纳米二氧化钛/丝素复合膜的制备及其光催化甲基橙的研究

制备了纳米二氧化钛/丝素复合膜,并用原子力显微镜、X射线能谱和红外光谱对复合膜进行了表征,以甲基橙为例,考察了复合膜的光催化行为。结果表明复合膜制备方法合理,当纳米二氧化钛与丝素质量比为0.1%时,其以粒径50nm左右均匀分散于复合膜中,复合膜与普通丝素膜仅存在细微的构象差异,复合膜表现出较优异的光催化性能,甲基橙降解率可达91%,符合Langmuir Himshelwood模型。     

层层自组装纤维素硫酸钠-壳聚糖复合膜

采用层层自组装技术,以具有良好生物相容性的多糖类物质——壳聚糖（chitosan）和纤维素硫酸钠（NaCS）为原料,制备了NaCS-chitosan复合膜。使用扫描电子显微镜观察复合膜形貌特征以表征自组装复合膜的形成,使用红外光谱分析了复合膜形成机理,使用紫外-可见光吸收研究了复合膜形成的动力学特征。同时还考察了各实验因素对NaCS-chitosan复合膜形成过程的影响。 结果表明,制备条件对复合膜形成过程有明显的影响,在现有的制备条件下,层层自组装复合膜的形成是一个一级反应过程。     

纳米TiO2/丝素复合膜的制备及其光催化性能

采用复合法制备了纳米TiO2/丝素复合膜,并用AFM、EDS和IR对复合膜进行了表征,考察了复合膜的光催化甲基橙行为。结果表明,复合膜制备方法合理,当w(TiO2)=0.1%时,它以粒径50 nm左右均匀分散于复合膜中,复合膜与普通丝素膜仅存在细微的构象差异,因纳米TiO2存在,复合膜对甲基橙降解率达91%,催化性能符合Langmu ir-H im shelwood模型。     

PVA/TA增强复合膜的制备及性能

以可降解的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和单宁酸(TA)为原料,采用溶液浇注法制备了不同比例的复合膜,分析了不同TA含量的复合膜的力学性能、抗氧化性、亲水性、微观形貌和官能团的变化。研究结果表明,添加TA后,复合膜的综合力学性能显著提高,当TA的含量为4%时,与纯PVA膜相比,复合膜的拉伸强度提高了97.17%;另外,复合膜的抗氧化性得到了明显提升,其抗氧化性与参与反应的TA含量成正比。复合膜中的PVA与TA中的羟基发生反应后生成了新的氢键,与纯PVA膜相比,复合膜表面的最大接触角增大了123.36%,最大吸水率降低了53.21%,这表明,TA改善了复合膜的耐水性。综上所述,PVA/TA复合膜在包装领域具有一定的发展潜力。     

橡胶基体对橡胶/细菌纤维素晶须复合膜性能的影响

采用硫酸水解法制备细菌纤维素晶须(BCWs),并分别以丁苯橡胶(SBR)、天然橡胶(NR)和羧基丁腈橡胶(XNBR)作为基体,用蒸发法制备了橡胶/BCWs复合膜,研究了橡胶基体对复合膜的水溶胀、水刺激-力响应及降解性能的影响。结果表明,SBR/BCWs复合膜的平衡溶胀率高达72%,远高于NR/BCWs和XNBR/BCWs复合膜。3种复合膜表现出强烈的水刺激-力响应性能,其中SBR/BCWs复合膜综合性能最佳,NR/BCWs复合膜的重复使用性较好。BCWs的加入促进了3种复合膜的降解,其中SBR/BCWs复合膜的质量损失率最大。     

有机-无机杂化复合膜的研究进展

有机-无机杂化复合膜结合了有机复合膜和无机材料的优良性能,已成为分离膜领域的一个研究热点。本文以有机无机杂化复合膜的结构对其进行分类,综述了组分间以化学键相结合的有机-无机杂化复合膜的研究现状,归纳了有机-无机杂化复合膜的制备技术、优越性以及最新的研究进展,并针对杂化复合膜研究中现存的不足和今后研究的发展,提出了一些建议。     

壳聚糖/甘油复合膜的吸湿性及力学性能研究

采用溶液复合、真空干燥成膜的方法制备了壳聚糖/甘油复合膜,使用百万分之一天平研究了复合膜的吸湿率与甘油含量间的关系,借助万能力学实验机研究了吸湿时间对复合膜力学性能的影响。研究发现,随着复合膜中甘油含量增加,复合膜的拉伸强度降低的速率变化不大,但吸湿速率增加明显。     

食品包装用塑-塑与铝-塑EVA复合膜安全风险分析研究

针对目前我国食品复合膜标准少、标龄长、产品安全风险性大、关注度高的实际问题,选取近年发展起来的食品包装用乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)基塑-塑复合膜(PET/EVA)和铝-塑复合膜(PET/Al/PE/EVA)作为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱、等离子体发射光谱(ICP)等方法,综合分析了两种复合膜的卫生和化学安全关键风险指标;同时对比了两种复合膜的阻隔性能。结果表明,复合膜的溶剂残留、总迁移、重金属等指标风险性较高;铝-塑复合膜的氧气和水蒸气的阻隔率要远高于塑-塑复合膜。研究分析了复合膜安全风险的产生原因,建议了质量改进措施,可为监管部门和相关企业提供参考和借鉴。     

羧甲基纤维素／TiO2复合膜降解甲基橙的研究

采用羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液与TiO2胶体溶液共混的方法制备了羧甲基纤维素/TiO2复合膜(CMC/TiO2).用X-射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜表征了复合膜内TiO2的晶体结构和形貌.研究了复合膜的透光率、溶胀性及热稳定性.测定了复合膜在日光下对甲基橙水溶液的催化降解性能.结果表明,复合膜内的TiO2为纳米尺寸的柱状晶体及其团聚体.在日光照射下35 min,复合膜对甲基橙水溶液的光催化降解率达到50%.复合膜在可见光(400～800 nm)的透光率为40%～60%.随着复合膜内TiO2的质量分数(w)从3.61%增加到8.05%,复合膜的溶胀率从125%增加到206%,复合膜的热稳定性比单纯的CMC膜高.本工作所制备的复合膜具有可完全生物降解性能,为利用太阳光快速催化降解甲基橙等工业污水提供一种方法.     

等离子体技术在反渗透复合膜制备中的研究进展

简述了国外等离子体聚合制备反渗透复合膜的研究进展,重点阐述了复合膜制备过程中的功能单体和反应器类型、聚合时间、放电功率和单体流速等实验参数对复合膜性能的影响,并对等离子体制备反渗透复合膜的发展进行了展望。     

Host selection behavior of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attackingPinus ponderosa,with special emphasis on the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis

Detection of weakened hosts from a distance by bark beetles through olfaction was investigated in field experiments. No significant numbers of Scolytidae were attracted to anaerobically treated pine bolts, stem disks, or sugar and ponderosa pine bark including phloem. Treatment of living trees with cacodylic acid induced attacks byDendroctonus brevicomis, D. ponderosae, Ips latidens, Gnathotrichus retusus, andPityophthorus scalptor, beginning two weeks after treatment. There was no significant difference between landing rates ofD. brevicomis andD. ponderosae on screened treated trees and screened controls. There was a significant increase in landing rates ofG. retusus andI. latidens, because both species had penetrated the screen and produced pheromones. Tree frilling alone did not increase the landing rate of bark beetles. Freezing of the lower trunk with dry ice did not increase significantly the landing rate ofD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, G. retusus, orI. latidens on screened trees, whereas unscreened frozen trees were attacked by all four species. There was no significantly higher landing rate byD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, G. retusus, orHylurgops subcostulatus on screened trees evidencing symptoms of severe infection by the root pathogenVerticicladiella wagenerii, than on symptornless trees. These experiments show thatD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, andG. retusus land, apparently indiscriminately, on healthy and stressed hosts. Thus, in these species host discrimination must occur after landing and prior to sustained feeding.These studies were supported in part by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Services (2598-RRF.W-1 10) and the National Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency through a grant (NSF GB-34719/BM575-04223) to the University of California; and by the Canada Department of the Environment. The findings, opinions and recommendations are not necessarily those of the University of California or the funding agencies.From a thesis submitted by H.A. Moeck to the University of California, Berkeley, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology.     

Defensive strategy of twoHypselodoris nudibranchs from Italian and Spanish coasts

Hypselodoris nudibranchs from different geographic areas (Spain and Italy) have been studied in order to investigate their general defensive strategy. Longifolin (1) and nakafuran-9 (2) are the main ichthyodeterrent allomones used by the mollusks to avoid predation. Evidence of their dietary origin is presented and the very effective strategy against predators, which includes secretion of allomones into the mucus and their storage into specific mantle dermal formations (MDFs), is also discussed.F.P.I.-M.E.C. Spanish fellowship (University of Barcelona) at the I.C.M.I.B.     

Olfactory-based behavioral interactions among five species in the southern pine bark beetle group

Olfactory-mediated behavioral interactions were investigated among the five scolytid species comprising the southern pine bark beetle group. Behavioral response, as determined from field trap catch data, showed that each species was attracted in greatest numbers to the pheromonal blend produced by conspecifies. Interspecifically,D. frontalis displayed no cross-attractancy toIps pheromonal blends, but was weakly attracted to the pheromonal blend of femaleD. terebrans. ThreeIps species displayed varying degrees of cross-attraction as well as to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends. More specifically,I. calligraphus was attracted toI. avulsus and, to a very limited extent, also to the maleD. terebrans pheromonal blend.I. avulsus was somewhat more cross-attractive thanI. calligraphus and showed attraction to the pheromonal blends of femaleD. frontalis, male and femaleD. terebrans, maleI. calligraphus, and maleI. grandicollis. I. grandicollis showed the greatest degree of cross-attraction, particularly in response to theDendroctonus pheromonal blends.Research support in part by CSRS grant 86-CRCR-1-2270, NATO grant CRG.0710/86 and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station project MS1525 (while M.T.S. and T.L.P. were with Texas A&M University). The findings, opinions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Density-Dependent Reduction and Induction of Milkweed Cardenolides by a Sucking Insect Herbivore

The effect of aphid population size on host-plant chemical defense expression and the effect of plant defense on aphid population dynamics were investigated in a milkweed-specialist herbivore system. Density effects of the aposematic oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, on cardenolide expression were measured in two milkweed species, Asclepias curassavica and A. incarnata. These plants vary in constitutive chemical investment with high mean cardenolide concentration in A. curassavica and low to zero in A. incarnata. The second objective was to determine whether cardenolide expression in these two host plants impacts mean A. nerii colony biomass (mg) and density. Cardenolide concentration (microgram/g) of A. curassavica in both aphid-treated leaves and opposite, herbivore-free leaves decreased initially in comparison with aphid-free controls, and then increased significantly with A. nerii density. Thus, A. curassavica responds to aphid herbivory initially with density-dependent phytochemical reduction, followed by induction of cardenolides to concentrations above aphid-free controls. In addition, mean cardenolide concentration of aphid-treated leaves was significantly higher than that of opposite, herbivore-free leaves. Therefore, A. curassavica induction is strongest in herbivore-damage tissue. Conversely, A. incarnata exhibited no such chemical response to aphid herbivory. Furthermore, neither host plant responded chemically to herbivore feeding duration time (days) or to the interaction between herbivore initial density and feeding duration time. There were also no significant differences in mean colony biomass or population density of A. nerii reared on high cardenolide (A. curassavica) and low cardenolide (A. incarnata) hosts.     

Ancestral semiochemical attraction persists for adjoining populations of siblingIps bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Three species ofIps pine bark beetles in Hopping's group IX (S.L. Wood'sgrandicollis group),Ips confusus, I. lecontei, andI. paraconfusus, are parapatrically distributed in the American Southwest. They share post-Pleistocene altitudinal ecotones with their host pines. Adjacent to these areas of host overlap, we tested the hypothesis that aggregation pheromones produced by male beetles and/or host volatiles are sufficient to elicit the speciesspecific colonization behaviors typical of these threeIps species in nature. A more distantly related species,I. pini (Hopping's group IV, S.L. Wood'spini group) was used for outgroup comparison. Under the influence of pheromone, males ofI. confusus andI. paraconfusus do not discern among unin-fested log bolts of host and nonhost pine prior to bark contact. Males responding to pheromones emanating from infested bolts are similarly undiscriminating. Females ofI. confusus andI. lecontei olfactorily discern the combination of conspecific males in host pine from other possible beetlepine combinations; females ofI. paraconfusus do not. FemaleI. pini discerned conspecific pheromone from that ofI. lecontei. The bark beetle predator,Enoclerus lecontei, is attracted by, but does not discriminate among, the male-produced volatiles of these Group IXIps species. These results support a hypothesis that divergence in pheromonal responses by these group IXIps species has evolved following their speciation, having been manifested first in the female sex. Evolutionarily, the derived pheromonal messages have preceded their behavioral discrimination by these beetles. Additional speciesspecific cues may operate between the sexes in the field that may preclude heterospecific pairings.     

Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Chemotaxonomic Characters of Pine Engraver Beetles (Ips spp.) in the grandicollis Subgeneric Group

Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted, identified, and evaluated as chemotaxonomic characters from all species of adult Ips pine engraver beetles in the grandicollis subgeneric group. The grandicollis group consists of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), I. cribricollis (Eichhoff), I. lecontei Swaine, I. montanus (Eichhoff), I. paraconfusus Lanier, I. confusus (LeConte), and I. hoppingi Lanier. In order to provide outgroups for a phylogenetic analysis, cuticular hydrocarbons were also analyzed from Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), I. latidens (LeConte) (latidens subgeneric group), and I. pini (Say) (pini subgeneric group). Two hundred forty-eight hydrocarbon components were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The members of the grandicollis group provided 206 of these compounds. The components represented eight classes: n-alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, terminally branched methylalkanes, internally branched methylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, trimethylalkanes, and tetramethylalkanes. Different populations of O. caelatus, I. grandicollis, I. lecontei, I. montanus, I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi provided no evidence for interpopulational variation in cuticular hydrocarbons. Single populations only were analyzed for I. latidens, I. pini, and I. cribricollis. Sexual dimorphism in cuticular hydrocarbons occurred only in I. lecontei where females produced eight unique components with a pentatriacontane parent chain. Several phylogenetic analyses based on hydrocarbon phenotypes agreed in general with the established morphologically based system of relatedness and with published phylogenies reconstructed from protein and nucleic acid characters. Nearly all hydrocarbon analyses suggested a close relationship between I. grandicollis and I. cribricollis; between I. lecontei and I. montanus; and among the sibling species I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. The presence or absence of specific n-alkanes (n-docosane, n-triacontane); certain dimethylalkanes (terminally branched with octacosane and triacontane parent chains and internally branched with heptacosane, hentriacontane, and docotriacontane parent chains); and 3,7,11-; 3,7,15-trimethylheptacosane permit facile discrimination of I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. These three sibling species are difficult to resolve by external morphology. These data support the species status of I. hoppingi rather than it being considered a host race of the I. confusus complex. They also support the species status of I. cribricollis rather than it being considered part of I. grandicollis. In contrast to other published phylogenies reconstructed from molecular data, phylogenies reconstructed from cuticular hydrocarbons repeatedly place I. lecontei as an integral part of the grandicollis subgeneric group. Thus, cuticular hydrocarbon and pheromone alcohol composition of I. lecontei support its inclusion in the grandicollis subgeneric group.     

Extracts of Flourensia cernua (L): Volatile Constituents and Antifungal, Antialgal, and Antitermite Bioactivities

The chemical components of tarbush (Flourensia cernua) leaves were fractionated by extracting successively with hexanes, diethyl ether, and ethanol. Volatile profiles of each fraction were identified by using GC-MS. The hexanes fraction contained mostly monoterpenoids, while the ethanol fraction volatiles were primarily sesquiterpenoids. Crude fractions were tested for activity against fungi, algae, and termites. Application of as little as 1 g of the essential oil from the hexanes fraction was sufficient to provide visible antifungal activity in bioautography assays. The diethyl ether fraction showed selective activity against the cyanobacterium responsible for the 2-methylisoborneol-induced off-flavor sometimes associated with catfish farming operations. All three fractions exhibited a high degree of antitermite activity.     

A Simulation Model for Heat Pump Dryer Plants for Fruits and Roots.

Dryer design requires food properties, drying rate and mass-heat transfer coefficients. These values change continuously during drying due to changes in food fractions, particularly the water fraction. The high energy demand and costs allied to inefficient devices, creates a great need for new processing equipment. Along these guide-lines, several heat pump drying research projects were established at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The heat pump dryer provides high quality final product as its drying conditions can be controlled. Its efficiency and non-polluting operation come from closed air-refrigerant circuits and from its ability to fully recover the latent heat of moist air as it exits the drying chamber. Most of the above features are quite the opposite of the conventional dryer characteristics. Several experiments were made on heat pump drying of fruits and roots at temperatures from -22.5 to 40°C to obtain data and correlations on thermophysical properties, specific enthalpy and rehydration. Also, tests were done on drying rate, moisture content, drying constant, effective mass diffusivity and heat and mass transfer equations. The next important phase is the development of a simulation model to predict the performance and characteristics of the heat pump dryer plant. The objectives of the present work are to develop and lo test a heat pump dryer simulation model. The simulation provides results on the characteristics of both plant and components which are integrated by heat and mass transfer equations. The program has menus with click-on icons, input and output pop-up dialogue boxes. The usual commands such as, file-open, file-save, edit-delete are available in this program simply called Hpdryer. The model contains moist air psychrometric. natural and conventional refrigerant property libraries. Ammonia is a time-tested, self-alarming and natural refrigerant. It has been used extensively in the past, and it has better thermodynamic and transport properties than halocarbons. Safety is easily attained by design and its restrictive standards have helped increase its use in several countries. There are 36 ammonia installations in Norway and in the United Kingdom, including a drying plant. Ammonia has zero Odp, zero Gwp and the recent R&D has led to viable small-sale heat pump plants. Ammonia and dichlarodifluoromethane refrigerants were used in the test cases simulated by Hpdryer madel.     

Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydew-collecting ants: The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system

The aphidiid waspLysiphlebus cardui parasitizes in ant-attendedAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis colonies without causing aggressive behavior in the antLasius niger. By contrast,Trioxys angelicae, another aphidiid parasitoid of aphids, is rapidly recognized and vigorously attacked by the ants.L. niger workers also responded differently to dead individuals ofL. cardui andT. angelicae. DeadL. cardui parasitoids were often ignored when encountered byL. niger, whereas deadT. angelicae individuals were immediately grasped by ants that discovered them. However, hexane-washed parasitoids caused a similar reaction pattern in the ants, in that both aphidiid species were tolerated in the aphid colony. Lure experiments demonstrated that chemical stimuli on the cuticle are major cues for the ants to distinguish between the parasitoids. The hexane extract ofL. cardui transferred to washed individuals ofT. angelicae resulted in ant responses characteristic towardsL. cardui, andL. niger workers displayed the typical removal pattern they normally showed towardsT. angelicae whenT. angelicae extract was applied toL. cardui individuals. Both parasitoid species treated with the hexane extract ofA. fabae cirsiiacanthoidis were similarily treated by the ants as were aphid control individuals. The suggestion that the aphidiid waspL. cardui uses chemical mimicry is discussed.     

Allelopathic interactions among algae

Five species of green algae isolated from the Cleveland County, Oklahoma, area and a commercially obtained yellow-green alga were tested for allelopathic interactions. Axenic cultures ofPandorina morum Bory were stimulated in three sterile filtrates from nonaxenic cultures ofScenedesmus incrassatulus var.mononae G.M. Smith, with the oldest filtrate showing the least stimulation. By measuring the growth of axenic cultures inoculated into sterile filtrates of old cultures, instances of inhibition and stimulation were recorded in three screening experiments.Cosmarium vexatum West filtrate was inhibitory to the five other species, a characteristic probably important in its role of producing waterblooms in ponds and swamps. The allelopathic effects of filtrates of the five other species onBolrydium becherianum Vischer could be a key to its restriction to terrestrial sites. Instances of heat lability of the active substances were noted. These interactions, both allelopathic and stimulatory, probably play a significant role in the succession of algal blooms in nature.