen donor of Ag₂O in the specimen. This finding enables us to fabricate a desired shape of superconducting Bi₂Sr₂Ca₁Cu₂O _x ceramics sealed in metals or glasses. The addition of Ag₂O to Bi₂Sr₂Ca₁Cu₂O _x melt, however, had deleterious influences on the superconducting properties ( T _c and J _c) of the resultant ceramics when obtained by heat treatment in air.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.