钌基催化剂用于直接法合成气制低碳烯烃反应

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备钌基催化剂,用其进行催化CO加氢,研究制低碳烯烃反应中钌基催化剂的催化性能,考察催化剂的焙烧温度、工艺条件及碱金属助剂Na对钌基催化剂CO加氢反应的影响。结果发现,焙烧温度400 ℃制备的钌基催化剂具有最大的比表面积,在反应温度220 ℃、反应压力1.0 MPa和空速1 500 mL·(h·g)^-1条件下,可以保证较高的CO转化率及低碳烯烃选择性。碱金属助剂Na提高了催化剂催化活性,Na质量分数为4%6%时,钌基催化剂表现出最佳的CO转化率及低碳烯烃选择性。     

负载型钌催化剂在化工中的应用

综合评述了制备负载型钌催化剂的研究现状,着重探讨了其在化学工业中的研究进展.所涉及的反应包括:氨合成、葡萄糖加氢合成山梨醇、苯加氢制环已烯、苯胺加氢制环己胺与二环己胺、二氧化碳甲烷化、催化湿式氧化等,并对它的应用前景进行了展望.     

钌炭催化剂的制备及其在芳环加氢反应中的应用

芳环加氢反应是最重要的合成反应之一,钌炭催化剂在芳环加氢反应中具有优异的催化性能。综述钌炭催化剂的制备方法和载体性质对钌炭催化剂的影响以及钌炭催化剂在苯、苯甲酸和对苯二甲酸二甲酯等芳环加氢反应中的应用进展。负载型钌炭催化剂的制备方法主要有浸渍法、沉淀法和升华法,超声辅助浸渍法可将大部分钌纳米粒子引入到炭载体的孔道内部,得到限域型负载钌炭催化剂。而镶嵌式钌炭催化剂主要是指通过原位炭化的方法将钌粒子部分镶嵌在炭的孔壁上,一步得到钌炭催化剂,其制备方法主要有软模板剂法和硬模板剂法。除制备方法外,炭的骨架结构、表面性质及氮掺杂对钌炭催化剂的性能影响也较大。镶嵌式钌炭催化剂具有钌纳米粒子和炭载体之间的相互作用强、催化剂抗流失及烧结性能好,在芳环加氢反应中表现出卓越的催化性能和稳定性。随着新制备技术的出现,新型镶嵌式钌炭催化剂将可能实现产业化。     

氨合成钌基催化剂的研究进展

近年来,钌基氨合成催化剂因其高活性、高稳定性和反应条件温和成为研究热点。综述国内外氨合成钌基催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍钌基催化剂载体、助剂和前驱体对氨合成反应性能的影响。石墨化程度高、导电性能良好的碳载体或氧化物与碳的复合载体是氨合成反应的良好载体;碱金属和碱土金属类助剂通过改变活性金属表面静电场,起到电子助剂的作用,并且碱土金属对反应的促进作用优于碱金属,稀土金属Sm能够抑制碳载体的甲烷化反应;与Ru Cl3相比,Ru3(CO)12是氨合成反应的理想前驱体。简介以电子化合物为载体的钌基氨合成体系,负载钌的高比表面积电子化合物C12A7:e-是强大的电子供体,能够提高氮气在钌上的解离程度,并能可逆地储存氢,有效抑制氢吸附对钌表面的毒害,从而大大提高氨合成反应活性。进一步开发温和条件下非贵金属高效氨合成催化剂将具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

超临界二氧化碳改性活性炭及其对载体性能的影响

以氯化钌为活性前驱体,活性炭为载体,采用超临界CO2处理制备钌/炭催化剂。以超临界二氧化碳流体对活性炭进行预处理,并使用联碱中和法、XPS等手段表征活性炭表面官能团数量,发现处理后活性炭表面羧基和酚羟基的数量明显减少,内酯基的数量增多,这是由于在超临界二氧化碳条件下活性炭表面的羧基和酚羟基发生酯化反应生成内酯基造成的。活性炭表面官能团的改变,改善了它的负载性能。结果表明,使用超临界CO2预处理活性炭作催化剂载体,能提高葡萄糖加氢制备山梨醇的反应催化活性。     

钌基氨合成催化剂作用机理及氧化物负载钌催化体系研究

介绍了钌基氨合成催化剂的最新研究进展,结合密度泛函理论计算综述了钌基氨合成催化剂的作用机理,包括钌表面对氮分子的吸附活化以及钌基氨合成催化剂上的氨合成反应动力学模型方面的研究成果。对氧化物载体的制备方法、修饰和复合手段、助剂种类及其在催化反应中的作用机理等进行了总结,探讨了钌基氨合成催化剂理论研究以及氧化物催化剂体系目前存在的问题。     

苯选择加氢制环己烯在钌基催化体系中的技术进展

环己烯是一种非常重要的有机化工原料，苯选择加氢制环己烯是获取高产量环己烯的最佳途径。长期以来科研工作者们都致力于开发出具有高选择性高收率制环己烯的钌基催化反应体系，然而环境因素使其在工业上大规模应用受到了限制，因此有必要对该领域进一步的深入研究。绿色催化是当下研究的热点之一，开发具有负载少钌且无需反应添加剂的高亲水性催化剂的这一趋势在今后的绿色化学发展中势必加强，因此苯选择加氢制环己烯的技术开发是一项极富有经济意义与科研挑战性的课题。本文从苯选择加氢的反应工艺技术、发展历程、钌基催化剂的反应体系组成以及反应机理等方面，系统介绍了苯选择性加氢制备环己烯的技术进展。     

钌基氨合成催化剂的研究进展

钌基氨合成催化剂是一种在低温和较低压力下仍具有较高活性的负载型催化剂。综述了新型钌基氨合成催化剂的催化机理、国内外研究进展和工业应用情况,分析了催化剂中母体化合物、载体和促进剂等因素对催化剂活性的影响。钌基催化剂虽性能优良,但成本昂贵,因此探索新的活性组分、新的助剂与载体,研制出性能优良的钌基或非钌基催化剂是发展方向。     

二氧化碳催化加氢催化剂研究进展

介绍了近年来二氧化碳催化加氢合成烃类、甲醇和甲酸过程使用的催化剂和助剂研究进展。叙述了烃类合成的Fe基催化剂、各种助剂和载体及其作用,并比较Fe基催化剂和其他催化剂对烃类产物分布的影响;甲醇合成的Cu基催化剂、ZnO载体和各助剂对CO2转化率和甲醇选择性的影响;甲酸合成中使用的均相过渡金属（钌和铑）配合物催化剂和固载催化剂。认为目前对助剂、载体和从反应机理揭示助剂、载体的作用研究不够,而了解助剂、载体和基本元素之间的相互作用．将能更精准地选择助剂和载体,更好控制反应条件。     

CO/CO2加氢制芳烃的研究进展

将CO/CO₂直接转化为芳烃是一种极具挑战性的非石油路线合成途径。本文主要对CO/CO₂通过不同反应途径制取芳烃过程中复合催化剂的开发和反应机理的研究进展进行了综述。阐述了利用反应耦合思想,构筑的复合催化剂在CO/CO₂的高效转化和产物调控等方面取得了突破性的进展。重点介绍了复合催化剂用于CO加氢制芳烃主要的两种反应途径,活性金属的类别、分子筛的结构与酸性和活性组分的组装方式与接触度对CO₂加氢制芳烃催化性能的影响。指出协同加氢与芳构化反应活性的匹配是影响催化剂性能的关键。提出开发高效稳定的催化剂用于提高CO/CO₂的转化率和芳烃产物的产率以及反应机理的探索仍然是未来研究的重点。     

Recyclable Solid Ruthenium Catalysts Supported on Metal Oxides for the Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes

Ceria‐supported ruthenium catalysts (Ru/CeO₂) were found to be quite effective for the addition of various carboxylic acids to terminal alkynes, which gave the corresponding enol esters in moderate to high yields. The major products of the reaction were E‐isomers of anti‐Markovnikov adducts. Among the ceria‐supported ruthenium catalysts examined, those prepared using ruthenium precursors with chloride ligands showed high activities. The zirconia‐supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/ZrO₂) showed activity comparable to that of the ceria‐supported catalyst. These catalysts were recyclable without a significant loss of activity, and the leaching of ruthenium species into the liquid phase was negligible after cooling the reaction mixture, which indicates marked superiority of the present solid oxide catalysts to conventional homogeneous catalysts.     

Activity of ruthenium hydrogenation catalysts in copper(II) formate decomposition

Charcoal-, silica-, alumina- and titanium(IV) oxide-supported ruthenium catalysts, prepared by conventional impregnation and incipient wetness methods from a ruthenium(III) oxide precursor were tested in copper(II) formate decomposition in aqueous solution. Such a reaction was found to be an efficient and simple activity test of charcoal-supported catalysts. The application of this reaction for a bimetallic ruthenium–copper catalyst preparation was also suggested. Experimental results were compared with those obtained using commercial catalysts and ruthenium black.     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of ruthenium-doped cobalt catalysts

Cobalt-based catalysts doped with different amounts of ruthenium supported on Zr-MSU type materials were studied in the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis/hydrocracking of tetralin at different temperatures. The catalytic tests were carried out in a high-pressure fixed-bed continuous-flow stainless steel catalytic reactor operating at a pressure of 6.0 MPa. Textural, structural, acidic and metallic properties were studied by XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and Elemental Chemical Analysis. Five catalysts were prepared with 10 wt% of cobalt and a ruthenium loading ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt%, along with a monometallic ruthenium catalyst with 3 wt% of metal, for comparison. From catalysts characterization, no interaction between cobalt and ruthenium can be established, however, the presence of ruthenium influences the reducibility of cobalt.

Ruthenium-doped catalysts not only improve the catalytic activity of monometallic cobalt and ruthenium ones, but also ruthenium acts as a trap for sulphur organic molecules, preserving cobalt particles from sulphur poisoning and thus maintaining their high hydrogenation activity. The catalyst with a ruthenium loading of 3 wt% is found to be the most active, both, with or without sulphur in the feed. The most striking improvement of ruthenium-doped catalyst properties is their greater resistance to sulphur molecules than in the case of monometallic cobalt catalysts, which are otherwise rapidly deactivated under the same experimental conditions.     

钌基氨合成催化剂研究进展

钌基催化剂被称为继铁基催化剂之后第二代氨合成催化剂。文中介绍了钌基氨合成催化剂的载体、钌的母体化合物和促进剂的研究进展以及在钌基催化剂上氨合成反应动力学。     

Poly(norbornene)‐Supported N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands in Catalysis

In this contribution, we present the synthesis of norbornene‐supported N‐heterocyclic (NHC) carbenes. These functionalized norbornenes were polymerized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization in a controlled fashion either before or after metalation with a variety of palladium and ruthenium precursors resulting in the formation of polymer‐supported NHC‐based metal catalysts. The activities of the palladium‐based catalysts in the Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira and Heck coupling reactions were studied in detail. In all cases, the polymeric catalysts demonstrated the same activity as their small molecule analogues. Furthermore, we carried out preliminary investigations into the stability of these catalysts using poisoning studies. A clear dependence of the stability of the polymer‐supported catalysts on their palladium precursor was observed with palladium acetate‐based polymeric NHC catalysts being the most stable. Finally, we have studied the reactivity of our supported NHC ruthenium complexes as catalysts for ring‐closing metathesis. Again, in all cases good conversions were observed with comparable activities to other supported NHC‐ruthenium catalysts. Lastly, we were able to remove the ruthenium catalysts from the solution quantitatively demonstrating the possibility of metal removal.     

影响Ru/MO_x氨合成催化剂活性关键因素

氨合成催化剂是多相催化领域中许多基础研究的起点,低温高活性的钌系催化剂为继熔铁催化剂之后的第二代氨合成催化剂。从影响氧化物负载的Ru基催化剂性能的关键因素出发,对氧化物载体的改性、助剂的作用并将其深入到反应条件下的化学状态等方面进行了分析和探讨,为新型高活性Ru基氨合成催化剂及其他多相催化剂的设计研发提供借鉴。     

One-pot conversion of cellulose to isosorbide using supported metal catalysts and ion-exchange resin

One-pot conversion of cellulose to isosorbide was investigated by supported metal catalysts and ion-exchange resin in water. The maximum isosorbide yield using supported platinum catalysts and Amberlyst 70 was less than 30%. The isosorbide yield drastically increased with supported ruthenium catalysts instead of supported platinum catalysts and it also increased with the loading of ruthenium on carbon support. One-pot conversion of cellulose to isosorbide by 4 wt.% ruthenium catalyst and Amberlyst 70 proceeded with isosorbide yield of 55.8%.     

Carbon monoxide hydrogenation over silica-supported ruthenium-copper bimetallic catalysts

The catalytic properties of a series of ruthenium-copper catalysts supported on silica were studied. It was found that while the amount of CO adsorbed at 273 K measured with the pulse-flow method is higher on the catalysts with a small concentration of copper than on the pure ruthenium catalyst, the yield of Ru⁺ secondary ions on fast atom bombardment of the catalyst surface with argon is suppressed by the addition of copper. The activity for CO disproportionate as well as CO hydrogenation were drastically reduced by the presence of copper. It is estimated that an ensemble of between 4 to 6 adjacent ruthenium atoms is required for CO disproportionation and one of between 9 to 13 adjacent ruthenium atoms is required for CO hydrogenation. Comparisons between the properties of the supported catalysts and those of single-crystal model catalysts were made.     

钌催化剂上苯加氢制环己烯的影响因素

综述了钌催化剂上苯选择性加氢的反应机理、催化剂制备过程中前躯体、制备方法、载体、添加剂(水,有机添加剂,无机添加剂)对催化剂催化性能的影响和反应过程中温度、压力、搅拌速率、催化剂用量及反应时间等对苯转化率、环己烯选择性和环己烯收率的影响。