碳氟表面活性剂在有机液体中的表面活性

从不同的碳氟链（ 包括四氟乙烯五聚体衍生物、全氟丙烯环氧齐聚体衍生物以及全氟烷基衍生物等） 出发, 制备了多种碳氟化合物。通过表面张力测定,研究了碳氟化合物在甲苯、正己烷、正癸烷、环己烷等烃类化合物以及在氯仿、硝基甲烷、二甲亚砜、正丁醇等极性化合物中的表面活性。探讨了表面活性剂结构对其表面活性的影响。     

聚合型乳化剂及其应用

聚合型乳化剂是一种新型乳化剂。本文介绍了聚合型乳化剂的类型和一般性质，通过传统乳化剂与聚合乳化剂比较，阐明了可聚合型乳化剂的优点，最后介绍了聚合型乳化剂的应用情况。     

Interaction Between an Anionic and an Amphoteric Surfactant. Part I: Monomer–Micelle Equilibrium

A mixture of anionic and amphoteric surfactants is composed of three components at intermediate pH levels: anionic, cationic (protonated amphoteric), and zwitterionic (unprotonated amphoteric). Knowledge of the composition of each surfactant in both monomer and micellar forms (monomer–micelle equilibrium) is important in applications using this mixture. Hydrogen ion titration of the mixed surfactant solution as a function of surfactant composition is combined with the pseudophase separation model and regular solution theory for the three-surfactant mixture to calculate the concentration of each surfactant in monomer and in micelle forms at different pH levels. The specific systems studied here contain sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO), which are used in a wide range of consumer products. The degree of protonation of monomeric DDAO is not affected by the presence of SDS, indicating an insignificant formation of ion pairs between these monomers. However, the presence of SDS in micelles shifts the micellar pK _a of DDAO protonation significantly and the method used here allows the quantification of partial fugacities of each individual surfactant in micelle form. The composition in the monomer phase at each pH will aid in understanding and predicting solution compositions corresponding to anionic/amphoteric surfactant precipitation boundaries, which is the focus of the subsequent paper in this series.

Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow-OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo-azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon-silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow-OB is solubilized only in the azo-form in the hydrocarbon-silicone surfactant system.     

Spontaneous vesicle formation from trisiloxane-tailed gemini surfactant

The spontaneous vesicle formation from a novel trisiloxane-tailed gemini surfactant were reported. The surface tension measurements revealed that aggregates are formed, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements suggested the aggregates are vesicles. The size and morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The vesicle formation was further confirmed by dye entrapment studies.     

羧酸盐型双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

羧酸盐双子表面活性剂因其具有独特的物理化学性能及易生物降解等特性而广受国内外学者关注。本文主要对羧酸盐双子表面活性剂分子的疏水链、亲水基及联接基团的键合方式进行了概述。     

新型Gemini磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的合成及应用

以磷酸二氢钠、环氧氯丙烷和十二烷基酰胺基丙基叔胺为原料,合成了一种新型双子磷酸酯两性表面活性剂。对其合成工艺进行了研究．确定了最佳工艺条件．最后对该产品应用性能进行了研究。     

Modified Two-Phase Titration Methods to Quantify Surfactant Concentrations in Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

In enhanced oil recovery applications, surfactants are injected into reservoirs along with polymers and salts. The effluents eluted from lab experiments and field tests are analyzed by HPLC methods using an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) detector. When the surfactant concentrations are less than 100 ppm, HPLC methods are inaccurate. A novel two-phase titration method is developed where surfactant concentrations can be quantified using a calibration curve constructed with UV/vis absorption. This method can analyze surfactant concentrations 5–80 ppm where dilution eliminates any high-salinity interferences with the absorption measurements. The method is based on formation of a dye-surfactant complex and the light absorption of the complex has a linear correlation with the surfactant concentration. Anionic surfactant concentrations lower than 100 ppm can be accurately quantified using this method with methylene blue. The method was also developed for low concentrations (<50 ppm) of cationic surfactants using methyl orange and indigo carmine. The indigo carmine method can be used without the use of an organic phase. All methods are applicable at salinities up to 3 wt%. Both the methylene blue method and the methyl orange method can be used to detect zwitterionic surfactants. These methods can be used in the presence of polymers without any prior treatments.     

Effect of Electrolyte and Temperature on Volatile Organic Compounds Removal from Wastewater Using Aqueous Surfactant Two-Phase System of Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Mixtures

Abstract

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are frequently observed contaminants in industrial wastewaters causing concerns about environmental and health effects. An aqueous surfactant two-phase (ASTP) extraction system using mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants have been shown to be a promising surfactant-based separation technique to concentrate solutes such as proteins and dyes from aqueous solution. A phase separation of a surfactant solution occurs at certain surfactant compositions and concentrations, forming two isotropic phases. One is rich in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-rich phase) and the other is lean in surfactant aggregates (surfactant-dilute phase). Most of the organic contaminants tend to solubilize and concentrate in the surfactant-rich phase, leaving the surfactant-dilute phase containing only small amounts of contaminants as remediated water. The effect of NaCl addition on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the extraction ability of ASTP formed by mixtures of cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide; DTAB) and anionic surfactant (alkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate; DPDS) at 50 mM total surfactant concentration with a 2:1 molar ratio of DTAB:DPDS was investigated; the CMC of the mixture slightly decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. The extraction and preconcentration of benzene are greatly enhanced by added NaCl. The higher the degree of hydrophobicity of contaminants, the greater the extraction into the surfactant-rich phases. At 1.0 M NaCl addition, about 95% of xylene, 92% of ethylbenzene, 90% of toluene, and 79% of benzene are extracted into the surfactant-rich phase within a single stage extraction and the contaminant partition ratios can be as high as 395 for xylene, 273 for ethylbenzene, 206 for toluene, and 84 for benzene, which are greater than those obtained from the conventional ASTP extraction system using nonionic surfactants.     

氟硅表面活性剂研究简述

简述了含硅及含氟硅表面活性剂的类别及特性,以及这2类表面活性剂的合成方法及应用。介绍了典型有机硅、氟硅表面活性剂的研究现状。认为含氟硅表面活性剂综合了氟表面活性剂和硅表面活性剂的优点,应在合成及应用上投入更多的研究,探讨与其他类型的表面活性剂如二聚表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂等类型的“杂交”研究,开发出高效、环保、节约成本、易降解的多功能化表面活性剂。     

Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants with single and twin head groups: Adsorption and precipitation studies

This research reports on the adsorption and precipitation of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants having single and twin head groups. The surfactant mixtures investigated were: (i) a single-head anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in a mixture with the twin-head cationic surfactant pentamethyl-octadecyl-1,3-propane diammonium dichloride (PODD)—adsorption was studied on negatively charged silica; and (ii) a twin-head anionic surfactant, sodium hexadecyl-diphenyloxide disulfonate (SHDPDS), and the single-head cationic surfactant dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCI)—adsorption was studied on positively charged alumina. Whereas the mixed surfactant system of SHDPDS/DPCI showed adsorption on alumina that was comparable to the of SHDPDS alone, the mixed surfactant system of SDS/PODD showed increased adsorption on silica as compared with PODD alone. The adsorption of the SDS/PODD mixture increased as the anionic and cationic system approached an equimolar ratio. Precipitation diagrams for mixtures of single- and twin-head surfactant systems showed smaller precipitation areas than for single-head-only surfactant mixtures. Thus, the combination of single- and double-head surfactants helps reduce the precipitation region and can increase the adsorption levels, although the magnitude of the effect is a function of the specific surfactants used.     

日本糖基和氨基酸系表面活性剂的开发及应用

以糖和氨基酸为原料的表面活性剂因其温和性、安全性和生物降解性近年来在日本受到高度重视 ,在日本已开发与应用这两类无公害的表面活性剂 ,并有良好的市场前景。     

Novel hydrolyzable and biodegradable cationic gemini surfactants: Bis(ester-ammonium) dichloride having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer

Novel cationic gemini surfactants, bis(ester-ammonium) dichlorides having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer and an oxycarbonyl group in the lipophilic part, were prepared conveniently and almost quantitatively by the reaction of the corresponding mono(ester-amine) with a highly reactive allylic- or propargylic dichloride. Most of these surfactants showed excellent surface-active properties and good biodegradability. The effects of the structure of spacer, the position of the oxycarbonyl group in the lipophilic part, the alkylene length between the oxycarbonyl and the ammonio groups, and the acyl chain length of the surfactants on their surface-active properties were examined.     

Comparative study on foaming and foam stability of multiple mixed systems of fluorocarbon,hydrocarbon, and amino acid surfactants

This study focuses on the effect of amino acid surfactant (sodium lauroyl glutamate [SLG]) on foam properties of a mixture of fluorocarbon (FS-50) and hydrocarbon (APG0810) surfactants. The molecular interactions, foamability, and foam stability of the surfactant solutions are systematically studied. The results show that SLG has stronger ability to lower surface tension of water compared to APG0810, but worse that than FS-50, and to adsorb onto gas/liquid interface in mixed solutions with FS-50 compared to APG0810. The addition of SLG increased foamability of APG0810/FS-50 mixed solution, and decelerated foam drainage and coarsening of individual APG0810, individual FS-50, and mixture of APG0810/FS-50 solutions. The mixture of SLG/FS-50 exhibited the higher foamability and foam stability than the frequently used critical component of the new developed AFFF, the mixture of APG0810/FS-50. This study can provide guidance for the scientific application of amino acid surfactants in the development of environmentally friendly firefighting foams.     

Dissolution of Soap Scum by Surfactants. Part III. Effect of Chelant Type on Equilibrium Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Calcium and Magnesium Soap Scums in Various Surfactant Systems

Soap scum can be effectively removed by using an appropriate surfactant with a chelating agent at a high solution pH. The equilibrium solubilities and dissolution rates of two model soap scums [calcium stearate and magnesium stearate: Ca(C₁₈)₂ and Mg(C₁₈)₂] were investigated in aqueous solutions containing three different types of surfactants [methyl ester sulfonate (MES) as an anionic surfactant; alcohol ethoxylate (EO9) as a nonionic surfactant; and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) as an amphoteric surfactant] in the presence of different biodegradable chelants: trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (Na₃EDDS) and tetrasodium glutamate diacetic acid (Na₄GLDA) compared with disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Na₂EDTA), a chelant with poor biodegradability. The highest equilibrium solubility and dissolution rate of either soap scum were observed at high pH in the DDAO system with Na₄GLDA. In addition, the calcium soap scum had a similar to higher equilibrium solubility and a higher dissolution rate constant as compared with the magnesium soap scum.     

淀粉原料表面活性剂发展概况

综述了近年来国内外以淀粉为原料的表面活性剂的现状及今后发展方向。侧重介绍了洗涤剂的应用领域。     

松香基双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以脱氢枞胺(DA)为原料,经中间体N,N-二甲基脱氢枞胺(DMDA),在乙腈溶液中,DMDA分别与1,3-二溴丙烷(摩尔比2.4∶1)和对溴二亚甲苯(摩尔比2.2∶1)加热回流48h,得到二(N-脱氢枞基-N,N-二甲基)-N,N′-(1,3-亚丙基)溴化二铵(DDMPDAB)和二(N-脱氢枞基-N,N-二甲基)-N,N′-对二亚甲苯基溴化二铵(DDMXDAB)两种双子表面活性剂。用元素分析,FTIR,1HNMR和13CNMR对二者进行了结构表征,测定其表面性能如下:DDMPDAB的阳离子表面活性物的质量分数为94.2%,临界胶束浓度为2.1×10-5mol/L,乳化力为22min,泡沫力为149mm,泡沫稳定性为53mm,Krafft为42℃,HLB为10.24;DDMXDAB的阳离子表面活性物的质量分数为90.8%,临界胶束浓度为8.0×10-5mol/L,乳化力为26.5min,泡沫力为160mm,泡沫稳定性为91mm,Krafft为43℃,HLB为10.88。二者与N-脱氢枞基-N,N,N-三甲基硫酸甲酯铵(DTMAS)、N-脱氢枞基-N,N-二甲基-N-苄基氯化铵(DDMBAC)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的表面性能进行了对比,结果表明:作者合成的两种表面活性剂具有更优良的表面活性。将产品和十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)分别配成质量分数为0.3%的水溶液,等体积混合后均不产生沉淀,说明产品与阴离子表面活性剂有很好的相容性。     

最具功能潜力的表面活性剂组——阴阳离子对表面活性剂结合体的研究与开发

概述了阴阳离子对表面活性剂的应用前景 ,阴阳离子对表面活性剂的形成规律及其典型规律 ,根据研究对其功能潜力进行了预测