柱状节理岩体宏观等效强度参数的柱体尺寸效应

为研究柱状节理岩体柱体尺寸对岩体等效强度参数的影响,以金沙江白鹤滩水电站工程为背景,结合相关岩石力学试验方法,建立柱状节理岩体三维离散元模型.提出随机柱体平均大对角线长尺寸控制方案,并对柱状节理岩体进行三轴压缩试验数值模拟研究.研究结果表明,采用的随机柱状节理岩体尺寸控制方案能够合理描述尺寸效应对等效强度参数的影响,柱体尺寸的变化对与柱体垂直加载方向的等效强度参数影响较大,这是主要影响因素;四棱柱形柱状节理岩体错距变化对与错距平行的岩体等效强度参数产生较大影响,对其他2个方向的等效强度参数影响较弱,这是次要影响因素.在此基础上推导出柱体尺寸与岩体等效强度参数的关系,研究结果为工程实践中等效力学参数的确定提供了相关参考.     

Mechanical characteristics of columnar jointed rock at dam base of Baihetan hydropower station

Irregular columnar jointed structure is a primary irregular columnar morphological tensile fracture. In order to study the geometric features of irregular columnar joints and the new problems in geotechnical engineering, hydraulic and hydropower engineering caused by columnar jointed basaltic mass, Voronoi graph from geometry was introduced to simulate the irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass at Baihetan hydraulic station. Discrete element software UDEC was used to simulate the whole process of rigid bearing plate test. Anisotropic constitutive of columnar joints was adopted to analyze the stress diffusion of rock mass at dam base of Baihetan. The results show that, the compaction property and hysteresis effect are well simulated based on discrete element simulation of Voronoi joint structure by UDEC. Four stages of cyclic loading and unloading process are imaged clearly. The results from in situ rigid bearing plate tests are explicated and the stress diffusion rule of anisotropic body is affected by structure surface. The elements in the stress state of 4–5 MPa are the most, about more than 35% of the total. Appropriate constitutive must be proposed to columnar jointed rock mass with different styles. It has important significance to realize the nonlinear mechanical behavior of irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass.     

柱状节理岩体开挖卸荷效应及破裂区分布规律

为了分析柱状节理洞室的变形和破裂区分布特征,研究岩体开挖扰动后的卸荷效应.在构建的复合型多弱面本构模型的基础上,建立柱状节理岩体开挖卸荷过程中弹性模量随应力水平的变化机制,提出适用于柱状节理岩体的理论公式,并成功嵌入本构模型,实现了柱状节理岩体的卸荷效应.结合取得的研究成果,进行柱状节理洞室开挖的计算分析,获取了围岩的变形特征及塑性区分布规律,发现节理面的屈服破坏与节理的倾向关系密切.研究各组节理面在塑性区开展过程中的影响,结果表明,垂直于开挖面的主节理面影响最大.揭示了柱状节理洞室围岩破裂区的开展过程及分布规律,即主节理面破裂贯通的过程并伴随次节理面的破裂扩展及岩体的开裂.     

含层状节理岩体力学性质数值模拟研究

采用GDEM软件分析不同角度下平行层状节理岩体力学性质,探讨节理角度与加载方向夹角的变化对试件破坏模式的影响,采用工程常见的不同层间岩体材料建立平行层状节理模型,通过静载单轴压缩、双轴压缩和纯剪切3种加载方式,分析此类岩体模型在不同倾斜角度情况下破坏形式、加载过程应力应变关系和峰值载荷变化趋势。分析结果表明平行层次节理岩体的力学性质和峰值强度与节理倾角有直接关系,并通过模拟发现在3种加载情况下平行层次节理岩体表现出明显的弹脆性力学的特点。     

基于UDEC节理岩体抗压强度的数值研究

通过对江西某矿区岩样进行岩石力学试验,得到岩石试件的力学参数,利用Hoek-Brown法估算岩体力学参数。基于分形理论,结合Monte Carlo方法生成节理岩体平面网络图,以岩体网络图中心为基点,选取节理岩体模拟试件,采用离散元软件UDEC开展节理岩体抗压强度的数值实验。结果表明：选取角度、围压相同时,随着岩体尺寸的增大,节理岩体各向异性减弱,抗压强度呈非线性减小趋势,并趋向于某一定值,可拟合为负指数变化关系;围压、尺寸相同时,随着选取角度的增大,节理岩体抗压强度呈微幅波动趋势,这应与节理分布的分形特性有关。取样角度（所截取的岩体试件与水平方向的夹角）为60°时,抗压强度值略高,节理岩体尺寸效应与围压效应也较为明显;选取角度、尺寸相同时,随着围压的增大,岩体各向异性减弱,抗压强度呈线性增大趋势。     

节理岩体弹塑性动态有限元分析

　Aim　To study the elastic-plastic dynamical constitutive relations about a jointed rock mass under explosion load and its computer simulation. Methods Stress history is taken into account and stresses will follow changes in time during a period of explosion load. According to the principle of static force balance, the corresponding nodal concentrated force is calculated and the nodal displacement is counted. The elastic-plastic dynamic finite element equations are thus obtained. Results A finite element method is given for a jointed rock mass under explosion load. Conclusion The problem of large plastic deformation for jointed rock mass on blasting was efficiently resolved through dynamic finite element analysis and the range of damages by blasting simulated, and this pushes forward the problem to engineering practice.     

柱状节理岩体横观各向同性本构关系研究

采用复合材料力学方法,针对柱状节理岩体考虑节理交错、层内错动带及柱轴偏转等因素建立了横观各向同性本构模型,对其等效弹性参数进行了系统分析,并根据某拟建水电站坝址区玄武岩体原位试验资料,探讨了层内错动带和节理等因素对弹性参数的影响.研究表明：坝址区分布的层内错动带对柱状节理岩体弹性参数影响较大,在垂直于层内错动带方向上弹性模量减小了50%以上;柱状节理倾角影响也比较明显,在倾角为15°时,等效弹性模量下降低约19%.该方法可以完善描述柱状节理岩体各向异性变形特征和规律,揭示了原位测试水平向弹性模量大于铅直向的原因.     

有限元法预测贯通节理岩体三维等效弹性参数

采用节理有限元法对贯通节理岩体的变形特性以及等效本构关系进行研究，分别对含有一组和三组节理的岩体等效弹性常数进行了预测。与解析方法相比，数值方法可以不必做太多的假设，能对节理岩体的力学行为进行综合分析，从而可得到包含完整岩石与节理的统一的本构关系，并可研究节理面几何形态的影响。     

三维加锚弹塑性损伤模型在大型山体边坡工程中的应用

首先根据节理岩体的损伤机制 ,建立了三维弹塑性损伤本构模型反映节理岩体的损伤变形特性 ,然后考虑节理岩体的岩锚支护效应 ,建立了空间损伤锚柱单元模型模拟锚杆的支护效果 ,最后将建立的模型应用于三峡船闸高边坡 ,进行了边坡加锚节理岩体开挖卸荷三维非线性有限元计算 ,获得了一些有益的工程结论     

深部巷道围岩变形试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究深部软岩巷道的变形破坏特性,以淮南矿区某煤矿13-1煤回采巷道为例,在现场调查回采巷道工程概况的基础上,开展了室内深部回采巷道围岩变形特性相似模拟试验,并基于块体离散元法,建立了深部回采巷道围岩的数值模型,模拟了开挖过程中围岩的变形特性。相似模拟试验和数值模拟试验结果表明,深部巷道围岩的典型特征为:巷道底臌量两帮移近量顶板下沉量,巷道不同围岩受开挖扰动的位移影响范围不同,底板为3.5 m,顶板为2.45 m,两帮为5.5 m。     

A numerical modelling approach to assess the behaviour of underground cavern subjected to blast loads

The paper gives an insight into the behaviour of large underground caverns which are subjected to blast loads. Caverns are generally constructed in hard rock formation which compels us to use blasting methods for the excavation works. Comparative study was done between models with intact rock mass and discontinuities to assess the stability of cavern as a result of blast loads. Numerical modelling was performed with 3 dimensional distinct element code(3 DEC) to analyse the performance of cavern walls in terms of displacement and to compute peak particle velocities(PPV) both around the cavern periphery and at surface of models. Results showed that the velocity wave with higher frequency exhibited large displacements around the periphery of cavern. Computation of PPV showed that model with horizontal joint sets showed lower PPV in comparison to model with intact rock mass. PPV values were also analysed on the surface for model consisting vertical joints spaced at 4 m intervals. Comparative study of PPV on surface vertically above the blast location between models with horizontal joints spaced at 4 m and vertical joints at 4 m intervals were conducted. Results depicted higher magnitudes of PPV for model with vertical joints in comparison to model with horizontal joints.     

岩体中软弱夹层影响爆炸波传播规律的数值分析

为了模拟岩体中软弱夹层对爆炸波传播衰减的影响,在块体离散元的基础上改进了数值计算方法（包括基本方程、求解步骤、能量耗散等效模式）,使其适合模拟爆源的特点、岩体中软弱夹层的性质以及应力波的传播衰减规律.用该方法建立了含软弱夹层岩体和爆源的数值模型,对岩体中软弱夹层影响爆炸波的传播衰减规律进行了数值试验.结果表明：软弱夹层前后爆炸波的振动速度峰值差别很大,存在量级上的差别;软弱夹层与爆源的距离对应力波衰减的影响很大,而夹层厚度影响较小;在两组软弱夹层之间的质点振动持续时间明显延长.数值模拟不仅给出了爆炸波经过软弱夹层的透反射关系,而且描述了不同情况下质点振动的基本形式,可为实际工程提供参考.     

基于数值实验的节理岩体变形特性尺寸效应

借用有限元数值实验技术,通过节理随机概率模型生成0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 m和1.1 m等5组不同尺寸的节理岩体试件,每个尺寸组10个试件.在5 MPa围压下,对试件轴向分级加载,获得同一尺寸下每个试件的应力-应变曲线,分析每组10条应力应变曲线及数据随试件尺寸的变化规律.分析结果发现:尺寸较小时,同组变形曲线比较分散,数据离散程度相对较大;随着尺寸的增大,曲线束积聚程度提高,数据离散性减小,这说明试件受力变形特性存在尺寸效应,可以获得该方法获取岩体变形特性的特征尺寸.     

Stochastic structural model of rock and soil aggregates by continuum-based discrete element method

Ancient slope[1], debris-flow deposit[2] and rock-filling dam[3] are usually made of rock and soil aggregates (RSA). The RSA is a typical inhomogeneous and discontinuous medium, and its main characteristics include: (i) loose piling up by blocks or particles, (ii) mixing of different blocks with a range of shapes and sizes, (iii) stochastic distribu- tion of blocks in space, (4) fillings often in between blocks. The mechanical properties of these rock and soil aggregates are commonly obtaine…     

Parameter analysis of anchor bolt support for large-span and jointed rock mass

1INTRODUCTION Anchorboltsupportiswidelyusedintunne ling[1],mining[2]andundergroundopeningsupports[3]asaneconomical,reliable,simpleandconvenient method.Thismethodisevenwell knownforitseffec tivenessinthesupportofjointcontainingrockmass[4,5].Becauseoftheindeterminationandrandom nessofgeologicconfiguration,anchorboltsaremainlyusedexperientially,althoughlotsoffieldtests[69],la boratorytests[9,10]andnumericalstudy[1115]havebeencarriedoutathomeandabroad,andanumberofem piricalformulastorevealthew…     

基于三维裂隙网络的岩体剪切特性尺寸效应分析

为研究复杂裂隙岩体剪切特性的尺寸效应,以西藏怒江松塔水电站PDC3平硐为例,在现场采集裂隙信息的基础上,基于颗粒流PFC^3D软件通过统计学方法及蒙特卡洛原理生成三维裂隙网络,构建等效岩体,进行大尺度直剪模拟试验得到裂隙岩体的抗剪强度、内摩擦系数及内聚力,分别研究其尺寸效应并确定不同参数下的REV尺寸,继而对相关参数和试样尺寸分别进行非线性回归拟合,探究其函数关系。结果表明：抗剪强度、内聚力及内摩擦系数随着试样尺寸的变化而趋于稳定,且不同参数得到的REV大小不同;综合分析不同参数的REV尺寸,得出研究区裂隙岩体的剪切特性REV尺寸为11 m×11 m×11 m;通过函数关系拟合,抗剪强度、内聚力和内摩擦系数与试样尺寸之间均存在指数函数关系。该成果为研究复杂裂隙岩体的力学REV以及合理确定力学参数提供了依据。     

考虑剪胀效应的节理岩体三维等效模型

研究建立了贯穿节理岩体的三维等效弹性模型,考虑了岩体中节理的剪胀效应,分析了剪胀系数和节理面倾角对各向异性岩体等效弹性模量的影响,编写了节理岩体等效弹性常数实用计算软件,可以方便、快捷地对节理岩体的等效性能进行估算。     

Stochastic structural model of rock and soil aggregates by continuum-based discrete element method

This paper first presents a stochastic structural model to describe the random geometrical features of rock and soil aggregates. The stochastic structural model uses mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape to construct the microstructures of aggregates, and introduces two types of structural elements (block element and jointed element) and three types of material elements (rock element, soil element, and weaker jointed element) for this microstructure. Then, continuum-based discrete element method is used to study the deformation and failure mechanism of rock and soil aggregate through a series of loading tests. It is found that the stress-strain curve of rock and soil aggregates is nonlinear, and the failure is usually initialized from weaker jointed elements. Finally, some factors such as mixture ratio, rock size and rock shape are studied in detail. The numerical results are in good agreement with in situ test. Therefore, current model is effective for simulating the mechanical behaviors of rock and soil aggregates.     

节理岩体中纵波传播特性数值研究

利用通用离散元程序（ UDEC）研究应力波在单个和多个平行节理中的传播规律,为了简化问题,其中的应力波为垂直节理入射的P波。数值模拟的结果表明,在单个节理的情况下,透射系数的大小只与节理的法向刚度有关,而与节理的剪切刚度和内摩擦角无关;在多个平行节理的情况下,节理数影响应力波的透反射情况,节理数增加,透射系数随着节理间距减小的变化值增大。     

管单元用于缩减岩体渗透张量计算规模

为探讨裂隙空间渗流的优势路径、在满足精度的前提下减少计算量并使模型更具实用价值,根据实测结构面资料,采用圆盘模型,生成与现场岩体具有相同统计特征的三维裂隙网络,将渗流渠道简化为一维管单元模型,研究分组排列和全排列两种方式缩减计算规模对渗透张量和表征单元体(representative elementary volume, REV)大小的影响。并用某工程数据校核缩减规模效应。结果显示：采用全排列方式缩减误差相对较小;当计算规模缩减达到70%时,基本不改变渗透张量的精度;裂隙岩体的渗透张量REV尺寸会随缩减规模的增加有所增大。可见确实存在由直径较大裂隙控制渗流特性的主干裂隙网络骨架,计算时缩减裂隙网络规模到一定程度,仍然可以保证渗透张量具有足够的精度。