六氟化硫替代哈龙作灭火剂的可行性及其前景

简要论述了六氟化硫(SF_6)的物理、化学、热力学、电学以及毒性等方面的性能,表明其替代哈龙(Halon)作灭火剂的可行性,并对价格、产量、销售情况进行了初步统计,在性质和市场等方面与Halon作了简明的比较,展示了SF_6灭火剂的前景。     

哈龙替代灭火剂发展现状浅析

分析了哈龙替代灭火剂面临的问题,并介绍了哈龙替代灭火剂的选择标准与目前常用的灭火剂。详细阐述了新型洁净灭火剂全氟酮的优异性能:安全、环保与高效,对其应用前景进行了论证。     

谈六氟丙烷灭火剂

哈龙（Halon）灭火剂自问世以来，由于具有灭火浓度低、灭火效率高、不导电等优异的性能，而在世界各地得到了广泛应用。但上世纪八十年代中期，人们发现哈龙灭火剂等消耗臭氧层物质（ODS）大量使用，大气臭氧层遭到破坏，已威胁到人类生存环境，因此，联合国规定要定期淘汰哈龙灭火剂。     

小型SDE气体灭火系统在网络主机房中的应用

SDE灭火剂及其系统是哈龙灭火剂替代物。结合工程实例,介绍SDE气体灭火系统的特点及设计方法,指出小型网络主机房宜设置SDE无管网气体灭火系统。     

非挥发性哈龙替代物研究

本文所涉及的非挥发性哈龙替代物（英文简称NVPS），与包含在《蒙特利尔议定书》里的受控哈龙灭火剂有极相似的灭火性能；且不对大气臭氧层构成威胁；灭火后易分解，不致产生温室效应；分解的产物无毒，对人体无害，是一类很值得研究开发的哈龙替代物。1前言氟氯烃（CFCS）排放     

杜邦公司的哈龙灭火剂替代品

为淘汰哈龙灭火剂,杜邦公司开发了清洁环保型且对人类无害的灭火剂FE-13~(TM)(三氟甲烷)和FE-36~(TM)(六氟丙烷)。两者都不含氯和溴,其臭氧损耗潜值ODP为0。下面分别介绍:1 FE-13~(TM) FE-13~(TM)是替代哈龙1301用于全淹没系统的灭火剂。由于两者的气体压力和灭火浓度不同,     

哈龙替代型含氟灭火剂灭火过程中HF生成及灭火机理研究进展

三氟甲烷(CHF3)、五氟乙烷(C2HF5)、六氟丙烷(C3H2F6)和七氟丙烷(C3HF7)四种典型的氢氟烃(HFCs)是目前常用的哈龙替代型灭火剂,具有灭火高效、性能可靠且无残留的特性. 4种典型含氟灭火剂在灭火过程中会产生有毒气体HF,热分解过程中产生的含氟自由基与火焰中的O, H, OH等燃烧自由基反应,导致燃烧过程中化学链式反应中断.缩短达到灭火浓度所用时间、减少灭火剂与火焰作用时间和加入抑制剂或添加剂可降低有毒气体HF生成量. 未来应进一步借助全尺度实验和理论计算,深入研究HFCs类灭火剂在不同使用条件下的灭火机理,获取HFCs灭火剂灭火浓度、灭火毒性、腐蚀性及相容性等实际数据,为提高其灭火性能、降低灭火过程中有毒气体的生成、拓宽使用领域和开发性能更优异的HFCs类灭火剂奠定一定的理论和应用基础.     

EBM气溶胶灭火剂产物的潮解研究

EBM气溶胶灭火剂是一种新型高效灭火剂,其灭火效率高于哈龙类灭火剂。燃烧反应产生的白色烟雾对火灾具有抑制作用。白色烟雾中含有固体颗粒物质,这些颗粒物降落形成的残留物潮解后对金属材料及线路板等有腐蚀性。对气溶胶灭火剂颗粒物潮解进行研究,研究结果表明:空气的相对湿度是影响气溶胶颗粒物潮解的主要因素。     

EBM气溶胶灭火剂吸湿性的研究

烟火型气溶胶发生剂EBM是一种新型高效气溶胶灭火剂，其灭火效率高于哈龙类灭火剂。气溶胶生成物中固体微粒含量很高。吸湿后的固体微粒会对金属材料及线路板等有腐蚀性，影响保护物的正常使用。本文研究了温度和空气相对湿度对气溶胶生成物吸湿性的影响。     

温湿度对EBM气溶胶灭火剂吸湿的影响

EBM气溶胶灭火剂是一种新型高效灭火剂,其灭火效率高于哈龙类灭火剂.燃烧反应产生的白色烟雾对火灾具有抑制作用.白色烟雾中含有固体颗粒物质,这些颗粒物降落形成残留物湿后的残留物对金属材料及线路板等有腐蚀性.研究了温湿度对气溶胶灭火剂吸湿的影响.研究结果表明:空气的相对湿度是影响气溶胶颗粒物吸湿的主要因素.     

气溶胶灭火剂pH值测量方法的研究

气溶胶灭火剂作为一种新型灭火剂具有优越的灭火性能，但燃烧后的气溶胶微粒如果酸碱度太强就会腐蚀电路和仪器，所以必需测量出燃烧后的气溶胶的pH值以改良配方，使其酸碱度接近中性，本文就介绍了一套实验装置用来测量气溶胶的pH值，并通过一系列实验数据的分析证明了此种方法的可行性。     

凝胶型核壳结构粉体抑制A类火的有效性研究

通过设计一种凝胶型核壳结构粉体灭火介质，旨在灭火剂剂型上进行集成创新，克服传统灭火剂在环保、效能以及腐蚀性上的不足。利用高速剪切法将气相二氧化硅、磷酸二氢氨溶液、结冷胶与甲基含氢硅油相结合制备该介质，并对其耐压性和灭火有效性进行表征，研究介质的协同作用机理。结果表明：该介质的粒径在100~200 μm并且充装压力不大于1.2 MPa时的破损率最小。该新型介质具有较好的抑制熄灭A类火的效能，并且在灭火过程中能够发挥协同作用：水作为惰性灭火组分能够迅速蒸发冷却降温；磷酸二氢铵作为化学灭火组分分解吸热并捕捉燃烧反应自由基，切断链式反应扑灭火焰；凝胶能附着在木垛表面形成隔离层，持续降温抑制阴燃和复燃。凝胶型核壳结构粉体灭火介质的灭火效能优于普通ABC干粉，且成本更低，有较好的应用前景。     

Extinction effectiveness of pyrogenic condensed-aerosols extinguishing system

We studied the extinction effectiveness of pyrogenic condensed-aerosols in gaseous fire extinguishing systems through the ISO (International Organization for Standard) 15779. The thermal characteristics of solid aerosols as an extinguishing agents were evaluated by using TG and DTA. The modified closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT) and the conductivity of the solid aerosol extinguishant were also measured to ensure the safety of extinguishant. The TG and DTA result showed that the resin added to the main component of Potassium Nitrate (PN) has the effectiveness to mitigating the exothermic reaction of the pyrogenic condensed-aerosol extinguishant. The results of maximum height test revealed the extinguishing capability of a pyrogenic condensed-aerosol extinguishing agent as a gaseous extinguishing system.     

国外项目中高低压CO2灭火系统的应用

根据水泥厂燃料生产存储环节中CO2灭火系统的设计经验,简要介绍灭火剂和消防系统的选择,详细分析了水泥工程项目中CO2储量的考虑原则、操作要点和储存系统的选择。最后分析对比了国外总包项目中德国YARA公司的高低压CO2系统的实际应用,这二种系统各有自己的优势和劣势,实际应用中应根据项目特点进行选配。     

The extinction of hydrocarbon flames based on the heat-absorption processes which occur in them

An empirical relation has been developed which correlates and predicts the fire-suppression effectiveness of a wide variety of gaseous, liquid and solid agents. The flame-extinguishment model is based on the premise that extinction is dominated by heat-absorption processes and that a flame is extinguished when sufficient heat has been removed by the extinguishant to reduce the temperature to a limit value. This limit value. This limit is the minimum temperature at which the effective rate of the combustion reactions is sufficient to maintain flamepropagation, and it depends in a predictable way on the properties of the suppressant and flame system. The heat-balance equation describing this is derived in two stages. In the first, a preliminary equation is obtained by considering only those substances which are thermally stable and act only as heat-capacity sinks. In the second, the equation is generalized by consideration of all endothermic reaction sinks, e.g. vaporization, dissociation and decomposition. The general equation correlates most of the extinction data found in the literature. The results suggest that for most substances the extinguishing capacity is related to heat-extraction data found in the literature. The results suggest that for most substances the extinguishing capacity is related to heat-extraction and that many of the effects previously attributed to chemical mechanisms may be thermodynamic in nature rather than kinetic.     

化学组分对干水灭火剂流动性与保水性的影响

干水（dry water）是微水滴颗粒被纳米级疏水性二氧化硅颗粒包覆层封装形成的、整体呈固体粉末状的粉体材料,其颗粒内含水量可高达98%,内部水分可以通过高温蒸发和外力挤压作用释放出来,是很有潜力的特种灭火新型材料。干水灭火剂的核心是功能性化学灭火组分,本文设计并制备了包覆不同功能性化学灭火组分的系列干水灭火剂,并测定表征了所制备干水灭火剂的粒径分布、流动性与保水性,研究了不同功能性化学灭火组分对干水灭火剂储运性能的影响。结果表明,不同功能性化学灭火组分的加入能够在一定程度上提高干水材料颗粒的流动性和保水性,其中磷酸二氢铵干水的流动性最优,氯化钠干水的保水效果最好。研究对干水灭火剂的制备、储运与使用具有重要意义。     

Evaluation of small scale n-heptane fire extinguishing efficacy by natural antioxidants based pyrotechnic compositions: An experimental study

The conventional pyrotechnic compositions (PCs) for firefighting application mostly consist of potassium nitrate, chlorate or perchlorate as oxidants and organic resin-like phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, epoxy resin and polyurethanes are used as reducers. Unfortunately, there are also some potential disadvantages to the use of conventional compositions. These are related to high combustion temperature with the generation of heat and flame which may cause secondary fire chances and hazards associated with the use of organic resins. Exposure to phenol, melamine, epoxy resins and polyurethanes are considered as a life-threatening occupational hazard. Under the present study, new pyrotechnic compositions were prepared with the combination of natural antioxidants like ascorbic acid and gallic acid as reductant and mixture of potassium nitrate with potassium chlorate as oxidant. Fire extinguishing efficacies, calorific value, burn rate, the flame temperature of newly developed compositions was evaluated against potassium nitrate and phenol-formaldehyde resin-based conventional composition. Although both the new and conventional composition has shown good fire extinguishing efficacies, extinguishing 4.57 KW of small scale n-heptane pool fire in 3 to 4 seconds, these newly developed compositions showed 67% to 76% reduction in flame temperature. It was also found that these new compositions exhibit a faster burn rate and lower calorific value than the conventional composition. To understand the fire extinguishing mechanism by the discharged aerosol particulate, its physical and chemical characteristics were assessed by a series of techniques viz; HRXRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX.     

全氟三乙胺和全氟己酮混合气体的灭火效果研究

全氟己酮是一种新型的哈龙替代灭火介质，但是研究人员发现全氟己酮在低浓度时具有助燃效果，未通过美国联邦航空局气溶胶爆炸实验(FAA-ACT)。为抑制全氟己酮的助燃效果，采用混合气体的方法，引入全氟三乙胺作为全氟己酮的协同灭火介质。首先利用杯式燃烧器研究不同浓度全氟己酮作用下的火焰高度、火焰宽度，并获取其临界灭火浓度；以火焰高度和火焰宽度作为助燃现象的判据，实验结果表明全氟己酮浓度为3.00%（占氧化剂体积分数，下同）左右时助燃现象最为显著，临界灭火浓度为5.80%。为研究全氟三乙胺抑制全氟己酮助燃现象的效果，在保持全氟己酮浓度3.00%不变的条件下，逐渐增加全氟三乙胺的浓度，获取火焰高度、火焰脉动频率和混合气体的临界灭火浓度变化趋势；结果表明全氟三乙胺对全氟己酮的助燃现象有抑制作用，且预测全氟三乙胺单独作用下的临界灭火浓度约为4.86%。全氟己酮和全氟三乙胺的混合灭火气体中，全氟三乙胺占灭火剂体积分数超过10.00%后，全氟己酮和全氟三乙胺具有较好的协同灭火效果。