硫肥的重要性和我国对硫肥的需求趋势

硫肥的重要性和我国对硫肥的需求趋势刘崇群（中国科学院南京土壤研究所，２１０００８）当前，世界各地土壤缺硫现象普遍，硫在农业上的重要意义，日益受到人们的重视。近年来我国在一些省份布置了疏肥田间试验和对土壤中硫的状况作了调查。本报告依据土壤中硫的含量、硫...     

硫肥综述

介绍我国土壤缺硫状况，分析我国缺硫土壤相对较少的原因；估计２０１０年我国农业约需硫４１０万吨；重点说明我国硫磺资源短缺，但硫肥资源相当丰富，农业用硫肥不应该依赖进口。     

中国的硫源和硫肥

分析中国土壤硫量和硫资源结构，介绍硫肥生产现状，指出只有开发和利用潜在硫源，才能解决中国土壤缺硫的问题。     

浅谈硫肥在农业生产中的作用

分析了我国土壤缺硫的现状以及土壤缺硫的原因，阐述了硫肥对农业生产的重要作用。     

我国土壤的供硫现状及其农业效果

分析我国南、北方土壤的供硫现状及施硫效果，提出只有补充硫肥，才能达到增产的效果。     

硫镁肥及硫镁钾肥

硫镁肥及硫镁钾肥郭如新（天津碱厂总工办）硫与镁均为二级营养元素，由于近１０年来化肥结构的巨大变化，氮肥施用量大幅度增长，致使土壤中硫镁养分日趋减少。我国部分地区特别是南方诸省份已呈现缺硫缺镁的趋势，有些地区情况比较严重。如何适时地增加土壤中硫镁养分，...     

镁肥在荔枝和柑橘上的施用效应

土壤镁素已逐渐成为提高广东水果产量和品质的重要障碍因子。本文研究了镁肥对荔枝和柑橘类水果的施用效应。田间试验结果表明:在土壤缺镁的情况下,配施适量镁肥可使荔枝增产11.4%~33.3%,增收10.8%~37.5%;在土壤镁硫均缺乏的条件下,荔枝施用硫钾镁肥增产增收效果优于氯化镁。柑适施镁肥比不施镁肥处理显著提高产量,果实品质提高,增收效果好。沙田柚配施不同种类镁肥,以硫酸镁的增产增收作用最好,碳酸镁增产作用次之,但由于成本较高,增收效果不及硫钾镁肥。     

中国南方土壤硫的状况和对硫肥的需求

目前世界广泛缺硫的主要原因是普遍使用高浓度化肥，随化肥带入土壤的硫减少。从１９６０年至１９８５年中国化肥中的氮、硫比逐渐增大（由１增加至１０），据南方１０省８６４个县６７００个土壤样品测定，缺硫样品占总数的２６．５％，估算的缺硫面积为６６０万公顷。中国目前已有１４个省报导旅硫肥有增产效果，增产作物有２０种。据１９９０年南方１０省耕地硫素平衡估算，要维持当年土壤硫的收支平衡，需要补充的硫为１０１．３万吨。随着高浓度化肥的发展，中国含硫肥料的生产和使用将提到议事日程。     

不要误信受骗“硫钙肥”商品肥料

自去年以来，国内一些企业生产了一种自称“硫钙肥”的化肥，并在市场上销售。据称，这种肥料含磷、硫、钙等元素，可增加土壤的养分含量。对此，中国磷肥工业协会指出，某些厂家对“硫钙肥”肥效的不实宣传，纯属欺骗农民，误导农民用肥。     

磷石膏用作硫肥及其理化性质的探讨

<正> 近十多年来,许多地区都相继报道了土壤缺硫的现象。土壤的硫素营养问题逐渐为人们所重视。当今,农业上普遍施用高浓度不含硫的肥料。因此进入土壤的硫逐年减少。另外由于作物的高产,每年从土壤中带走大量的硫,致使硫的正常循环过程遭到破坏,严重地影响了农业生产。所以增施硫肥对许多地区来说是     

提高化肥利用率 发展低碳农业

提高肥料利用率、创新肥料生产技术是发展低碳经济的需要。提高农作物吸收养分能力、测土平衡施肥、开发新型肥料、利用有机废弃资源生产有机肥、加速秸秆应用研究是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,不仅可减轻化肥对环境的污染,而且还可以增强农作物的抗病、抗寒、抗高温的能力,提高农业投入产出比,进而实现农业低碳经济。     

涂布造粒技术在复合肥料厂的应用

介绍了涂布造粒技术在复合肥料增氮、涂硫和缓效化中的应用。采用该技术，可以有效提高复合肥料的产品质量，满足科学施肥的要求。     

中国氮肥消费状况及其发展展望

中国氮肥的消费在经历了快速的波动性增长以后,近年来的增长趋势变慢。通过对全国农技中心2003年统计数据和2000年农户调查数据的分析,阐明了我国氮肥消费的空间分布、品种结构和农作物需求状况;并指出了农作物氮肥施用中存在传统施肥习惯影响氮肥消费结构,氮肥施用面积不足、适量和超量各占三分之一,施肥方式影响肥料利用率,氮肥价格的上涨也影响氮肥消费结构等问题。因此,中国氮肥总消费量增长的趋势并不明朗。目前开展的测土配方施肥行动和减少氮肥农田损失的措施都会不同程度地影响未来氮肥的消费结构。     

世界硫肥介绍

概述了世界硫肥的需求情况。并介绍了各种硫肥的性能特点及影响硫肥肥效的因素，对硫肥的供给策略提出了建议。     

Needs for controlled-availability micronutrient fertilizers

Use of micronutrients for agronomic and horticultural crops has increased markedly in recent years. Increased use is related to higher nutrient demands from more intensive cropping practices and also from farming marginal lands. Most of the fertilizers used to correct micronutrient deficiencies are water- soluble inorganic sources or soluble organic products such as synthetic chelates or natural organic complexes. These fertilizers may react with soil to decrease their availability to plants. The rates of such chemical reactions may differ considerably with each micronutrient fertilizer and soil environment.Recommended micronutrient rates have been based on results of numerous experiments, and these rates vary with crop, soil, and other factors. The usual application rates (on an elemental basis) range from 1 to 10 kg ha^–1 for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn; < 1 kg ha^–1 for B; and < 100 g ha^–1 for Mo.Because the metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) generally are sorbed strongly by soil clays, they do not move significantly in soil. Hence, they are not leached readily from the zone of application to lower soil depths or into groundwaters. Mobility of these micronutrient cations is higher in sandy soils, especially with high leaching conditions. Therefore, their movement out of the root zone is possible under some situations. Significant residual effects of soluble Cu and Zn sources greatly reduce the need for controlled-availability Cu and Zn products. Controlled-availability Fe and Mn fertilizers have not been effective because the rapid oxidation of Fe and Mn and reactions with soil reduce their availability upon release.Because soluble B fertilizers form boric acid molecules in soil, they are mobile and subject to leaching conditions. While mobility of B is less than that of NO ₃ ^- -N in soil, field results have demonstrated loss of applied B from the root zone in sandy soils. Slightly soluble B fertilizers, such as colemanite and ulexite, and fritted B products (powdered glass-like materials whose solubility is controlled by particle size) have been used in sandy soils for some crops.Molybdenum requirements are much lower than those of the other micronutrients. Deficiencies generally are corrected by liming the soil or by seed or foliar applications, so there is little need for controlled-availability Mo fertilizers.Little research has been conducted on controlled availability micronutrient fertilizers. While fritted products are considered in this category, they are difficult to handle and only may be of value in supplying B under specific conditions. Coating soluble granular micronutrient fertilizers also has been attempted, but there are few reported results of their relative effectiveness in comparison with conventional fertilizers and application methods. New micronutrient products may be needed for specific conditions such as greenhouse-culture or container-grown crops, but plant needs also may be met by multiple applications of soluble sources.     

The effect of various phosphorus fertilizers on yields,phosphorus uptake by plants and conversion of phosphorus fertilizers in long-term experiments on different soils

Long-term experiments have been undertaken to investigate the effects of various types of phosphorus fertilizers on yields, phosphorus uptake and fertilizer conversion in the soil. Optimum effects were obtained from water-soluble phosphate, whereas finely ground soft rock phosphate had little effect even with large amounts of phosphorus fertilizers and with a pH value of the soil of around 5.4. Partially decomposed and sintered phosphates performed well, as did NPK fertilizers (100% water soluble) and Thomas phosphate. The addition of large amounts of phosphorus fertilizers (to cereals, 26.4 kg/ha, to other crops 44 kg/ha) led to yields being increased by 7% and phosphorus extraction being increased by 11%. Smaller amounts of phosphorus fertilizers (13.2 and 17.6 kg/ha) did not have this effect. Increases in the amount of double-lactate-soluble phosphorus in the soil depended on the level of fertilization and did not differ significantly according to the type of phosphorus fertilizer used.     

掺混肥料生产新技术和发展前景

介绍了涂布技术生产氮钾颗粒肥料的方法。同时应用氮磷、氮钾颗粒肥料作为发展多品种掺混肥料的基础肥料,以更好地满足农作物和土壤对养分的需求。     

含硝态氮的国产化肥少了

我国生产的氮肥数量巨大,但含硝态氮的化肥所占比例很小,这不利于化肥的合理施用.铵态氮和硝态氮作为植物的氮源,两者基本上是等效的,要根据作物和土壤条件合理施用.我国应当适当增加含硝态氮化肥的生产.第一,要对硝酸铵进行改性,使之不能再制造炸药;第二,要消除认为用了硝态氮肥就不能生产绿色食品的错误认识.     

含硫肥料的开发

介绍了含硫肥料开发的现实意义以及目前的硫肥品种。详细概述了涂硫尿素的生产工艺及其特点。     

中、微量元素肥料发展的必要性及其前景分析

中、微量元素肥料对改变肥料施用结构、增加土壤营养、满足作物生长需要、提高肥料利用率、增强抗逆性、激活土壤酶活性、防治病害、提高产量及改善产品品质均有显著效果。简要介绍了中、微量元素对作物的作用及其在我国土壤中的含量状况,概述了中、微量元素肥料的研究方向及发展趋势。目前,中、微量元素肥料研究已成为土壤科学的生长点,中、微量元素肥料的合理应用已成为现代化农业集约生产的重要标志。