超疏水/超双疏表面自修复方式的研究进展

超疏水/超双疏材料存在耐久性和稳定性的问题,因此很大程度影响了超疏水/超双疏材料的实际应用。受自然界中荷叶、三叶草等超疏水表面在受到破坏后,表面粗糙结构和表面组成可以恢复直到生物死亡的启发,科研学者通过不断探索研究出修复超疏水/超双疏材料的一些方式。本文从低表面能物质和表面微观结构的自修复角度出发,综述了影响超疏水/超双疏表面的自修复方式。当超疏水/超双疏表面受到物理破坏或者化学破坏时,失去超疏水以及超疏油性能,在温度、相对湿度、机械、UV等诱导条件下,低表面能物质迁移至表面完成自修复过程以及表面微观结构的自修复,从而使超疏水以及超疏油性能得以恢复。价格低廉的环保材料和系统性地研究自修复的机理是将来超疏水/超双疏自修复材料的主要研究方向。     

超疏水表面自修复及应用的研究进展

超疏水表面因具有诸多优异特性而展现出良好的应用前景,但在实际应用中容易受到外界机械力损坏或化学侵蚀,赋予超疏水表面自修复性能可以较好地改善表面耐久性,延长其使用寿命。本文针对修复构成超疏水表面的微观结构与低表面能物质展开论述,介绍了在湿度、温度、光等外界因素的引发下超疏水表面对低表面能物质的修复行为与特点,以及以形状记忆聚合物为主制备的超疏水表面对微观结构进行修复的过程。此外,介绍了具有自修复性能的超疏水表面在防腐蚀、油水分离、防覆冰等领域的应用。最后,讨论了通过优化表面结构和化学组成开发自修复超疏水表面的挑战和前景,环保型且无需外界刺激即可迅速对微观结构与低表面能物质进行双重修复的超疏水表面具有重要的研究意义。     

耐久性超疏水表面研究进展

虽然超疏水表面因独特的性能而在国防、工农业生产及日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景,但其较差的力学耐久性却限制了其在实际中的使用。本文简要介绍了超疏水表面耐久性较差的原因和提高其耐久性的基本方法,然后从机械稳定性、耐油污性以及可修复性等方面对近年来耐久性超疏水表面制备技术取得的新成果进行了概述,并指出加强理论研究以设计出价格低廉、制备方法简单同时具备耐久的微观结构和耐久的低表面能物质的超疏水表面是超疏水表面研究的一个重要的发展方向。     

自修复超疏水多功能协同作用涂层研究进展

自修复超疏水涂层是近年来多功能涂层研究的热点之一。文中总结了超疏水自修复涂层的修复机理,包括表面形貌的恢复和低表面能物质的补充。表面形貌的恢复可采用动态化学键和气体补偿来实现;低表面能物质的补充依靠在外界条件刺激下表面能驱动底层的低表面能物质迁移至涂层表面。目前有利用形状记忆合金实现大尺度结构损伤自修复、减少对外界刺激依赖实现自主自修复进程、利用分子结构设计自修复、多层光滑浸渍多孔表面(SLIPS)设计自修复等新的研究方向。同时介绍了自修复超疏水性能结合其他功能的多功能协同作用涂层的应用,包括超疏水自修复多功能纤维、超疏水防腐蚀自修复涂层和超疏水导电自修复涂层,各个功能间不是简单的叠加而是协同作用使涂层整体性能达到最佳,这为多功能涂层的设计提供了新思路。最后展望了自修复超疏水涂层的发展方向。     

超疏水性涂层的研究进展

简述了超疏水性表面的基本原理，分别从低表面能材料和涂层表面微细粗糙结构的构建两个方面，对超疏水性涂层的制备技术和最新成果进行了概括，并展望了其应用前景。     

超疏水表面的制备及多功能化

超疏水表面的研究在近年来受到人们的高度重视。对于表面润湿性研究的经典理论指出了液体对于表面的润湿行为取决于固体表面能及表面粗糙程度。对于自然界中超疏水表面的研究给了人们制备超疏水表面的关键在于控制表面微纳结构的启示。基于此人们发展出了各种制备具有微纳结构的粗糙表面的方法。通过选择具有适当表面能的材料以及精细控制表面结构从而实现对于表面的各种多功能化。     

仿生超疏水材料的制备及其在涂料上的运用

仿生超疏水材料具有低表面能和微纳米尺度在自清洁方面有着优异的性能。从超疏水的结构出发,总结了超疏水的原理和制备方法,介绍了超疏水材料在涂料上的运用。     

自愈合油水分离膜的研究进展

随着工业的发展以及海洋石油泄漏事故的频发，产生的含油污水对人类健康和生态环境均有严重威胁，迫切需要发展油水处理材料。膜分离法作为一种高效低能耗的方法被广泛应用于该领域，但在实际应用中容易受到外界机械力损坏或自然环境的影响导致膜分离性能下降甚至丧失。因此，自愈合油水分离膜为此提供了一种新途径，显著提升了膜的附加值。本文介绍了自愈合油水分离膜的制备方法、修复机理和国内外研究现状，针对材料表面微纳粗糙结构及低表面能物质损伤的愈合方式展开论述。指出了自愈合油水分离膜目前存在制备时间长、经济成本高、疏水表面修饰的功能单体单一以及机械强度偏低等问题。提出该领域未来可从降低材料制备成本、发展多功能修饰单体以及实现低表面能物质和表面粗糙结构同步愈合等方向发展，以期为油水分离材料的开发和应用提供参考。     

ZnO/聚二甲基硅氧烷超疏水薄膜的制备及其性能研究

通过硬脂酸对ZnO粒子的改性,使其表面引入了疏水性的甲基,将改性后的ZnO粒子与低表面能物质聚二甲基氧烷经过混合陈化固化过程后,在钢片上形成聚二甲基硅氧烷/ZnO超疏水涂层。采用接触角分析仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱,表征涂层表面的形貌和疏水性。结果表明,改性后的ZnO粒子在聚合物上构造微/纳米双重粗糙结构表面,涂层表面具有优异的自清洁性,水的静态接触角达161°,滚动角5°。该方法简单有效有巨大的应用前景。     

受猪笼草启发的仿生超滑表面研究进展

自然界中猪笼草的特殊润湿结构可用以捕获昆虫为其提供营养物质，受此启发，科研人员通过向微纳粗糙结构中灌注低表面能液体以形成稳定的润滑油层进而制备出注液超滑表面，其相较于一般的超疏水表面来说具有更为耐久的疏液、自清洁、防附着等性能，因而成为当今的研究热点。基于此，本文首先介绍了仿生超滑表面的润湿理论及作用机制；而后详细综述了超滑表面构建技术策略，包括粗糙基底成形-润滑油灌注与粗糙基底成形-基底化学修饰-润滑油灌注这两种典型路径；还全面论述了刻蚀法、溶胶凝胶法、呼吸图法，水热法等一系列超滑表面的制备方法；基于仿生超滑表面的优异性能，对其在油水分离、水雾收集、防腐蚀、液滴操控、抑菌以及防微生物粘附等领域的应用进展进行了深入讨论；最后，对仿生超滑表面的发展前景进行了展望以期为今后的研究提供参考。     

Simple method for preparing ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces with micro/nano roughness

In this paper, a facile, inexpensive, and environment-friendly method is developed to construct a superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical micro/nanostructures on the steel substrates. The superhydrophobic surface was fabricated by magnetic agitation of a mixture of micro and nanosized Zinc oxide (ZnO) suspensions on a substrate, after being modified with a low-surface energy monolayer of stearic acid, the as-prepared coating exhibits self-cleaning properties with a water contact angle of 162° and a sliding angle of 6°, and shows the good corrosion resistance. It is believed that the rapid and cheap technique have a promising future application for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces on steel materials.     

Bioinspired steel surfaces with extreme wettability contrast

The exterior structures of natural organisms have continuously evolved by controlling wettability, such as the Namib Desert beetle, whose back has hydrophilic/hydrophobic contrast for water harvesting by mist condensation in dry desert environments, and some plant leaves that have hierarchical micro/nanostructures to collect or repel liquid water. In this work, we have provided a method for wettability contrast on alloy steels by both nano-flake or needle patterns and tuning of the surface energy. Steels were provided with hierarchical micro/nanostructures of Fe oxides by fluorination and by a subsequent catalytic reaction of fluorine ions on the steel surfaces in water. A hydrophobic material was deposited on the structured surfaces, rendering superhydrophobicity. Plasma oxidization induces the formation of superhydrophilic surfaces on selective regions surrounded by superhydrophobic surfaces. We show that wettability contrast surfaces align liquid water within patterned hydrophilic regions during the condensation process. Furthermore, this method could have a greater potential to align other liquids or living cells.     

铝合金表面耐久性超疏水防护膜的制备与表征

通过酸刻蚀-沸水浴处理构筑微纳米分级结构，进而通过喷涂含有磷酸铝胶黏剂（AP）和低表面能物质——全氟辛基三氯硅烷（PFOTS）的悬浮液增强结合力并降低表面能，从而在国产7B04铝合金表面制备了耐久性超疏水防护膜。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）、接触角测试仪（CA）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等技术以及多种环境模拟实验对样品进行了表征，结果显示，制备的防护膜表面水静态接触角（WCA）高达158.4°，滑动角（SA）为0°，呈现出超疏水和低黏附性；膜层电阻（R_c）约为101.55 kΩ·cm²，在NaCl腐蚀介质中的电荷转移电阻（R_t）增大了近2个数量级，表现出优异的防护性能；样品可以经受多种破坏，具有理想的机械耐久性、化学耐久性和环境耐久性。     

Preparation and characterization of durable superhydrophobic protective coatings on aluminum alloy

The durable superhydrophobic protective coatings on the 7B04 aluminum alloy surface was prepared by using acid etching and boiling water bath to construct micro-nano hierarchical structure, and then spraying suspension containing aluminum phosphate adhesive (AP) and perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) to increase adhesion and reduce surface energy. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurement (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and a variety of the environmental simulation experiments. The results showed that the static water contact angle (WCA) of the surface is 158.4° and the slide angle (SA) is about 0°, suggesting superhydrophobicity and low adhesion to water. The coating resistance (R_c) was as high as 101.55 kΩ· cm² and the charge transfer resistance (R_t) in NaCl corrosion medium increased by nearly two orders of magnitude, showing excellent protective performance. The sample can withstand a variety of damages, with ideal mechanical durability, chemical durability and environmental durability.     

超疏水PET织物的制备及其抗菌性能

纺织物表面的超疏水特性将赋予其优异的自清洁性能。以PET无纺布为基材,探索了利用溶胶-凝胶法在预处理后的PET织物表面构筑具有微纳结构的超疏水涂层的方法;并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、接触角测量仪表征了改性PET织物表面的微观结构和润湿性。进一步地,分别以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌株,通过细菌转移法和抑菌圈法评价与分析了改性PET织物表面的抗菌性能。研究表明：利用改进的Stöber溶胶-凝胶过程能够在经碱减量法预处理的PET表面原位形成SiO₂纳米粒子;再用含疏水性长链的十二烷基硅烷对这一表面进行改性,并经过表面热处理,就能够成功地在PET织物表面构筑多层次的微/纳结构,从而制得表面具有超疏水特性的PET织物,其接触角可达到163°。这一超疏水PET织物能够抑制细菌在其表面的生长繁殖,表现出了明显的抗菌特性。     

Omniphobic surfaces: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Limited oleophobicity of the Lotus-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces accompanied by low stability and self-healing inability, have led to the evolution of synthetic omniphobic surfaces that repels a variety of liquids. This review summarized recently developed concepts for preparation of such surfaces, based on engineering the surface properties. Future challenges and perspectives for this growing field of research have also been addresses.     

Superhydrophobic and oleophilic micro‐nano hierarchical Pd‐decorated SiO2 layers

This paper reports a novel fluorinated micro‐nano hierarchical Pd‐decorated SiO₂ structure (hereafter called Pd/SiO₂), which was formed by the deposition of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on SiO₂ microspheres. The SiO₂ layers with microscale roughness were fabricated by electrospraying a solution prepared using the sol‐gel process. Subsequently, the Pd NPs were deposited using an ultraviolet reduction process. The resulting surfaces exhibited a micro‐nano hierarchical morphology. After fluorination, the micro‐nano hierarchical surface exhibited outstanding water repellency with a water contact angle (WCA) of 170° and a sliding angle <5°, indicating excellent superhydrophobic properties. The layers exhibited good long‐term durability and excellent ultraviolet resistance. Interestingly, the surface was oleophilic (CA of oil ~10°). These results show the potential of employing superhydrophobic fluorinated Pd/SiO₂ layers in smart devices, such as self‐cleanable surfaces and intelligent water/oil separation systems.