耐久型超疏水表面的研究进展

超疏水表面因其特殊的润湿性和广泛的应用引起了人们的关注。然而，在使用过程中超疏水表面容易受到机械作用或化学攻击的影响，造成低表面能物质的缺失或微纳粗糙结构的破坏而丧失超疏水性能。因此，如何构建耐久型超疏水涂层是超疏水领域的一个巨大挑战。基于此，本文主要从耐磨和自修复两个角度综述了耐久型超疏水表面的最新研究进展。首先，从引入化学键、引入弹性材料和利用基材表面构筑微纳粗糙结构等方面总结了提升超疏水表面耐磨性的途径。其次，从低表面能物质的自修复、微纳粗糙结构的重构以及本体自修复等方面总结了超疏水表面自修复性的实现途径。并对耐久型超疏水表面的产业化状况进行了讨论。最后，对耐久型超疏水表面今后的发展进行了展望，以期为制备应用广泛的耐久型超疏水表面提供参考。     

仿生超疏水表面的制备与应用的研究进展

近些年,受自然界中具有超疏水性表面的动植物的启发,在结合外部环境的影响并充分考虑表面化学组成与表面微观结构的基础上,科学研究工作者们已经探究出超疏水性表面的制备方法,并成功制备出超疏水性能表面。伴随研究者们对超疏水性表面更加深入的研究,众多制备超疏水表面的方法不断出现,本文介绍了影响表面润湿性的因素,归纳超疏水涂层表面的6种常用的制备方法,其中包括等离子体法、刻蚀法、溶胶-凝胶法、沉积法、模板法、层-层自组装法等方法,以及超疏水表面在流体减阻、防积雪防冰冻、防腐蚀、油水分离等方面的应用情况;并对超疏水将来的发展进行了展望。应进一步研究力学性能的稳定性、被损的自修复能力等。     

超疏水表面自修复及应用的研究进展

超疏水表面因具有诸多优异特性而展现出良好的应用前景,但在实际应用中容易受到外界机械力损坏或化学侵蚀,赋予超疏水表面自修复性能可以较好地改善表面耐久性,延长其使用寿命。本文针对修复构成超疏水表面的微观结构与低表面能物质展开论述,介绍了在湿度、温度、光等外界因素的引发下超疏水表面对低表面能物质的修复行为与特点,以及以形状记忆聚合物为主制备的超疏水表面对微观结构进行修复的过程。此外,介绍了具有自修复性能的超疏水表面在防腐蚀、油水分离、防覆冰等领域的应用。最后,讨论了通过优化表面结构和化学组成开发自修复超疏水表面的挑战和前景,环保型且无需外界刺激即可迅速对微观结构与低表面能物质进行双重修复的超疏水表面具有重要的研究意义。     

仿生超疏水表面的研究进展

近些年,超疏水表面因其优秀的疏水性能和广泛的应用前景,使其成为国内外研究的热点之一。从仿生制备超疏水表面到将其功能化应用到多种领域,超疏水表面的研究在近几年飞速的发展。本文综述了近几年超疏水表面的研究进展,如高效吸油材料、外界刺激下粘附性响应、自修复超疏水涂料等方面的应用,并对超疏水表面的研究发展进行了展望。     

飞机超疏水表面的防冰性能研究进展

对飞机表面超疏水材料的防冰性能最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对固体表面润湿性、超疏水性及防冰性之间的关系进行了论述,系统介绍了过冷水在超疏水表面的撞击过程。由于超疏水表面的低表面自由能及表面微纳结构,过冷水能够在撞击固体表面凝结成冰前从固体表面脱落,有效延长其结冰时间。还对超疏水表面在防冰应用中存在的问题进行了分析,指出发展具有多功能复合型超疏水表面是以后研究的重点。     

飞机超疏水表面的防冰性能研究进展

对飞机表面超疏水材料的防冰性能最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对固体表面润湿性、超疏水性及防冰性之间的关系进行了论述,系统介绍了过冷水在超疏水表面的撞击过程。由于超疏水表面的低表面自由能及表面微纳结构,过冷水能够在撞击固体表面凝结成冰前从固体表面脱落,有效延长其结冰时间。还对超疏水表面在防冰应用中存在的问题进行了分析,指出发展具有多功能复合型超疏水表面是以后研究的重点。     

超疏水铁表面的制备及其自清洁性能研究

采用氯化铜刻蚀的方法在铁片表面构造出具有微-纳米尺度的粗糙结构,并用硬脂酸作为低表面能物质进行疏水化改性,制备了具有超疏水特性的铁表面。对影响超疏水铁片表面粗糙结构和润湿性能的各种因素进行了讨论。采用接触角测量仪、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜等对材料的表面进行表征,同时探讨了其在自清洁中的应用,并用Cassie理论对表面的润湿性进行分析。结果表明,当CuCl_2浓度为0.005 mol/L、刻蚀时间为15 min、硬脂酸质量分数为0.5%、修饰时间为10 min时,表面具有超疏水性,其水接触角达153.6°。该表面在温度0~100℃、pH11范围内能保持超疏水性,有良好的稳定性,并且对水滴的粘附力极低,且具有良好的自清洁性能。     

自修复超疏水多功能协同作用涂层研究进展

自修复超疏水涂层是近年来多功能涂层研究的热点之一。文中总结了超疏水自修复涂层的修复机理,包括表面形貌的恢复和低表面能物质的补充。表面形貌的恢复可采用动态化学键和气体补偿来实现;低表面能物质的补充依靠在外界条件刺激下表面能驱动底层的低表面能物质迁移至涂层表面。目前有利用形状记忆合金实现大尺度结构损伤自修复、减少对外界刺激依赖实现自主自修复进程、利用分子结构设计自修复、多层光滑浸渍多孔表面(SLIPS)设计自修复等新的研究方向。同时介绍了自修复超疏水性能结合其他功能的多功能协同作用涂层的应用,包括超疏水自修复多功能纤维、超疏水防腐蚀自修复涂层和超疏水导电自修复涂层,各个功能间不是简单的叠加而是协同作用使涂层整体性能达到最佳,这为多功能涂层的设计提供了新思路。最后展望了自修复超疏水涂层的发展方向。     

超疏水SiO2涂膜制备研究进展

综述了近年来通过溶胶凝胶法、化学改性法、相分离法、自组装法构建粗糙度和通过共混法、原位聚合法、原位生成法修饰低表面能物质制备超疏水SiO2涂膜的研究进展,并对超疏水涂膜的发展方向进行了展望。     

超疏水性涂层的研究进展

简述了超疏水性表面的基本原理，分别从低表面能材料和涂层表面微细粗糙结构的构建两个方面，对超疏水性涂层的制备技术和最新成果进行了概括，并展望了其应用前景。     

仿生超疏水透明涂层的研究进展

仿生超疏水透明涂层不仅具有超疏水表面的独特性能,而且对光具有一定的透过性,在生产和生活中有着广泛的应用前景。而如何在同一个固体表面同时引入超疏水特性和光学透明性将具有极大的研究价值。介绍了仿生超疏水透明涂层的构建机理进展,总结了近年来相关领域的制备方法和应用情况,并简单分析了存在问题和发展方向。     

Preparation of super‐hydrophobic film with fluorinated‐copolymer

Organic superhydrophobic films were prepared by utilizing TA‐N fluoroalkylate (TAN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymer as water‐repellent materials and inorganic silica powder as surface roughness material has been developed. Coating solutions prepared by adding silica powders into copolymer solution directly (one‐step method) and by adding silica powders into monomers and allowing them to react (two‐step method). The results showed that contact angles of the films prepared by one‐step method (37.6 wt % of silica powders in the coating solution) were greater than 150°, but the transmittance of the film at visible light was only 30%. On the other hand, the contact angle of films prepared by two‐step method (20 wt % of silica powders in the coating solution) was greater than 160° and the transmittance of the film was greater than 90%. The contact angle of the film prepared by poly(octyl acrylate), POA, was 32.1°, but while introducing silica powder into the system, the contact angle of the film was reduced to be smaller than 5°. Thus, superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic films can be obtained by introducing a roughening material on the hydrophobic surface and the hydrophilic surface, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1646–1653, 2007     

Transparent ultrananocrystalline diamond films on quartz substrate

Highly transparent ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were deposited on quartz substrates using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) method. Low temperature growth of high quality transparent UNCD films was achieved by without heating the substrates prior to the deposition. Additionally, a new method to grow NCD and microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films on quartz substrates has been proposed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface and structural properties of the films. The surface morphology of UNCD film shows very smooth surface characteristics. The transparent property studies of UNCD film on quartz substrate showed 90% transmittance in the near IR region. The transparent and dielectric properties of UNCD, NCD, and MCD films on quartz substrates were compared and reported.     

有机硅烷共缩合制备抗紫外超疏水减反射涂层

具有超疏水自洁功能的减反射涂层对太阳能光热组件在室外长期使用上有重要的意义,可以减少减反射涂层的清洗成本,延长减反射涂层的使用寿命。利用含有甲基和乙基等疏水基团的有机硅氧烷制备具有一定孔隙率的涂层,有望实现减反射和超疏水双重性能。本研究采用四甲氧基硅烷（TMOS）和甲基三乙氧基硅烷（MTES）共缩合,并利用甲氧基三甲基硅烷（MMS）进行羟基封端,制备了可以稳定两个月以上的均一溶胶。通过控制MTES和TMOS的水解工艺条件,采用浸渍提拉法制备了在400～800nm可见光波段平均透光率为97.06%、最高透光率为98.27%、水接触角为165°的超疏水减反射涂层,提出了MTES/TMOS/MMS溶胶的共缩合反应机理。涂层经过紫外耐久测试1080h后,涂层仍具有良好的减反射性能、疏水性和抗刻划强度,表现出良好的紫外耐久性。     

Transparent conducting films based on nanofibrous polymeric membranes and single‐walled carbon nanotubes

Transparent and electrically conducting films were fabricated using a novel and simple method in which single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) adsorbed onto bacterial cellulose membranes were embedded into a transparent polymer resin. The bacterial cellulose membranes consisting of numerous nanofibrils were found to play important roles in this process. The bacterial cellulose membranes impart optical transparency to the nanocomposites due to the size of the materials during the synthesis of the nanocomposite using a transparent polymer resin. The membranes play a secondary role as a template for depositing uniformly dispersed SWCNTs. This results in not only electrically conducting pathways but also prevents interference from the transmittance of optically transparent nanocomposites. Transparent conducting films with a wide range of transmittances and surface resistances could be obtained by controlling the immersion time and SWCNT concentration in the SWCNT dispersions. A transparent conducting film with a transmittance and surface resistance of 77.1% at 550 nm and 2.8 kΩ/sq, respectively, was fabricated from a 0.01 wt %. SWCNT dispersion for an immersion time of 3 h. In addition, the transparent conducting films were quite flexible and maintained their properties even after crumpling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

氮化碳超硬防划伤镀膜玻璃的制备与研究

采用工业磁控溅射设备在玻璃基板上依次沉积Al_2O_3/SiO_2/CNx多层复合纳米薄膜,并研究测试了其透过率、耐划性及耐酸碱性。结果表明,通过引入线性阳极层离子源,控制并形成新的磁控溅射镀膜工艺,膜层莫氏硬度达到8级,具有优良的防刮效果;膜层存在△T0.6%的微弱增透效果;经过酸/碱处理,透过率衰减|ΔT|0.1%。     

One‐step fabrication of fluoropolymer transparent films with superhydrophobicity by dry method

Fluoropolymer transparent thin films were deposited on different substrates by one‐step vacuum evaporation method, which exhibit superhydrophobic property with water contact angle (CA) greater than 150°. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film with network structure shows high oleophobicity with oil CA of 138°, whereas polytetrafluoroethylene‐perfluoropropylvinylethers (PFA) film with particle structure is superoleophilicity with oil CA near 0°. It is believed that different conformation of  CF₂ groups at the surface lead to this different surface activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

两种酸、碱复合催化法制备SiO2增透膜及其性能研究

采用两种不同的酸碱复合催化方法制备SiO2增透膜,对该增透膜的透过率、表面形貌、硬度等进行了比较.第一种方法是滴加HCl制备薄膜,与酸催化法制备的薄膜相比,透光率有所提高,但薄膜表面不均匀,影响了薄膜的透光率;第二种方法是滴加酸溶胶制备薄膜,其透过率高,薄膜硬度大,且薄膜表面颗粒均匀平整.采用红外光谱,XRD和SEM等手段对两种方法制备薄膜的结构和表面形貌进行了表征,结果表明,滴加酸溶胶法得到的薄膜性质更稳定,透光率、强度等指标也最优.     

Thiol‐ene/clay nanocomposite thin film as novel transparent barrier

Thiol‐ene/clay (TE/clay) nanocomposite thin films were prepared by a simple photocuring process for use as transparent barrier films. In this work, tetrafunctional thiol and triene monomer were employed and organic clay surface modified with octadecylamine was mixed by sonication and a mechanical method as a reinforcing filler. The successful formation of the TE structure was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The homogeneous dispersion (intercalation and exfoliation) of clay into the TE polymer matrix was observed with transmission electron microscopy. Atomic force microscopy images displayed the surface properties of the TE/clay nanocomposite thin films. The thermal expansion behavior of the resulting hybrid film was monitored by thermomechanical analysis. In addition, gas permeation properties as well as light transmittance of the TE/clay films were measured for potential applications in various fields as dimensionally stable films under heating and as a transparent barrier. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

High performance of carbon nanotubes/silver nanowires-PET hybrid flexible transparent conductive films via facile pressing-transfer technique

To obtain low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, small open spaces in conductive networks, and enhanced adhesion of flexible transparent conductive films, a carbon nanotube (CNT)/silver nanowire (AgNW)-PET hybrid film was fabricated by mechanical pressing-transfer process at room temperature. The morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), the optical transmittance and sheet resistance were tested by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) spectrophotometer and four-point probe technique, and the adhesion was also measured by 3M sticky tape. The results indicate that in this hybrid nanostructure, AgNWs form the main conductive networks and CNTs as assistant conductive networks are filled in the open spaces of AgNWs networks. The sheet resistance of the hybrid films can reach approximately 20.9 to 53.9 Ω/□ with the optical transmittance of approximately 84% to 91%. The second mechanical pressing step can greatly reduce the surface roughness of the hybrid film and enhance the adhesion force between CNTs, AgNWs, and PET substrate. This process is hopeful for large-scale production of high-end flexible transparent conductive films.