补气压力损失系数与一级压比对补气增焓空气源热泵性能影响

空气源热泵系统低温适用性问题一直是其在北方拓广应用的制约性因素,带有闪发器的补气增焓空气源热泵系统是解决空气源热泵低温适用性的有效手段之一。本文建立了带有闪发器的补气增焓空气源热泵系统的热力学过程数学模型,通过数值模拟研究了一级压缩比和压力损失系数对补气增焓空气源热泵系统特性的影响。结果表明,随着一级压比的逐渐增大,冷凝压力降低趋势平缓,热泵的性能系数逐渐升高,而排气温度先降低后升高,因而存在最佳一级压比。综合压缩机的排气温度和热泵的性能系数,模拟工况补气增焓空气源热泵的最佳一级压比为1.6。补气压力损失系数越大意味着有用功的损失越小,随着补气压力损失系数增大热泵的制热量、耗功逐渐增大,性能系数逐渐升高而排气温度逐渐降低,因此设计时应补气压力损失系数越大越好。     

基于热源塔的热泵系统构建与试验

为解决水冷冷水机组冬季闲置和空气源热泵冬季制热存在的结霜问题,构建了一种基于热源塔的热泵系统。详细分析了热源塔热泵系统的构成和工作过程,依据所建立的热源塔热泵试验装置进行了不同热源塔溶液进出口温差的制热试验。结果表明:热泵制热量和COP都随着热源塔溶液进出口温差的增大而减小,而压缩机的耗功变化较小,空气与蒸发温度间的温差随之增大而增加;当环境温度为-1.2℃,热源塔溶液进出口温差从1.5℃增大到3℃时,热泵制热COP由3.02降为2.72,空气与蒸发温度的温差由7.64℃增大至11.96℃。整个实验过程中系统运行稳定可靠,避免了空气源热泵的结霜问题,表明热源塔热泵是一种非常具有前景的冷热源方案。     

空气源热泵热水器中R417A与R22的性能对比

对R417A在空气源热泵热水器中的性能与R22进行了对比实验,测试了不同环境温度下采用R417A与R22的COP、功率、冷凝压力和压缩机排气温度等参数的变化。结果表明,在空气源热泵热水器中,R417A的COP与R22比较接近;排气温度比R22低,系统更加安全;冷凝压力也比R22低,说明在同样的冷凝压力下能够得到温度更高的热水;而且更加环保,比R22更加适合在空气源热泵热水器中使用。     

补气增焓热泵机组在供热工况下的噪声特性

以自行开发的一台补气增焓空气源热泵机组为实验对象,通过分步运行法对机组噪声源进行识别和频谱分析,研究变工况下机组供热性能及噪声变化规律,通过对噪声特性和变化规律原因的探究,为针对性地降低机组噪声提供了方向。结果表明：风机旋转噪声频率和压缩机激励频率接近时,噪声声压级会放大;风机在部分负荷工况下从高转速切换到低转速,噪声下降了6.44 dB;补气提高了补气压力和吸气压力,导致管路噪声增大,−12℃环境温度下噪声较补气阀关闭时增加了1.05 dB;主路阀开度100%时噪声声压级较开度30%时增加了2.1 dB,主路膨胀阀开度对噪声的影响大于补气膨胀阀。     

双缸滚动转子式压缩机热泵制热综合部分性能系数(IPLV(H))研究

为了更好地评价双缸滚动转子式压缩机空气源热泵在低环境温度下的性能,对样机的制热综合部分性能系数(IPLV(H))进行实验测试。分别测试了样机在4种工况下的制热性能系数(COP_h)。测试结果表明:样机在100%、75%、50%和25%负荷率4种工况下的COP_h值分别为2.24、2.75、2.94和2.69,在名义工况下,其COPh值比规范高6.25%。由相关计算公式,可计算出全国典型城市低环境温度空气源热泵的IPLV(H),其中,IPLV(H)值最高的城市是西安,IPLV(H)=2.85,最低的城市是太原,IPLV(H)=2.74;较之规范要求,其提升率在14.2%～18.8%。说明所研发的双缸滚动转子式直流变频压缩机空气源热泵是一种高效节能热泵。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统

针对光伏发电效率较低和空气源热泵在寒冷地区应用中存在的问题,研发了一种新型复合蒸发器,将平板微热管阵列太阳能光伏光热(PV/T)集热器与空气源热泵相结合,组成新型太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统。并对该热水系统在不同运行工况下的水箱水温、吸排气压力、压缩机功率和性能等进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在环境温度分别为5、10和15℃的条件下,热泵加热73 L水,水温从15℃加热到50℃时,双热源运行工况的加热时间比单空气热源运行工况依次缩短了5.14%、10.29%和11.38%,COP依次提高了5.99%、9.28%和11.96%。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统

针对光伏发电效率较低和空气源热泵在寒冷地区应用中存在的问题,研发了一种新型复合蒸发器,将平板微热管阵列太阳能光伏光热（PV/T）集热器与空气源热泵相结合,组成新型太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统。并对该热水系统在不同运行工况下的水箱水温、吸排气压力、压缩机功率和性能等进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在环境温度分别为5、10和15℃的条件下,热泵加热73 L水,水温从15℃加热到50℃时,双热源运行工况的加热时间比单空气热源运行工况依次缩短了5.14%、10.29%和11.38%, COP依次提高了5.99%、9.28%和11.96%。     

高温热泵在除湿转轮空调系统中的性能

提出一种新型的除湿转轮与高温热泵联合运行的空调系统,该系统利用热泵的蒸发器对除湿后的热空气进行降温处理,同时将冷凝器释放的热量为除湿转轮提供再生能耗,在系统内部实现冷量和热量的抵消,既降低系统能耗又减少环境污染。为此研制了采用工质R142b的空气源热泵,将机组置于可模拟转轮处理空气和再生空气状态的标准空气焓差室对其性能进行测试。通过改变室外侧环境温度和进入冷凝器的风量研究R142b在空气源热泵机组中的循环性能和排气压力。结果表明：当蒸发器环境温度为（45±0.2）℃时,冷凝器进风温度为（27±0.2）℃时,灌注R142b的空气源热泵可产生79.2℃的热风,满足转轮的再生温度要求,且排气压力在压缩机的正常工作压力范围内。     

喷气增焓空气源热泵热性能评价及预测

喷气增焓空气源热泵系统可显著提高系统低温性能,应用在寒冷地区时冬季环境温度普遍在-5℃以下,而且全年温度波动范围非常大,仅以名义工况(干球温度为7℃)评价系统性能,难以准确有效反映系统真实节能效果.为此在兰州地区建立了喷气增焓空气源热泵实验系统,实测不同环境温湿度条件下系统性能,结果表明系统COP在喷气电磁阀关闭时基本呈线性变化关系,瞬时COP可达6.5,在喷气电磁阀开启时COP衰减更为缓慢,瞬时COP在2.0左右;据此分段拟合出热泵COP的经验关联式,确定其适用范围,并进行实验验证,与本实验系统相比其平均相对误差在3%以内.     

太阳能与空气源热泵集成供热系统研究进展

太阳能与空气源热泵能都具有清洁节能的优点,但两者的性能又均受制于天气状况,在某些工况下不能保证较高的运行能效,若将太阳能与空气源热泵组成集成系统,则可实现双方的优势互补。本文从太阳能与空气源热泵的多种结合方式出发,阐述了近期太阳能与空气源热泵集成供热系统的研究进展,分析了喷射器增效双热源热泵和太阳能光伏光热一体化双热源热泵等6种不同集成系统各自的特点,根据每种系统的特点探讨了各种集成方式的适用范围。指出太阳能可以提高空气源热泵的低温性能,缓解空气源热泵的结霜问题,同时空气源热泵也能弥补太阳能不稳定性和不连续性的缺陷,故太阳能与空气源热泵的结合可以提高供热系统的可靠性与节能性。最后,分析了现有研究的不足之处,并提出了关于未来研究方向的建议。     

准二级压缩-喷射热泵的设计与实验研究

为回收利用普通准二级压缩热泵系统中补气回路的有用能,提出了准二级压缩-喷射热泵系统。文中对其设计方法进行了介绍,搭建了蒸发温度-20℃样机实验台。测试结果表明,在保证制热量的情况下,能效比较普通补气系统增加3%—5%,设计方法能为其他工质、其他容量的涡旋压缩机准二级压缩-喷射复合热泵系统的设计提供参考。     

Capital costs and energy considerations of different alternative stripper configurations for post combustion CO2 capture

Capturing and storing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide produced by power plants and chemical production plants before it is emitted to the atmosphere will play a major role in mitigation climate change. Among the different technologies, aqueous amine absorption/stripping is a promising one. In this study, five different configurations for aqueous absorption/stripping have been compared with regards to capital investment and energy consumption. The process simulations are made with the use of Unisim Design and ProTreat, while for the cost calculations, data from Turton et al. (2009) and Sinnott and Towler (2009) are used.We cannot identify one single configuration to be the optimum always for all situations, as it depends on many parameters like energy and material costs, interest rate, plant complexity, etc. With the assumption and estimated parameters in this study we find that vapor recompression configuration is the best configuration because it has the lowest total capture cost and CO₂ avoided cost. In addition, the plant complexity does not increase very much compared to the benchmark. The split-stream configuration with cooling of semi-lean amine is the second best. However, this configuration increases the investment cost and plant complexity significantly.The effect of heat integration between the compression section and the stripper is also considered. We can reduce heat requirement by heat integration, but since the inlet temperature to the compressors become higher, the compression efficiency will decrease and compression work will increase. In addition, the capital cost and the complexity of the plant will increase. Because of the higher inlet temperature the water content of produced CO₂ is higher and consequently the corrosion problems is more serious in pipes and equipment for compression and injection section.     

翅片管换热器表面霜层生长特性的实验研究

空气源热泵系统节能减排效果显著,但在低温高湿的冬季制热工况下,室外蒸发器表面会发生结霜现象,霜层会直接影响换热性能,进而影响系统运行的可靠性及能效。对翅片管换热器霜层生长特性进行了实验研究,实验中采用红外热成像仪对霜层表面温度进行测量,并用千分尺热电偶直接测量装置进行校核。分析了环境温度、相对湿度及迎面风速对结霜厚度、结霜量、霜层-湿空气界面条件的影响,并将霜层表面温度与环境温度之差作为结霜的传热驱动力,将湿空气中水蒸气分压力与霜表面温度下饱和水蒸气分压力之差作为结霜的传质驱动力,对结霜机理进行了分析,为换热器的防结霜和除霜提供了依据,为优化空气源热泵系统的设计奠定了基础。     

空气源热泵结合小温差风机盘管在高效舒适供热中的应用

传统空气源热泵空调冷热水机组多采用45℃的供水温度,40℃的回水温度。降低回水温度可有效增加机组效率,但回水温度的降低会导致室内末端换热量减小,所以需采用具有更强换热能力的小温差末端,且现代建筑多配备新风机,在新风机承担部分负荷的基础上亦可通过降低回水温度来增加机组效率。实验研究表明,在满足室内热负荷的前提条件下可将回水温度降低至30℃,COP更高,耗电量更小,是高效节能的运行模式。此外,所建立的Dymola模型从理论上验证了实验结果,在此基础上可以进行实际空调系统的能耗模拟。     

无霜空气源热泵技术研究进展

在传统空气源热泵（ASHP）机组上耦合空气除湿设备，实现其无霜连续高效稳定运行，有利于ASHP在低温高湿度地区清洁供暖中的推广应用。在对三类结霜过程进行分析的基础上，总结了各种无霜ASHP技术原理，并将其分为三大类：固体除湿型无霜技术、液体除湿型无霜技术和其他无霜技术。重点概括了固体和液体除湿型无霜ASHP技术的研究现状。指出了各种无霜技术存在的问题及局限性并给出了推荐研究和不同环境条件下的发展优先级，提出今后应主导做好影响无霜热泵系统投资成本和运行性能相关的各方面研究，进而开发性能良好且地域限制较小的多功能无霜ASHP技术。     

Research progress on frost-free air source heat pump technology

Coupling the air dehumidification equipment on the traditional air source heat pump (ASHP) unit to achieve its frost-free continuous high-efficiency and stable operation is conducive to the popularization and application of ASHP in clean heating in low temperature and high humidity areas. Hence, based on the analyses of three types of frosting processes, the principles of various frost-free ASHP technologies were summarized and divided into three categories in the present paper as follows: frost-free ASHP technology with integrated solid desiccant dehumidification, frost-free ASHP technology coupling with liquid desiccant dehumidification, other frost-free ASHP technologies. Then the research status of the first two frost-free ASHP technologies was reviewed, respectively. Finally, the problems and limitations of these frost-free technologies were pointed out, and the research recommendations of various methods and their development priorities under different environmental conditions were given, respectively. Meanwhile, it was suggested that all aspects of researches affecting the investment cost and operation performance of frost free heat pump system should be mainly carried out, and thereby develop the multi-functional frost free ASHP technology with high performance and small regional restrictions in the future.     

Integrating compressors into heat exchanger networks above ambient temperature

Heat from compression processes is normally wasted to cooling water due to its low temperature or concerns about operability. The recoverable amount of heat can be enhanced by increasing the operating temperature of compressors. However, the compression work also increases under this condition. The integration of compressors into heat exchanger networks (HENs) is complex since both heat and work are involved, and the role of streams (as hot or cold streams), the utility demand, and the location of pinch points may change. A systematic graphical design procedure for above ambient HEN design including compressors was presented. The objective is to minimize exergy consumption to balance the complex heat‐work trade‐offs involved. Four theorems are proposed as the basis of the design procedure with certain well‐defined assumptions. It is found that the compression should be performed at pinch or ambient temperatures to achieve minimum exergy consumption. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3770–3785, 2015     

Exergetische Bewertung des Einsatzes von Wärmepumpen (Brüdenverdichtern) in Anlagen der Chemischen Industrie

Energy evaluation of incorporating heat pumps (vapour compressors) in chemical plant. Both the prevailing tendency of steeper price-hikes for fuel than for equipment and the imminent shortage of conventional fuels are stipulating measures aimed at decreasing energy consumption. The energy requirements of different variants of a particular process can be compared by using an efficiency based on availability, if the lowest process temperature is used instead of the commonly applied ambient temperature. The method is explained with reference to two examples.     

CO_2-NH_3复叠与NH_3制冷系统的流程参数比较

设计了典型的CO2-NH3复叠式制冷流程和NH3两级压缩制冷流程,对流程进行了模拟计算,比较了两者的关键参数,并分析了换热器的热流分布及氨系统的参数优化。结果表明:在蒸发温度-45℃的条件下,复叠式系统的压缩机总功耗、制冷剂NH3流量小于氨系统,但氨系统具有较大规模的中温制冷量,其总制冷系数COP大于复叠式系统。复叠式系统冷凝蒸发器的两相流间换热温差较小,而氨系统中间冷却器的换热温差较大。随着低压级排气压力的上升,以及中间温度的降低,氨两级压缩机的总功耗呈下降趋势。     

采用R410A单一工质的复叠式空气源热泵

针对空气源热泵在寒冷地区应用中存在的诸多问题，结合复叠式循环与压缩机直流调速技术，提出一种采用R410A单一工质的复叠式空气源热泵(SC-ASHP)系统，既可以按照传统单级压缩制热（SHC）模式运行,又可按复叠式制热（CHC）模式运行。不同工况下，对SC-ASHP系统在两种不同制热模式运行时的压缩比、排气温度、制热量与性能系数（COP）进行了模拟计算与实验研究，结果表明：低温环境下，CHC模式压缩比和排气温度远低于SHC模式；在冷凝温度46℃，蒸发温度-35℃工况下，CHC模式COP高于1.8，压缩机排气温度低于120℃，高低温压缩机压缩比均不超过5.0，系统可以稳定可靠运行；此外，CHC模式下提高低温压缩机转速可以持续提高系统制热量，满足低温环境下的供暖需求；新系统扩大了空气源热泵系统的应用范围。