Li1.6Mn1.6O4/PVDF多孔膜的制备及提锂性能

自制锂离子筛前驱体Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄，并将Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄粒子与高分子树脂PVDF杂化制膜，研究了膜经稀盐酸抽锂后对锂的吸附性能以及多次吸附与脱附性能等。结果表明，膜M-10-55[Li]采用0.5 mol·L^-1 HCl溶液抽锂约2 h锂的脱出基本达到平衡，Li⁺的洗脱率在95%左右，锰的溶损率为3.5%左右。抽锂后得M-10-55[H]对富锂溶液中锂的吸附约12 h达平衡，对锂的吸附容量较高为41 mg·g^-1，在第5次吸附时对锂的提取量为35 mg·g^-1左右。相比于Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺，该膜对Li⁺表现出较好的选择性，对于从海水、盐湖卤水等液态锂资源中提取锂有很大的开发潜力。     

LiF-BeF2熔盐微观结构及扩散特性的分子动力学研究

LiF-BeF₂熔盐作为熔盐堆的冷却剂及核燃料溶剂近年来备受关注，其扩散行为与核燃料的相容性和结构材料的腐蚀性密切相关。采用Car-Parrinello分子动力学模拟研究了LiF-BeF₂熔盐的微观结构及基于此结构的扩散行为。研究结果表明Be²⁺具有较强的络合能力，易形成中性网络聚合体，且其数量随温度的增加而减少；液态LiF-BeF₂熔盐中除了包含聚合体，还包含游离的F^-、Li⁺、BeF₃^-和BeF₄^2-，而非完全游离的F^-、Li⁺和Be²⁺。基于此微观结构获得的自扩散系数及电导率与实验结果吻合较好，且电导率随温度变化符合Arrhenius模型，而不是目前文献认为的无限稀释溶液的线性模型。     

PAN-H1.6Mn1.6O4锂离子筛膜的制备及在卤水中吸附性能

采用亲水的PAN为成膜材料,制备了掺杂H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄的PAN-H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄锂离子筛膜。通过SEM、Li⁺静态吸附实验、（NH₄）₂S₂O₈对锂的洗脱实验和卤水中吸附实验,研究了锂离子筛的添加量对PAN-H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄锂离子筛膜结构、Li⁺吸附-洗脱性能的影响。结果表明,PAN浓度为10%（质量）,H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄的添加量为50%（质量）时,PAN-H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄离子筛膜的吸附量为17.45 mg·g^-1,达到粉末状吸附量的88.0%。以（NH₄）₂S₂O₈为洗脱剂,当浓度为0.3 mol·L^-1、液固比为600:1、时间为12 h时,锂洗脱量为17.23 mg·g^-1,锰溶损率仅为1.14%。在含有Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺的罗布泊老卤卤水中,锂离子筛膜对Li⁺有很高的选择性。在卤水中进行10次吸附与解吸循环,吸附量从11.64 mg·g^-1下降到10.94 mg·g^-1,吸附容量仅损失6.0%。总体结果表明亲水性载体对H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄吸附容量影响较小,温和的洗脱剂对锂离子筛膜的化学稳定性有利。     

Na2O-Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5玻璃的结构与性能的分子动力学模拟

磷硅酸盐玻璃因有着良好的生物活性和光学性能,已广泛用于生物材料、光纤等领域。运用分子动力学模拟方法研究Li₂O含量对Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–P₂O₅玻璃的微观结构以及扩散性能影响,着重讨论了其微观结构与维氏硬度,扩散系数之间的关系。结果表明:玻璃的磷网络聚合度（Q^p）随着Li₂O逐渐替代Na₂O而增加,硬度随着Q^p的增加而增大。体系中Li⁺的自扩散系数比Na⁺大,即Li⁺比Na⁺更易扩散。Li⁺的势垒随着Li₂O增加而逐渐变小,Li₂O对Na₂O取代有益于Li⁺扩散。     

热处理气氛对SiBON陶瓷材料析晶行为的影响

熔融石英陶瓷在使用过程中的析晶现象一直备受关注。采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR、XPS分析手段研究了SiBON陶瓷物相结构、表面形貌、化学键存在形式对其析晶行为的影响。结果表明,SiBON陶瓷在氮气保护条件下经1 550 ℃烧结后仍可有效抑制方石英的析出,同一温度在真空气氛下烧结制成的样品抑制析晶效果不佳。SiBON陶瓷的物相组成为非晶SiBON、Si₃N₄、BN,抑制析晶机理为B、N元素的掺杂使SiO₂中的Si—O—Si键转变为B—O—Si、Si—O—N键,由此生成的Si—B—O—N非晶结构提高了SiO₂的析晶活化能。     

海藻酸钠/二氧化硅杂化微球结构与吸附性能

利用海藻酸钠（SA）和正硅酸四乙酯（TEOS）为原料,并利用醇解TEOS提供二氧化硅（SiO₂）源与SA分子结构上的羟基（-OH）进行反应,制备一系列不同组分的杂化微球。采用旋转流变仪（DHR）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X-射线光谱（XRD）、热重分析仪（TG）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和氮气吸附-脱附方法（BET）对杂化溶液的流变性能以及杂化微球的化学结构、结晶能力、热分解能力、微球形貌、比表面积和孔径进行分析,并研究了其对亚甲基蓝（MB）和重金属铜（Cu²⁺）的吸附能力。结果表明：SA/SiO₂杂化溶液体系黏度下降,在初始剪切速率25s^-1时杂化溶液黏度比SA黏度低了2.2Pa·s;FTIR图说明SA中羟基与TEOS中的硅氧键反应生成硅氧碳键,TEOS与SA发生化学反应;杂化微球结晶曲线中CA结晶特征峰强度降低,同时出现SiO₂的结晶特征峰;杂化微球分解温度由250℃提升到310℃,热分解温度提高;BET测试得到海藻酸钙（CA）比表面积为7.254m²/g,孔径为19.65nm,CA/SiO₂杂化微球的比表面积为49.151m²/g,孔径为21.75nm,杂化微球比表面积提高,孔径类型为介孔;当MB初始浓度为100mg/L时,SA/SiO₂杂化微球去除率达到87.09%;当Cu²⁺初始浓度为2.5g/L时,SA/SiO₂杂化微球去除率达到86.8%。     

不同铈盐体系（硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐）中CTAB与Ce3+的相互作用机理

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为模板剂,利用Vienna Ab Initio模拟软件包研究了3种不同铈盐体系（硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐）中CTAB与Ce³⁺的相互作用以及成键稳定性。在不同铈盐体系的水环境中,CTAB中只有Br^－会与Ce³⁺发生相互作用并形成Ce—Br键。从晶体轨道哈密顿布居（COHP）、COHP的积分（ICOHP）以及径向分布函数的角度分析了不同体系下Ce—O键、Ce—Br键的成键稳定性。结果表明,不同铈盐体系下Ce³⁺与H₂O所形成Ce—O键的ICOHP的值差距不大,成键比较稳定,但Ce³⁺与CTAB中的Br^－所形成Ce—Br键的稳定性具有较大差距,ICOHP的大小顺序为ICOHP_硝酸体系硫酸体系氯化体系,说明CTAB在硝酸体系下对Ce³⁺的控制作用最强,进而证明模板剂CTAB在硝酸体系下对制备二氧化铈晶体形核阶段具有较好的调控能力。     

硅基电子气去除甲基氯硅烷的分子动力学模拟

光纤通信技术具有通信容量大、传输损耗低、保密性能好等优点,是一种极有前途的多路通信手段。相关技术中利用硅基电子气SiCl₄经化学气相沉积法制备光纤预制棒,但是SiCl₄中的含金属杂质和含氢杂质因对光子产生很大的振动吸收而增加光纤传输中光的吸收损耗。光纤用SiCl₄对纯度的要求极高,其中含氢杂质甲基氯硅烷的含量需降低到5mg/kg或者更低。通过光氯化法结合精馏工艺提纯SiCl₄是目前为止制备光纤用高纯SiCl₄最合适的方法。本文针对光氯化法去除甲基氯硅烷杂质的工艺过程进行分子层面的反应分子动力学模拟研究,重点比较分析了Cl₂与Cl自由基及反应温度对甲基氯硅烷的去除效果,并探究了不同的模拟体系中形成的主要的中间产物及其主要的转化路径,为光氯化除杂反应提供了基础的化学反应机理及工艺的改进方向。模拟结果表明,在反应体系中引入Cl自由基后对甲基氯硅烷的去除效率能够达到相同模拟条件下Cl₂的2倍;体系的反应温度与甲基氯硅烷的去除效率之间的相互关系并不是单调变化的,存在最佳反应温度（373K）使甲基氯硅烷的去除效率达到最大;甲基氯硅烷分子中的C—H键及C—Si键因具有较大的键能而难断裂,只有当体系内反应温度升高到一定值后（423K）才可观察到C—H键的断裂,只有在体系内引入活泼的Cl自由基后才可观察到C—Si键的断裂。     

Li+掺杂浓度对Sr3ZnNb2O9:Eu3+荧光粉发光特性的影响

Li⁺作为电荷补偿剂可以提高Sr₃ZnNb₂O₉:Eu³⁺荧光粉的发光强度和热稳定性。本文通过高温固相反应成功制备了Sr₃ZnNb₂O₉:xEu³⁺,yLi⁺(0≤x≤0.5,0≤y≤0.5)荧光粉,为了鉴定和描述样品的物相、发光特性和热稳定性,进行了XRD和发光光谱测试。结果表明:Eu³⁺和Li⁺已经成功掺入到基质材料中,并取代Zn²⁺位点;Li⁺的最佳掺杂浓度为0.3(摩尔分数),浓度猝灭类型是在最近邻离子之间;掺杂Li⁺提高了荧光粉的热稳定性,活化能为0.193 eV,CIE色坐标为(0.651,0.349),非常接近国际照明委员会规定的标准色坐标。     

基于冠醚的离子识别响应型智能材料研究新进展

金属离子对生物体的生命活动起着核心的作用,而一些重金属离子(如Pb²⁺、Hg²⁺)在很低浓度时就对生物具有极强的毒性;因此,研究具有金属离子识别特性的智能材料具有重要的理论价值和实用意义。冠醚具有选择性地络合金属离子的能力,研究者们将冠醚的离子识别特性与聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)的相变行为特性相结合制备了一系列离子识别响应型智能材料。综述了近年来基于18-冠-6和15-冠-5两种冠醚分子的离子识别响应型智能材料的研究新进展。目前,基于冠醚的离子识别响应型智能材料仍多处于基础研究阶段,还需要进一步系统深入研究和开发完善。     

锂离子电池正极材料铌掺杂LiNiO2 的制备与电化学性能

为了提高LiNiO₂的电化学性能,用固相反应法制备了铌掺杂LiNiO₂材料,并用X射线衍射（XRD）分析、恒电流滴定技术（GITT）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等方法研究铌掺杂量对LiNiO₂的结构和性能的影响。结果表明适量的铌（Nb）掺杂可以提高LiNiO₂层状结构的有序程度,降低Li⁺/Ni²⁺混合程度,降低电荷转移阻抗,提高活性材料中锂离子的扩散系数。其中LiNi_0.99Nb_0.01O₂在0.5C循环100次的容量保持率为91.4%,5C时放电比容量为143 mA·h/g。而未掺杂铌的LiNiO₂在相同条件下的容量保持率和比容量仅为69.2%和127 mA·h/g。结果说明铌掺杂能够有效提高LiNiO₂的电化学性能。     

Recovery of lithium using H4Mn3.5Ti1.5O12/reduced graphene oxide/polyacrylamide composite hydrogel from brine by Ads-ESIX process

Powdery Li⁺-imprinted manganese oxides adsorbent was widely used to the recovery of Li⁺, but there are some difficulties, such as poor stability in acid solution, inconvenience of operation and separation. In this work, a useful hydrogel composite based H₄Mn_3.5Ti_1.5O₁₂/reduced graphene oxide/polyacrylamide (HMTO-rGO/PAM) was fabricated by thermal initiation method with promising stable, conductive and selective properties. The resulting materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, infrared absorption spectrum, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. The recovery of Li⁺ was investigated using HMTO-rGO/PAM from brine by a separated two-stage sorption statically and electrically switched ion exchange desorption process. The adsorption capacity of 51.5 mg·g^-1 could be achieved with an initial Li⁺ concentration of 200 mg·L^-1 in pH 10, at 45 ℃ for 12 h. Li⁺ ions could be quickly desorbed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in pH 3, 0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl/NH₄Cl accompanying the exchange of Li⁺ and H⁺(NH₄⁺) and the transfer of LMTO-rGO/PAM to HMTO-rGO/PAM.     

Preparation and evaluation of α-Al2O3 supported lithium ion sieve membranes for Li+ extraction

Spinel lithium manganese oxide ion-sieves have been considered the most promising adsorbents to extract Li⁺ from brines and sea water. Here, we report a lithium ion-sieve which was successfully loaded onto tubular α-Al₂O₃ ceramic substrates by dipping crystallization and post-calcination method. The lithium manganese oxide Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ was first synthesized onto tubular α-Al₂O₃ ceramic substrates as the ion-sieve precursor (i.e. L-AA), and the corresponding lithium ion-sieve (i.e. H-AA) was obtained after acid pickling. The chemical and morphological properties of the ion-sieve were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both L-AA and H-AA showed characteristic peaks of α-Al₂O₃ and cubic phase Li₄Mn₅O₁₂, and the peaks representing cubic phase could still exist after pickling. The lithium manganese oxide Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ could be uniformly loaded not only on the surface of α-Al₂O₃ substrates but also inside the pores. Moreover, we found that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of H-AA was 22.9 mg·g^-1. After 12 h adsorption, the adsorption balance was reached. After 5 cycles of adsorption, the adsorption capacity of H-AA was 60.88% of the initial adsorption capacity. The process of H-AA adsorption for Li⁺ correlated with pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir model. Adsorption thermodynamic parameters regarding enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and entropy (ΔS) were calculated. For the dynamic adsorption- desorption process of H-AA, the H-AA exhibited excellent adsorption performance to Li⁺ with the Li⁺ dynamic adsorption capacity of 9.74 mg·g^-1 and the Mn²⁺ dissolution loss rate of 0.99%. After 3 dynamic adsorption-desorption cycles, 80% of the initial dynamic adsorption capacity was still kept.     

多组分氯盐体系镁锂分离规律初探

以Na₂CO₃为沉淀剂,初步研究了多组分氯盐混合体系（0.6 mol MgCl₂+1.1 mol LiCl+3.2 mol NaCl）中选择性沉镁的工艺规律。结果表明：在25~80 ℃,总C与总Mg物质的量比[n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）]为 0.8~1.1时,25 ℃形成针状MgCO₃·3H₂O,40 ℃以上形成Mg₅（CO₃）₄（OH）₂·4H₂O不规则片状团聚微球,其中40~50 ℃形成的片状物较为分散且粒径较小,导致固液分离困难。40 ℃时沉镁率最低。温度越高,Li₂CO₃越易形成,沉锂率越大。n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）越大沉镁率和沉锂率越高。室温（25 ℃）、n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）=1.0时,沉镁率达98%以上,且沉锂率<0.1%,镁锂分离效果最好。     

硼高效掺杂LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2正极材料及其性能提升机制

高键能异质原子的高效掺杂是稳定高电压LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂（NCM）三元正极材料并提升其电化学性能的有效策略。借助含硼前体在二次颗粒表面富集及随后高温煅烧强化B³⁺体相扩散的策略,构建了硼离子高效掺杂NCM正极材料（NCM-B）。引入B—O键（键能：809 kJ·mol^-1）抑制了电化学反应过程中晶格氧析出,进而稳定材料的氧离子框架;此外,表面残余的高锂离子导体Li₂O-B₂O₃包覆层可以在一定程度上稳定电极-电解液界面。与改性前NCM相比,改性后的NCM-B正极材料在3.0~4.5 V电压区间的可逆比电容量可以达到193.7 mA·h·g^-1,在10 C大功率下,比电容量仍保持120 mA·h·g^-1（NCM仅为78.2 mA·h·g^-1）。1 C下连续循环100圈后,比电容量保持率从73%提升到90%。表面富集和扩散强化的思想也有望实现其他正极材料的高效掺杂。     

Preparation and characterization of lithium λ-MnO2 ion-sieves

Lithium λ-MnO₂ ion-sieves were prepared from spinel LiMn₂O₄ via treatment with nitric acid. The LiMn₂O₄ was synthesized by a solid state reaction between LiOH·H₂O and MnO₂. The effects of the calcination time and temperature on the preparation of the LiMn₂O₄ precursor and the lithium ion-sieve were investigated. In addition, the Li⁺ extraction ratio, the Mn²⁺ dissolving ratio and the adsorption properties of the lithium ion-sieve were all measured. The lithium ion-sieve had a high exchange capacity and was selective for Li⁺. Specifically, at pH= 13, the ion exchange capacity of Li⁺ was 30.9 mg/g in 10 mmol/L LiCl solution and the lithium extraction ratio and manganese dissolving ratio were 95% and 25%, respectively.     

Synthesis of some 3-phenyl chromenone-crown ethers and equilibrium studies on complexation with ion-pair extraction of sodium and potassium dyes

6,7-Dihydroxy-3-phenyl-2H-chromenones and 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(methoxyphenyl)-2H-chromenones, o-dihydroxy-3-phenylcoumarins, were prepared from phenylacetic acid/2,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, methoxyphenylacetic acid/2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde in NaOAc/Ac₂O, respectively. 3-Aryl-6,7-dihydroxy-2H-chromenone and 3-aryl-7,8-dihydroxy-2H-chromenone reacted with the polyethylene glycol ditosylate in CH₃CN/Me₂CO₃ to afford 12-crown-4,15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6-chromenones. The purified products were identified with IR, ¹NMR, low and high resolution mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Liquid–liquid extractive-spectrophotometric studies of sodium and potassium ion complexes of 3a–c, 4a–h coumarin-crown ethers and anionic dyes [4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol monosodium salt monohydrate (SPAR), and sodium picrate (SP), and potassium picrate (PP)], as the counter ion are described. The overall extraction equilibrium constants for the 1:1 complexes of the above coumarin-crown ethers with sodium and potassium ions, between the organic solvent and water, have been determined at 25 °C. They were conducted in various solvent–water systems maintaining an identical initial cation concentration in water, [M₀⁺]_w, and a macrocyclic ligand concentration in the organic phase, [L₀]_org, so that in all extractions [M₀⁺]_w:[L₀]_org ratios were 1:1. An ion association complex formed between the alkali-crown ether complex ion and a dye anion was extracted into the CH₂Cl₂ organic solvent, and then the dye concentration of the separated aqueous phase was measured with an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. According to the study, SPAR is the best associated dye with all the coumarin-crown ethers and the extracted dye occurs as the ion-pair complex. The extraction selectivity was interpreted quantitatively by the constituent equilibrium constants, i.e. K_ext, the ion-pair extraction constant of ML⁺ and A⁻ in CH₂Cl₂.     

Relation of Composition of Hydrogarnet to Resistance to Sulfate Attack

Crystallographic changes resulting from the entry of Si into the cubic lattice of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate were examined in an effort to understand the sulfate resistance of hydrogarnets. Low-SiO₂ hydrogarnets were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of specially prepared glasses. The lattice constants of the unit cell of C₃AH₆ decreased when Si⁴⁺ ions were introduced. In investigating the low-Si members of the C₃AH₆-grossularite series, only those with well-defined Si contents of 1, 3, and 6 Si⁴⁺ ions/unit cell were found; the lattice constants were 12.52, 12.47, and 12.41 Å, respectively. Intermediate lattice constants represent mixtures of at least two members. A content of 0.125 SiO₂/formula unit, corresponding to 1 Si⁴⁺ ion in the unit cell of C₃AH₆, is not sufficient to produce resistance to sulfate attack; the lowest SiO₂ content which results in such resistance appears to be 0.375 SiO₂/formula unit or 3 Si atoms/unit cell.     

化学交换法分离锂同位素的理论及新技术研究进展

发展核能是我国可持续发展的重要举措,锂作为重要的能源战略金属,锂同位素（⁶Li、⁷Li）分离是核能开发必须解决的关键技术难题,受到国际及国内科学家的广泛关注。⁶Li、⁷Li具有完全相同的电子结构,两者具有几乎相同的化学性质,分离难度极大。本文简要回顾了20世纪60年代以来化学交换法分离锂同位素取得的进展,重点综述了同位素分离的理论研究以及近五年来锂同位素分离的新材料、新介质。针对目前冠醚在分离锂同位素过程中存在的冠醚分子易流失、Li⁺的分配系数低等问题对现有的研究和报道进行了总结,有望为锂同位素分离新材料和新体系的开发提供指导。