三(4-异氰酸酯基苯)硫代磷酸酯与含能材料相容性研究

用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)研究了三(4-异氰酸酯基苯)硫代磷酸酯(TPTI)与含能材料的相容性。研究结果表明:TPTI与2-NPBA、C2、CL-20、DINA、HMX、FOX-7、FOX-7K以及RDX相容;TPTI/FOX-12混合体系轻微敏感;而TPTI/DNTF混合体系危险。     

含CL-20、DNTF和FOX-12的CMDB推进剂的热分解

用PDSC研究了添加CL-20（或DNTF或FOX-12）的改性双基推进剂的热分解行为.发现PDSC曲线中CL-20、DNTF推进剂有两个放热峰,第一个为双基黏结剂的分解峰,第二个为CL-20或DNTF的分解峰.FOX-12改性双基推进剂只有一个分解峰,表明FOX-12和双基黏结剂（NC、NG等组分）一起分解.     

热分析研究双基组分与某些高能氧化剂之间的相互作用

用PDSC和TG-DTG研究了双基组分NC-NG(质量比1:1)与CL-20、DNTF、TNAZ、ADN之间的相互作用.结果表明,双基组分与CL-20、DNTF、TNAZ、ADN之间在常压下相互作用并不十分明显,但在高压下却存在着强烈的相互作用,双基组分的分解产物可促进这几种高能氧化剂的加速分解.     

悬浮液法制备高纯度CL-20/HMX共晶炸药

采用悬浮液法制备了CL-20/HMX(摩尔比为2∶1)共晶炸药,利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药的结构和热分解特性,并计算了其纯度;采用扫描电镜(SEM)对比分析了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药和混合炸药的表面形貌,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,随着搅拌时间的增加,CL-20/HMX共晶炸药在13.184°处的衍射峰强度越来越强,在12.537°、22.972°处的衍射峰强度越来越弱;CL-20/HMX共晶炸药分解过程只有一个放热分解阶段,随着搅拌时间的增加,放热峰发生偏移,16h后维持在241℃左右;CL-20/HMX共晶炸药的纯度为88.5%,结晶体为规则的立方体结构,粒径约为12μm;特性落高H50为67.54cm,比原料CL-20、原料HMX、CL-20/HMX混合炸药分别高45.56、37.54、39.00cm。     

高能量密度化合物CL-20、DNTF和ADN在高能发射药中的应用

为将高能量密度化合物在高能高燃速发射药中得到更好地应用,通过密闭爆发器、真空安定性试验,研究了3种高能量密度化合物CL-20、DNTF和ADN对高能硝胺发射药RGD7A相容性、能量、燃烧行为的影响.结果表明,CL-20和DNTF与硝胺发射药的相容性良好,能使硝胺发射药能量和密度提高;40～240 MPa下,含CL-20、DNTF硝胺发射药的燃速加快,燃速压力指数增大.     

静态与动态高压对含能材料热分解的影响

利用常压和高压差示扫描量热仪（DSC、PDSC）在动态和静态状下研究了CL-20、HMX、RDX、NC、NG、NG NC等几种含能材料的热分解,探讨了常压与高压条件下,静态与动态对这些含能材料热分解的影响。结果显示含能材料热分解受压力和动态气氛的影响有三种情况：1、热分解同时受到压力和动态气氛的影响;2、热分解既不受压力也不受动态气氛的影响;3、热分解只受压力的影响而不受动态气氛的影响。     

溴化银微晶和羧酸盐水溶液体系中的光生自由基的形成

利用ESR电子自旋捕捉技术，研究了甲酸钠，乙酸钠，草酸钾等羧酸盐的水溶液及其含有AgBr的分散体系在不同光照条件下自由基的产生。结果表明：某些羧酸盐（特别是甲酸盐）自身具有光解性，而且AgBr的存在对其光解过程有促进作用。这对研究羧酸盐掺杂乳剂尤其是甲酸盐掺杂乳剂的增感机理有重要意义。     

BAMO-AMMO的热行为及其与含能组分的相容性

采用DSC、TG-DTG程序升温法研究了3,3-二叠氮甲基氧丁环/3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环共聚物(BAMO-AMMO)的热行为,并采用DSC法和真空安定性法考察了BAMO-AMMO与含能组分RDX、HMX、DNTF、CL-20、AP、Al、NG、DIANP的相容性.结果表明,BAMO-AMMO的热分解分两个阶段进行,第一阶段分解峰温为260.3 ℃,较硝化棉的分解峰温高51 ℃,热稳定性好;第二阶段分解峰温为401.7 ℃;BAMO-AMMO与RDX、HMX、CL-20、AP、Al、NG、DIANP均相容,可与上述物质混合应用于火药.     

CL-20与HMX结晶体的研究

采用溶剂蒸发法研究了CL-20与MX结晶体的制备。通过偏光显微镜观察了结晶体的形貌:通过DSC测试分析了CL-20与HMX结晶体的热分解性能;结果表明,CL-20与HMX结晶体的形貌和热分解温度明显不同于CL-20和HMX。     

碳纳米管对HMX热分解行为的影响

采用超声复合法制备了HMX/碳纳米管(CNTs)复合材料,通过热失重法研究了碳纳米管对HMX热分解行为的影响.结果表明,碳纳米管可以降低HMX的热分解活化能和热分解温度,添加质量分数为1％碳纳米管可使HMX的热分解活化能降低70k J/mol以上,碳纳米管可以促进HMX的热分解.     

聚5-乙烯基四唑的热行为及其与含能组分的相容性研究

采用DSC、TG-DTG程序升温法研究了聚5-乙烯基四唑(PVT)的热行为,并采用DSC法和真空安定性法考察了PVT与推进剂主要组分RDX、HMX、CL-20、DNTF、ADN、AP、A1和Mg的相容性.结果表明,PVT的热分解分2个阶段进行,第一阶段分解峰温为237.2℃,第二阶段分解峰温为281.2℃;PVT与RD...     

有机铋铜复盐对DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了有机铋铜复盐(Gal-BiCu)与炭黑、不同芳香族铜盐(Cu1和Cu2)及金属燃烧功能助剂(NB)复配对DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。分析了Gal-BiCu与其他催化剂复配后影响DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧行为的原因。结果表明,Gal-BiCu能有效调节DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂的燃烧性能,提高推进剂燃速,显著降低压强指数;当Gal-BiCu与炭黑、Cu1、NB复合时,催化性能更佳;NB质量分数为0.5%时,推进剂在8~20MPa较宽区间内出现平台燃烧,压强指数n≤0.2;8~15MPa区间内压强指数降至0.11。     

Energetic Characteristics of HMX‐Based Explosives Containing LiH

The high energy density compound octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and the strong exothermic compound LiH represent an excellent principal explosive and an active fuel, respectively. Herein, the energetic characteristics of HMX‐based explosives are explored by adding LiH as fuel additive. The detonation parameters of HMX‐based explosives containing LiH were tested with free‐field explosion experiments and compared with those of traditional TNT, HMX, and aluminized explosives. The results show that the explosives exhibit higher energy and present preferable explosion effect when LiH is added as an explosive ingredient. The improvement of impulse is more than 32.8 % at 2 m. The shock wave peak overpressure increases by almost 40 % at a distance of 3 m from detonation center specially for the explosive containing both LiH and Al additives. Elemental H and Li are expected to release tremendous energy to effectively improve the explosives instant damage power, but the detonation duration is shorter than that of Al‐containing mixed explosives, which may limit the advantage over Al in the impulse. Li₂CO₃ powder is the solid product of HMX/LiH, which explains the LiH oxidation during the explosion. The exothermic processes in the formation are the reason for the increased energy of HMX/LiH explosives. These results can provide guidance to a potential energetic system formed by HMX and LiH.     

Effect of Crystal Quality and Particle Size of HMX on the Creep Resistance for TATB/HMX Composites

Two kinds of reduced sensitivity high explosive 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (RS‐HMX) with different particle sizes were selected to enhance the energy output and the mechanical properties of insensitive high explosive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB). Mechanical sensitivities, dynamic mechanical analysis, and non‐linear time dependent creep behaviors of TATB/HMX composites were investigated and discussed in relation to the structural characteristics. Compared with TATB/conventional HMX (C‐HMX) sample, both the impact and friction sensitivities of TATB/RS‐HMX were reduced. It revealed that TATB/fine grains RS‐HMX composites had the highest storage modulus and minimum steady‐state creep strain rate due to the increased coherence strength and the inhibited slide of the single layer of TATB crystal. The creep resistance also showed clear dependence on the particle size of RS‐HMX. The overall results indicated that RS‐HMX had good potential in high energetic, safe, and load‐bearing material applications.     

高能单元推进剂TKX–50能量特性计算研究

在比较高能量密度化合物奥克托今(HMX)、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL–20)和1,1′–二羟基–5,5′–联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX–50)性质的基础上,采用最小自由能法,计算不同压强下3种化合物作为单元推进剂的性能。在标准条件(pc:p a=70︰1)下计算了分别以CL–20和TKX–50替代HMX后所得推进剂配方CL–20–CMDB和TKX–50–CMDB的性能。结果表明,TKX–50具有较高的爆轰性能,在1～10 MPa下TKX–50具有较低的燃温、较高的特征速度和高于HMX的比冲,其燃烧产物平均相对分子质量较低;用于复合改性双基推进剂配方中,不仅提高了比冲,而且有效降低了火箭发动机排气羽流中的二次烟。     

CL-20含量及其粒度级配对NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响

采用静态与水下声发射法测试了CL-20含量及其粒度级配对NEPE推进剂燃速与压强指数的影响;采用DSC与TG-IR联用研究了CL-20对NEPE推进剂热分解行为的影响。结果表明,随着CL-20质量分数由42%增至50%,推进剂燃速与压强指数上升,燃烧效率提高,表明CL-20氧化能力高于GAP/硝酸酯含能黏合剂体系;随着CL-20/HMX、CL-20/Al质量比增高,推进剂燃速上升,燃烧效率上升;CL-20对推进剂燃速和压强指数的贡献高于HMX;随着CL-20/AP质量比增高,CL-20/AP混合体系分解产物氧化能力降低,燃烧反应速率降低,燃速降低;CL-20粒度级配对NEPE推进剂燃烧行为影响显著,当CL-20的粒径(d50)在5~50μm时,随着细粒度CL-20含量增高,推进剂燃速与燃速压强指数下降;当体系中存在超细粒度CL-20(d50=500nm)时,推进剂燃速与燃速压强指数随着超细粒度CL-20含量的增加而有所增加,4种粒度CL-20对NEPE推进剂燃速的贡献顺序为:粗粒度>中粒度>超细粒度>细粒度。     

Study of Plastic Explosives based on Attractive Cyclic Nitramines Part I. Detonation Characteristics of Explosives with PIB Binder

Four plastic explosives based on energetic nitramines and a non‐energetic binder were prepared and studied. The nitramines were RDX (1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazine), BCHMX (cis‐1,3,4,6‐tetranitro‐octahydroimidazo‐[4,5‐d]imidazole) and HNIW (ε‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane, ε‐CL‐20). The binder was in all cases polyisobutylene (PIB) as in the standard composition C‐4. These powerful plastic explosives were compared to standard PETN‐based commercially available explosives Semtex 1A and Sprängdeg m/46. The detonation velocities were experimentally measured and compared to the ones calculated by the Kamlet–Jacobs method, CHEETAH and EXPLO5 Codes. The experimental detonation velocities as well as the calculated detonation parameters decrease in the following order: HNIW‐PIB>HMX‐PIB≥BCHMX‐PIB>RDX‐PIB>Sprändeg m/46≥Semtex 1A. Urizar coefficients for the various binders were calculated from experimental data.     

Thermal and Combustion Properties of 3,4‐Bis(3‐nitrofurazan‐4‐yl)furoxan (DNTF)

Thermal decomposition of melted 3,4‐bis(3‐nitrofurazan‐4‐yl)furoxan (DNTF) in isothermal conditions was studied. The burning rates of DNTF were measured in the pressure interval of 0.1–15 MPa. The thermal stability of DNTF was found to be close to the stability of HMX, while the burning rate of DNTF was close to the burning rate of CL‐20. The thermocouple measurements in the combustion wave of DNTF showed that combustion of DNTF was controlled by the gas‐phase mechanism. The DNTF vapor pressure was determined from thermocouple measurements and agreed well with data obtained at low temperatures under isothermal conditions.