搅拌槽内的液液湍流分散(Ⅱ)——搅拌槽结构的影响及放大技术

研究了有分散剂的液液湍湍分散体系的搅拌槽的大小、结构(包括挡板条件、搅拌桨的形式及尺寸)和单位质量搅拌功率对液滴大小及其分布的影响,提出了相应的关联式,为液液湍流分散搅拌槽的几何相似或非几何相似放大提供了依据。     

在无机分散剂存在下苯乙烯悬浮聚合宏观成粒的特征

以苯乙烯悬浮聚合为体系,考察羟基磷酸钙(HAP)或HAP与聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合为分散剂体系时,各种因素如分散剂浓度、油水比、搅拌速度等与瞬时液滴大小及分布之间的关系,并分析讨论瞬时液滴分散、合并的过程特征.结果表明,悬浮苯乙烯液滴聚合宏观成粒的特征与分散剂的分散机理无关,仅体现液滴分散、合并的过程特点.当采用分批加分散剂时,实验观察到瞬时液滴大小分布呈由单峰过渡到双峰,再发展成单峰分布的特征,从而找出了以分批加分散剂方式制备窄分布聚合物颗粒的理论依据.     

湍流分散体系中液滴破碎频率模型的黏性修正

在分析研究分散相黏度对液滴变形和破碎影响的基础上,提出了一个改进的液滴破碎频率模型并拓展了液滴破碎判据标准.同时通过Monte Carlo模拟的随机方法,得到了湍流搅拌槽中液-液分散体系的液滴直径分布和Sauter平均直径d₃₂.通过与文献中关于d₃₂的实验结果比较发现,该模型预测的Sauter平均直径更接近实验值,对于黏性分散相改进的液滴破碎频率模型要优于Coulaloglou和Tavlarides提出的模型.计算结果表明对于黏性分散相液滴,其黏度限制了液滴变形,使得液滴破碎频率被大大减少, 液滴直径明显增加,液滴直径分布向右偏移.     

旋流塔板上液滴的运动模型

以液滴离开塔板的初始位置为边缘分布、液滴粒径为条件分布，用概率统计的方法来描述旋流塔板上液滴群运动的边界条件，进而提出其三维模型。该模型不含可调参数，采用四阶Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法计算，结果得到实验的支持。     

振动筛板槽中液滴分散动力学的研究——(Ⅱ)实验结果及Monte-Carlo模拟技术的应用

本文根据前文(I)报的理论分析,采用Monte-Carlo方法对实验数据进行模拟.液滴直径的测量采用照相法及透光法.所测得的液滴直径分布数据及平均液滴直径的数据,在微机上进行拟合归纳,得到了振动筛板槽中液滴直径分布模型及液滴平均直径的关联式.模型计算结果与实测值拟合较好.应用Monte-Carlo模拟技术对液滴破碎和凝聚这一随机过程进行了模拟及参数估计,得到了液滴破碎速率及凝聚速率参数.     

反应釜流动传热模拟及放大设计

建立了某实验用搅拌反应釜的三维模型,以水为介质对其进行了流动与传热特性模拟。结果显示实验所采用的双层推进式搅拌桨能够较好地作用于釜内流体,使之产生符合要求的流场,在加热过程中也能保证釜内温度分布均匀。依据相似性理论并基于尖端圆周速度恒定的放大准则对反应釜进行了工程放大设计,得到了中试用反应釜的基本设计参数,可为中试反应釜的设计、制造提供参考。     

压力旋流喷嘴雾化滴径分布的模型预测和实验

利用激光片光荧光诱导技术（PLIF）测得不同液体流量下的压力旋流喷嘴雾化滴径分布,用平均粒径约束的三参数最大熵模型对雾化滴径分布进行预测。将理论预测分布与实验结果进行拟合,得到广义伽玛参数α随着液体流量变化的一般表达式。用拟合模型对粒径分布的特点和规律进行总结,结果表明：拟合模型能很好地预测粒径的数量分布,且不受小液滴的影响;随着液体流量的增加,液滴粒径分布范围逐渐变窄,峰值液滴粒径呈线性减小趋势,峰值液滴百分数呈线性增加趋势。     

涡轮搅拌萃取塔的模型研究

涡轮搅拌萃取塔是一种高效的液液萃取设备。介绍该塔型的两种数学模型:假设均相模型和液滴群模型。前者假设分散相为连续相,无法正确模拟实际流体特性;后者能精确地计算湍流区流体特性。同时描述了液滴群模型的求解及模型参数,包括液滴直径及其分布、液滴破裂与凝聚、滑动速度、传质系数和轴向扩散系数等的计算。     

基于FLUENT软件的管式搅拌反应器流场的数值模拟

运用商业计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT对一种新型管式搅拌反应器进行流场模拟,用GAMBIT建立流场实体模型,采用标准k-ε湍流模型以及多重参考系法(MRF)处理搅拌桨区.结果表明,计算所选模型能较准确地预测搅拌反应器的速度场、压力场及湍流动能分布,考察流量为1 m3/h时不同搅拌转速对反应器内部混合的影响,此时对应的最佳搅拌转速为50 rpm左右.模拟结果将为实验研究提供适当的操作参数,对搅拌反应器的优化和放大具有一定参考价值.     

反胶团法制备ZrO2超细粉末过程的放大模型

使用喷射 -搅拌混合器 ,使油水两相可以快速而且充分接触 ,从而利用反胶团法得到粒度分布均匀的ZrO2 超细粉末 .首先利用模型预测了不同转速和不同相比下两相传质的结果 ,然后用实验验证了模型的准确性 ,建议利用该模型进行放大研究     

EVAPORATION,DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ENTROPY GENERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIQUID SPRAY CONTAINING DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN A CONVECTIVE MEDIUM

Theoretical studies have been made through a unified nondimenslonal numerical model to evaluate the evaporation, drop size distribution and entropy generation characteristics of an atomized spray of liquid containing dissolved solids in a uniform stream of gas at high temperature. The influence of pertinent input parameters, namely, the initial concentration, initial Reynolds number of the spray and the ratio of ambient to initial drop temperature on the evaporation, drop size distribution and entropy generation histories of the spray with its down stream distance have been established.     

EVAPORATION, DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ENTROPY GENERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIQUID SPRAY CONTAINING DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN A CONVECTIVE MEDIUM

Theoretical studies have been made through a unified nondimenslonal numerical model to evaluate the evaporation, drop size distribution and entropy generation characteristics of an atomized spray of liquid containing dissolved solids in a uniform stream of gas at high temperature. The influence of pertinent input parameters, namely, the initial concentration, initial Reynolds number of the spray and the ratio of ambient to initial drop temperature on the evaporation, drop size distribution and entropy generation histories of the spray with its down stream distance have been established.     

单锥油水分离旋流器结构参数对压降比一分流比关系的影响

压降比和分流比是油水分离旋流器的重要操作参数，我们通过全因素试验研究了这两个参数之间的关系，以及结构参数对该关系的影响。我们发现压降比与分流比的关系仅与旋流器的结构参数有关，与操作参数无关；压降比与分流比的关系是非线性的，其非线性程度随溢流口直径的减小而增强，当分流比较小时近似处理为线性会造成较大误差；尾管尺寸对压降比与分流比关系曲线的起点和变化率影响较大；进口尺寸对压降比与分流比关系曲线的起点影响很大，对其变化率影响较小；锥度对压降比与分流比关系曲线的起点影响较小，对其变化率有一定影响，特别是锥度较大时较明量。     

Mathematical Modeling of Two-Stage Extraction Kinetics using the Single Drop Technique

This paper focuses on the mathematical modeling of the two-stage extraction using the single drop technique. Two stages of extraction are being considered: the drop formation step, where dimensions of the drop are highly dependent on time, and the drop travel step, during which the drops size and dimensions are assumed constant. Models for both extraction steps are derived and the combined model is proposed. Two-stage and one-stage models of extraction are compared. Errors occuring when considering only the travel stage of the single drop extraction have been calculated and their dependencies on various extraction parameters have been determined. The analysis of the combined two-stage model has proven that the travel-stage-only model generates significant errors during the determination of reaction rate constants when the drop formation time is significant in relation to the whole extraction time. Thus, the two-stage model should be used to reduce originating errors.     

An improved stagewise model of countercurrent flow liquid—liquid contactors

An improved stagewise model has been developed to represent more accurately the physical processes occurring in a liquid—liquid extraction column. The influence of drop size distribution is more realistically represented in this model. The model equations have been solved numerically with a range of parameter values in order to predict the extent of the influence of drop size distribution on extraction rates. Drop size distributions, measured in a turbine-agitated column section and inserted into the model equations, gave predictions of a considerable influence of size distribution on extraction column performance.     

气升式内环流反应器中油滴的分散特性

本文研究了气升式内环流反应器中油滴的分散特性。以对数正态分布密度函数为油滴尺寸的分散模型,导出了油滴的Sauter平均直径解析式。对模型作了实验验证,关联了模型参数。提出了油滴的尺寸分布密度函数和Sauter平均直径的半经验式。结果表明计算值与实验值吻合良好。     

Heat transfer in a liquid-liquid spray column

A theoretical and experimental study of direct contact heat transfer in a kerosene-water spray column has been carried out. A mathematical model for the process with a drop size distribution is proposed, and the associated computer program for the numerical solution developed. Correlations for the overall area heat transfer and axial dispersion coefficients for the column were obtained. Applying the mathematical model with experimentally obtained parameters, temperature profiles of both phases could be predicted. Comparisons with previous work in the literature support the present study. From the results, operation with uniform drop size in a short column is recommended.     

Effect of particle gradation on flow characteristics of ash disposal pipelines

Pressure drop and concentration distribution studies for the flow of multi-sized solid-liquid flow through slurry pipelines has been carried out over a wide range of efflux concentrations and mixtures of solids having different particle size distributions. The particle size effect on pressure drop has been analyzed through the measured solid distribution pattern in the pipeline. An integral flow model has been used for prediction of the pressure drop and solids distribution under various conditions. The model has been used to predict the optimum particle size distribution that gives the minimum specific energy consumption.     

UTILIZATION OF POPULATION BALANCES IN SIMULATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEMS IN MIXED TANKS

A simulation model has been developed to model drop populations in a mixed tank. A multiblock mixed tank model has been used with the drop population balance equations developed in the literature. The drop breakage and coalescence functions used in the population balance model take into account the local turbulent energy dissipation values. The drop breakage and coalescence function parameters are fitted against drop size measurements from dense liquid-liquid dispersions, which were assumed fully turbulent. Since the local turbulence and flow values of a mixed tank are used in the present model, the fundamental breakage and coalescence phenomena can be taken into closer examination. Furthermore, the present model is capable of predicting inhomogeneities occurring in a mixed tank. It is also considered as an improved tool for process scale-up, compared to the simple vessel-averaged population balance approach, or use of correlations of dimensionless numbers only. The present model can use two sources of data for fitting parameters in the drop rate functions. One is the transient data of the measured drop size distribution as the impeller speed is changed. The other is the time-averaged data measured at different locations of the mixed tank. Different flow regions can be chosen from direct measurements or from the CFD simulations in a straightforward manner. CFD flow simulation results can be used when no experimentally obtained flow conditions are available. This is especially useful for nonstandard vessels, such as reactors containing cooling coils.     

Scale-up of pump-mix mixers using CFD

Effect of scale on the drop size distribution in a pump-mix mixer has been studied. A network of zones model was developed to predict the drop size distribution at different locations in the mixer. Computational fluid dynamics model was used to obtain the flow patterns in the mixer and to identify zones based on the flow patterns. Population balance equation was solved for all the zones of the mixer. The model was validated with the experimental data over a wide range of parameters as well experimental data from the published literature. The model was further extended for scale-up studies. Two different scale-up criteria were studied. It was observed that equal power consumption per unit mass and geometrical similarity is a better scale-up criterion as compared with equal tip speed criterion for pump-mix mixers.