入口旋流对均一粒径液滴喷雾干燥塔影响的数值模拟

均一粒径液滴喷雾干燥塔(MDSD)在生产均匀尺寸颗粒产品中发挥着较大优势,进一步优化其干燥过程操作尤为重要。集成离散相(DPM)和反应工程法(REA)干燥方法,通过耦合分散室和主干燥室模型,本研究开发了完整的MDSD三维计算流体力学模型。并系统探究了在干燥过程中分散气旋流、热空气旋流以及二者共同旋流对颗粒运动和最终干燥效果的影响。模拟结果表明,在30°入射角下加入旋流效果最优。同时引入分散室和干燥室旋流后发现,同向旋流比反向旋流带来的干燥效果提升2%,更比无旋流操作下的干燥效果提升30%。欲达到同样的干燥效果,引入同向旋流,塔身可缩短近12%。     

复式干燥装置

颗粒以流通的流化床作初步干燥再以旋风分离室作精干燥的复式干燥装置(以下简称旋风型干燥器),经实验室模型的试验表明,没有喷动床干燥器和流化床干燥器所有的缺点。物料在流通的流化床设备中初步干燥和普通的流化状态不同:在干燥器的下部主要是流化状态,而上部为气流输送状态。产品的精干燥在旋风干燥室中进行。旋风干燥室是一个气相悬浮系自切向引入的锥形干燥器。另外还有一条管道系统(图上设备1～4)接至旋风干燥室,供给补充气流。与喷动床的不同点在于旋风干燥室的各段上空气速度远大于颗粒旋扬速度。旋风干燥室的锥度是干燥过程强化的     

不同进风方式喷雾干燥过程的CFD模拟研究

根据实验室已有的旋流式干燥塔建立模型并按照相同尺寸建立直流干燥塔模型,对比了2种进风方式的干燥效果。模拟结果表明,旋流式干燥塔的干燥效果要好于直流式干燥塔,但也会有黏壁、过热等现象。因此在实验过程中对于高分子物料干燥时应该有关于干燥气体温度及在颗粒干燥塔内的停留时间的特殊操作要求。     

新型高效节能(PVC)旋流干燥装置运行技术总结

详细介绍了清华大学与江苏北方氯碱集团设计研究院共同设计的新式干燥流程-组合式节能旋流干燥系统。该干燥装置中的旋流干燥床的体积仅为旋风干燥装置的20%～30%，气流干燥塔的体积亦减少20%～30%，设备投资可节省约30万元，运行成本节约50万元（按5万t/a产能计），且节能效果好，操作弹性大，控制简单，对PVC树脂质量无不良影响。     

旋流场中小颗粒污染物凝并及运动特性研究

为研究旋流对小颗粒凝并过程的影响,研究通过整合Lech Gmachowski Brown凝并核模型、湍流凝并核模型和XIAO提出的剪切破碎核模型,建立了一个考虑剪切流影响的适用于全粒径范围的颗粒凝并模型。首先计算了初始粒径为0.5μm的颗粒凝并效率,对比前人实验数据,验证了新模型对于湍流场过渡区内颗粒凝并行为的适应性。然后考察了旋流运动对亚微米和微米级颗粒凝并的影响,结果表明,旋流影响了亚微米级颗粒的自由扩散,促使不同粒径颗粒分离,从而降低凝并效率;对于微米级颗粒,旋流增加了小颗粒的碰撞概率,但无法提升凝并效果,旋流速度越高,凝并效果越差;在旋流场中设置轴向扰流板,可以改善小颗粒凝并效果。     

藕粉在旋流干燥器中的干燥动力学研究

实验研究了藕粉在旋流干燥器中不同操作参数下(进风温度50～80℃、气速1.5～3.5 m/s、进料速率0.001 7～0.002 7 kg/s)的干燥速率,建立了藕粉在旋流干燥器中的干燥动力学模型:U=a+bX+cX~2+dX~3,并进行了模型验证。结果表明该经验模型在一定因素水平范围内具有比较好的精度,研究结果对旋流干燥工艺参数的选择和旋流干燥器的设计有一定的参考价值。     

过热蒸汽流化床干燥装置

结合过热蒸汽干燥和流化床干燥的各自特性，开发出一种新型的过热蒸汽流化床干燥装置，阐述了工作原理。以卧式多室过热蒸汽流化床干燥装置干燥酒糟为例进行了工艺设计和计算，在保证稳定工作的条件下，干燥室内的绝对压力为0．3MPa，干燥室进出口的工作介质温度分别为180℃和140℃，最佳操作流化速度为2．6m／s。试验结果表明：该卧式多室过热蒸汽流化床干燥装置具有干燥速率大、热效率高、被干产品质量好和干燥操作成本低等优点，特别适宜于初始湿分高而加工附加值低的农产物料的干燥。     

热泵干燥过程中低温热泵补热的应用分析

针对木材干燥中的不利工况,提高干燥系统的可靠性,根据两级压缩制冷循环原理,提出了低温热泵和干燥热泵的耦合应用方案。使用能量的（火用）损失模型,分别对干燥系统进行热量、干燥介质的质扩散和除湿过程的（火用）损失进行分析。在低温热泵20、22、24、26、28、30℃以及关闭低温热泵的供热情况下分别测试计算了干燥热泵压缩机的排气温度与能耗、热泵性能系数（COP）以及热力完善度,同时测得木材含水率下降1%,系统的干燥用时和能耗。结果表明：相比于关闭低温热泵,开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的排气温度最多减少了16℃,COP皆有所提高。由于主机室温度升高后,系统循环的不可逆程度增加,热力完善度随着供热温度增加逐渐降低。开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的供热量和用时比关闭低温热泵最大分别增加44%,减少46%。     

锌灰制备碱式碳酸锌和超细氧化锌及表征

室温下采用氨浸出锌灰制得碱式碳酸锌,再经煅烧制得超细氧化锌。研究了在合成碱式碳酸锌过程中表面活性剂对碱式碳酸锌和氧化锌颗粒尺寸与形貌的影响。结果表明,聚乙二醇（PEG20000）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP-K30）这两种表面活性剂对颗粒的分散效果最好,制得的碱式碳酸锌颗粒为无定形片状且分散均匀,平均粒径为1 μm,煅烧后的氧化锌颗粒为六方晶系纤锌矿结构,粒径约为0.7 μm。添加PVP-K30比添加PEG20000的碱式碳酸锌热分解温度高。添加PEG和PVP的碱式碳酸锌反应活化能分别为139.9 kJ/mol和146.8 kJ/mol。     

气固逆、并流多级旋流干燥器的流体力学行为研究

针对PVC等颗粒的干燥过程要求，设计并建立了多级旋流干燥系统．对其操作方式、流体力学特性进行了较为系统的研究．实验对气固逆流和气固并流两种操作方式分别进行了探讨．在多级旋流干燥器中成功地实现了气固逆流接触．并对旋流板结构、开孔率和操作气速对床层压降及床层平均密度的影响进行了研究，给出了气固逆流及并流操作时的操作性能曲线和操作窗口．     

Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Disk Atomizer Using a Three-Dimensional Computional Fluid Dynamic Model

Spray dryers fitted with a rotary disk atomizer are widely used in many industries requiring high throughputs to produce powders from liquid streams. The interaction between droplets or particles and the drying medium within the drying chamber is still not well understood and hence difficult to model reliably. In this article CFD results are presented to describe the behavior of the performance of a spray dryer fitted with a rotary disk atomizer in a cylinder-on-cone chamber geometry. Four different turbulence models, i.e., standard k - ε, RNG k - ε, Realizable k - ε, and Reynolds stress models were tested and compared to simulate the swirling two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer in the chamber. The results of this investigation can provide further insight into turbulent swirling flow modeling. The predicted results, such as, air flow patterns, air velocity and temperature, distributions, particle/droplet trajectories, drying performance etc., are obtained using the CFD code FLUENT6.1. Comparison with available limited experimental data shows that CFD results display reasonable agreement. Predicted results also show that the RNG k - ε model performs better in this specific case.     

Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Disk Atomizer Using a Three-Dimensional Computional Fluid Dynamic Model

Abstract

Spray dryers fitted with a rotary disk atomizer are widely used in many industries requiring high throughputs to produce powders from liquid streams. The interaction between droplets or particles and the drying medium within the drying chamber is still not well understood and hence difficult to model reliably. In this article CFD results are presented to describe the behavior of the performance of a spray dryer fitted with a rotary disk atomizer in a cylinder-on-cone chamber geometry. Four different turbulence models, i.e., standard k ? ε, RNG k ? ε, Realizable k ? ε, and Reynolds stress models were tested and compared to simulate the swirling two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer in the chamber. The results of this investigation can provide further insight into turbulent swirling flow modeling. The predicted results, such as, air flow patterns, air velocity and temperature, distributions, particle/droplet trajectories, drying performance etc., are obtained using the CFD code FLUENT6.1. Comparison with available limited experimental data shows that CFD results display reasonable agreement. Predicted results also show that the RNG k ? ε model performs better in this specific case.     

To What Extent Do Whey and Casein Micelle Proteins Influence the Morphology and Properties of the Resulting Powder?

How the type of protein influences particle morphology remains a hot topic of debate. In this study we focused on the drying behavior of two major milk protein types; that is, whey protein and native micellar caseins. To improve understanding of the role of each protein in the particle-forming mechanisms, seven mixtures containing different whey proteins to caseins ratios were investigated. A monodisperse spray dryer (MDSD) was used to produce uniform particles by drying monodispersed droplets in a hot, dry air flow. Single particles were also obtained from the same material using single droplet drying in a pendant configuration. Powders were characterized according to their physical characteristics and their rehydration properties. It was demonstrated that particle morphology was mainly governed by the type of protein matrix, almost regardless of the drying kinetics, which differed considerably between MDSD and single droplet drying. Controlling product formulation thus represents a potential means by which to tune particle morphology and therefore the functional properties of powder.     

Development of an axisymmetric population balance model for spray drying and validation against experimental data and CFD simulations

An incremental model for spray drying, including a full droplet size distribution, has been implemented in a flowsheeting package incorporating tracking of distributed particle properties. Results were compared with expected trends based on standard theory and with results from a laboratory-scale spray dryer with a two-fluid nozzle for atomization. Predicted trends were as expected, with larger droplets giving substantially longer drying times and higher final moisture content. Predicted final moisture content was lower than measured values, as the very short residence times for fine particles were inadequately represented by first-order falling-rate drying kinetics. Dryer gas flow patterns were simulated by computational fluid dynamics. Calculated droplet residence times were much lower than for a plug-flow or fully mixed gas flow, because a high-velocity gas flow zone from the two-fluid atomizer persists down a substantial part of the dryer.     

Spray Drying of Tomato Pulp: Effect of Feed Concentration

The effect of feed concentration on spray drying of tomato pulp preconcentrated to 78, 82, and 86% wet basis is investigated in two spray drying systems: a pilot scale spray dryer (Buchi, B-191) with cocurrent regime and a two-fluid nozzle atomizer, and the same connected with an absorption air dryer (Ultrapac 2000). Data for the residue on the chamber and cyclone walls were gathered and two types of efficiencies were calculated as an indication of the spray dryer performance. Tomato powders were analyzed for moisture, particle size, and bulk density. In both spray drying systems, with increases in tomato pulp concentration overall thermal efficiency, evaporative efficiency, material loss in the cyclone, powder moisture content, and bulk density decreased, whereas powder particle size increased. On the contrary, the effect of feed solids content on residue formation and product recovery was dependent on the drying medium. In the standard dryer, the higher the feed concentration, the higher was the residue accumulation, and the lower the product recovery, whereas in the modified system increases in pulp concentration resulted in lower residue formations and higher product yields.     

A Parametric Study of Spray Drying of a Solution in a Pulsating High-Temperature Turbulent Flow

Spray drying of a concentrated common salt (NaCl) solution carried out in the intense oscillating high-temperature turbulent flow field generated in the tailpipe of a pulse combustor was simulated. Simulation of such transport process problems is especially crucial since the environmental conditions are too hostile for detailed and reliable measurements. The momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes between the gas and droplet phases during drying were simulated using a computational fluid dynamic solver. The simulated profiles of flow field, temperature, and humidity of gaseous phase, and particle trajectories in a drying chamber are presented and discussed. The effects of gas temperature, pulse frequency and amplitude, and gas mass flow rate on the transient flow patterns, droplet trajectories, and overall dryer performance were investigated. Different turbulence models were also tested. Simulation results show that the flow field and droplet drying conditions vary widely during a single pulsating period. Very short drying times and very high drying rate characterize pulse combustion spray drying. Thus, pulse combustion drying can be applied to drying of fine droplets of highly heat-sensitive materials although the jet temperature initially is extremely high.     

A Parametric Study of Spray Drying of a Solution in a Pulsating High-Temperature Turbulent Flow

Spray drying of a concentrated common salt (NaCl) solution carried out in the intense oscillating high-temperature turbulent flow field generated in the tailpipe of a pulse combustor was simulated. Simulation of such transport process problems is especially crucial since the environmental conditions are too hostile for detailed and reliable measurements. The momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes between the gas and droplet phases during drying were simulated using a computational fluid dynamic solver. The simulated profiles of flow field, temperature, and humidity of gaseous phase, and particle trajectories in a drying chamber are presented and discussed. The effects of gas temperature, pulse frequency and amplitude, and gas mass flow rate on the transient flow patterns, droplet trajectories, and overall dryer performance were investigated. Different turbulence models were also tested. Simulation results show that the flow field and droplet drying conditions vary widely during a single pulsating period. Very short drying times and very high drying rate characterize pulse combustion spray drying. Thus, pulse combustion drying can be applied to drying of fine droplets of highly heat-sensitive materials although the jet temperature initially is extremely high.     

DYNAMIC SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF CONVEYOR-BELT DRYERS

Abstract

The dynamic behavior of conveyor-belt dryers involving externally controlled heat and mass transfer phenomena has been studied via digital simulation. The investigation concerned an industrial dryer used for the moisture removal from wet raisins. The dryer consisted of three drying chambers and a cooling section, all involving the same conveyor belt. For each chamber, perfect temperature control was assumed for the drying air temperature, while its humidity was left uncontrolled. The effect of material temperature and moisture content at the entrance of the dryer and the drying air temperature on material temperature and moisture content at the exit of the dryer and the corresponding drying air humidity, have been explored by step forcing the disturbance and manipulated variables in the non-linear dryer model simulator. Results showed that material moisture content at the exit of the dryer is greatly affected by material moisture content at the entrance as well as by the drying air temperature. Reliable transfer functions for each process module were obtained by fitting several transfer function models on the simulated data using a least-squares approach. It was found that when input material moisture content could be instantly measured, the system responded slowly enough so that excellent control could be achieved for material moisture content at the exit of each chamber. In this case a Pi-feedback cascade temperature controller was used. When a 15 sec delay measuring sensor was introduced, poor performance was observed. A simplified lead-lag feedforward controller, added to the system, in conjunction with the primary Pi-feedback cascade controller, resulted in good control performance of the delay sensor system.     

Dynamic Modeling and a Parametric Study of an Indirect Solar Cabinet Dryer

A dynamic mathematical model for drying of agricultural products in an indirect cabinet solar dryer is presented. This model describes the heat and mass transfer in the drying chamber and also considers the heat transfer and temperature distribution in a solar collector under transient conditions. For this purpose, using conservation laws of heat and mass transfer and considering the physical phenomena occurring in a solar dryer, the governing equations are derived and solved numerically. The model solution provides an effective tool to study the variation of temperature and humidity of the drying air, drying material temperature, and its moisture content on each tray. The predicted results are compared with available experimental data. It is shown that the model can predict the performance of the cabinet solar dryer in unsteady-state operating conditions well. Furthermore, the effect of some operating parameters on the performance and efficiency of dryer is investigated and compared with selected published data.