“两型三新”理念在青藏400kv直流输电线路工程中的运用

对青藏直流400kV联网工程线路基础多年冻土区的开挖技术、无论是施工方法和原材料的选择都有严格的要求,随着我国节能减排政策的不断实施环保节能的施工方式和输电线路设计更加受到重视,本文就阐述了对于青藏直流输电线路管理中的一些应用和设计分析,对“两型三新”输电线路建设进行了总结,为全面推广应用提供了参考。     

国核电力院荣获“青藏交直流联网工程”先进单位称号

本刊讯近日,国家电网公司对在青藏交直流联网工程建设中做出突出贡献的先进集体和个人进行了表彰,国核电力院被评为"青藏交直流联网工程"先进单位,国核电力院电网院变电电气部副主任苏光和变电土建部副主任崔洪波当选先进个人。被誉为"电力天路"的青藏联网工程由西宁-柴达木750千伏输变电工程、柴达木-拉萨±400千伏直流输电工程、西藏中部220千伏电网工程组成,是迄今为止沿线海拔最高、冻土区最长、高寒地区建设规模最大的输变电工程。其中,国核电力院负责乌兰     

典型±660kV HVDC系统建模与运行仿真研究

高压直流输电工程是实施"西部大开发"战略的重点工程,将西北能源富集地区的资源优势转化成经济优势,有力缓解东部用电紧张局面。以我国已建成的高压直流输电工程为参考,依据高压直流输电基本原理,将高压直流输电系统在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下进行建模,分正常和事故两方面对系统进行仿真研究,不仅可以为生产运行提供参考,同时为今后±660 kV直流输电工程建设提供借鉴。     

±800kV特高压直流输电线路合成电场研究

基于Deutecsh假设的解析法,利用MATLAB软件对±800 kV特高压直流输电线路合成电场进行仿真研究.计算了极导线水平布置的±800 kV特高压直流输电线路合成电场的水平,详细讨论了线路结构参数(导线分裂数、子导线截面、导线分裂间距以及极导线对地高度和极导线间距)对合成电场的影响,为工程的设计和建设提供技术参考...     

探讨500kV输电线路防雷害技术

本文通过对500 kV超高压直流输电线路遭受雷击时造成绕击、反击成因进行分析,提出做好500kv防雷害的原则与方法,给出安装避雷针与改善接地电阻防雷措施,为今后的500kv高压输电线路防雷工作提供参考.     

500 kV交流线路钻越±800 kV直流线路三维离子流场计算

为了保证交直流线路交叉钻越区域的混合电场不超过安全限值,建立了 500 kV交流线路钻越±800 kV直流输电线路区域的三维离子流场仿真模型,分析了钻越区交流线路对直流离子流场的影响,基于有限元方法计算了不同高度下线路钻越区的合成电场、离子流密度分布规律及混合电场电磁环境指标.研究表明,钻越区交流线路对直流离子流场具有...     

云广±800kV特高压直流输电系统精确建模及仿真

以云广±800kV特高压直流输电系统为研究对象,根据云广特高压直流输电工程的实际工程参数,采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,建立了交流系统、换流变压器、交直流滤波器、换流阀、平波电抗器、输电线路的准确模型.参照CIGREHVDC标准测试系统的控制系统并进行修改,建立云广特高压直流输电系统控制系统的仿真模型.根据云广特高压直流输电系统一次系统模型和控制保护系统模型,搭建出云广±800kV特高压直流输电系统单极双12脉动接线方式下的精确仿真模型并进行仿真.仿真结果表明本模型可较准确地模拟云广特高压直流输电系统,可以作为研究云广特高压直流输电系统的有效工具.     

青藏高原多年冻土地区铁路路基施工技术

高原多年冻土地区工程施工中,需要通过相应的工程结构和工程措施控制多年冻土的活动层(季节融化层)变化,使其上路基的运营变形控制在允许范围内.在介绍青藏高原地区多年冻土工程特性基础上,结合工程具体施工实践,针对冻土的冻融特性和多年冻土区的铁路路基各种处理类型的工作原理及施工工艺进行了简要阐述.     

冻土原位旁压蠕变试验粘弹性模型分析

研究高温高含冰量冻土的蠕变特性,采用Menard旁压仪在青藏高原多年冻土区开展了大量的旁压蠕变试验,利用Merchant粘弹性模型对蠕变曲线进行回归分析并得到模型参数。结果表明,温度对高温冻土力学性质的影响要大于含水量。随着压力的增加,每级压力下冻土的瞬时应变在总应变中所占的比例逐渐减小。回归分析发现,瞬时剪切模量与负温的绝对值呈线性关系,而延迟剪切模量和粘滞系数与负温的绝对值之间为幂函数关系;当冻土的含水量达到46%时,各参数均出现峰值,而后缓慢减小,此结果与低温冻土有所差别。     

±800kV特高压直流输电线路带电作业人体体表电场分布特性

±800kV特高压直流输电线路较500kV交流输电线路电压等级更高、电场强度更大,为保证带电作业的顺利开展,亟需对带电作业安全防护进行研究。结合±800kV输电线路典型直线塔和耐张塔的工程实际,采用有限元法建立2种作业人员进入等电位方式的仿真模型,分析塔型、人体姿势和进入等电位方式对人员体表场强分布的影响,并运用ATP软件计算人体离导线0.5m处手抓导线的转移电流。根据计算结果以及屏蔽效率的计算公式,得出作业人员进入等电位的最优方式,并校核不同工况典型作业点应采取的安全防护措施。研究成果可以为带电作业的安全防护工作提供理论参考,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively bigchanges have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of thepermafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred inthe engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume offield survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and verticaldistribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature changecharacteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes thatwould occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones risesby 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.     

Numerical analysis of ground temperature in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

On the basis of the existing theories such as permafrost, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, as well as the climate features on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the data collected from both laboratory and the on-the-spot test, this paper puts forward a set of analytical methods and a numerical module for ground thermal regime with consideration of engineering surface features and various natural elements such as wind speed, radiation, evaporation. This paper also probes into the defining method for physical thermal parameter of the silty clay and gravelly sand soil, which widely pervades on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The numerical analysis indicates that the ground thermal regime is a comprehensive reflection of various external elements. It is suggested that the variation of external elements should be fully taken into consideration in engineering design. Furthermore, the analysis of the frozen soil subgrade indicates that the transverse thermal difference in subgrade, which affects the subgrade stability     

再论青藏高原苔原：地球第三极地理极性之确认

青藏高原是否存在苔原,关系到地球是否有地理意义的第三极——高极,因此其是全球地理科学的一个基本问题.在给出苔原定义的基础上,拟定了由5个要素组成的苔原环境指标组合.这5个要素分别是7月平均气温为0℃～10℃;位于冰盖或冰川外围的冰缘区,寒冻强烈;存在多年冻土;土壤为寒冻土;植被无林.青藏高原7月平均气温介于0 ℃～10℃的范围约占高原面积的50.4％,为129.64×104 km2;在此范围内,山谷冰川广泛分布,现代冰缘环境典型,寒冻过程强烈;连续多年冻土占高原多年冻土面积的72.5％,土壤为寒冻土,且冰沼土发育;植被因海拔高度突破森林线而无林,仅有小灌丛、草类及苔藓等;因此,判定青藏高原存在苔原.青藏高原沼泽湿地植物多特有种,冻胀泥炭丘普遍,与多边形土等形成冻胀组合,构成沼泽苔原.高原外围山地发育山地苔原,中部发育高原苔原.青藏高原具有山原性质,因此有世界唯一的山原苔原,表现出苔原的多样性.中国除长白山、阿尔泰山和天山以外不存在苔原的传统观点是不正确的,青藏高原苔原才是中国苔原的南缘.高原苔原的发现将从地理环境上确认青藏高原全球第三极的地理极性,这对深化高原环境认识具有重要意义.     

青藏铁路多年冻土地区110kV输变电工程地基基础设计有关问题的探讨

介绍了青藏铁路沿线多年冻土的分布类型和特性,阐述了多年冻土对输变电工程地基与基础的危害及破坏机理,并对多年冻土地区输变电工程建(构)筑物的地基处理方法和基础设计原则等问题进行了探讨,提出了若干设计建议,可供多年冻土地区输变电工程和建筑工程地基基础设计参考.     

泛北极多年冻土及重大线性工程稳定性状况

泛北极是中国“一带一路”倡议的主要合作示范区域,已有的重大线性工程及新的基础设施建设均面临着与多年冻土相关的冻融灾害及工程病害问题。在全球气候变暖及人类活动增强的背景下,泛北极多年冻土主要呈现地温升高、活动层厚度增加趋势,且低温多年冻土地温升高更加明显,20世纪70年代以来年平均地温(MAGT)升温最高可达3 ℃; 自北向南多年冻土活动层厚度增加,且增厚趋势趋于明显,在俄蒙边境地区活动层厚度增速为3～5 cm·年^-1。多年冻土退化诱发系列与热喀斯特过程相关的地质灾害,主要包括热喀斯特滑坡与热喀斯特湖,且灾害数量急剧增加,如加拿大Banks Island地区1984～2015年热喀斯特滑坡数量增加了约60倍。在多年冻土退化、热稳定性降低的背景下,泛北极铁路、公路和管道等重大线性工程出现了沉陷、裂缝等不同类型、不同程度的病害,整体上多年冻土区道路工程病害率大于30%。热融灾害及工程病害的发育均与气候及岩土、冻土条件相关,但工程病害还与工程运营期限、工程结构形式密切关联。对比泛北极道路、管道等线性工程状况及其与工程结构的关系,以及病害特征和防治措施效果,表明基于保护冻土的“主动冷却”设计原则依然是多年冻土区工程设计的主导思想。     

Innovative designs of permafrost roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Under global warming scenarios, the passive method of simply increasing the thermal resistance by raising the embankment height and using insulating materials has been proven ineffective in warm and ice-rich permafrost areas and therefore could not be used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering. Instead, a proactive "cooled-roadbed" approach was developed and used to lower the ground temperature in order to maintain a perennially frozen subgrade. The concept that local and site-specific factors play an important role in the occurrence and disappearance of permafrost has helped us to devise a number of measures to cool down the roadbed. For example, we adjust and control heat transfer by using different embankment configurations and fill materials. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway project demonstrates that a series of proactive roadbed-cooling methods can be used to lower the temperature of permafrost beneath the embankment and to stabilize the roadbed. These methods include solar radiation control using shading boards, heat convection control using ventilation ducts, thermosyphons, air-cooled embankments, and heat conduction control using "thermal semi-conductor" materials, as well as combinations of above mentioned three control measures. This road-bed-cooling approach provides not only a solution for engineering construction in sensitive permafrost areas but also a countermeasure against possible global warming.     

Development of highway constructing technology in the permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway passes through the Qinghai-Tibet plateau hinterland from north to south, from Kunlun Mountain to Tanggula Mountain. The average altitude is above 4500 m and permafrost covers more than 700 km length of area with high elevation and high temperature. The climate of the plateau is capricious and the surroundings along the road are bad, where the mean annual atmosphere temperature is -2 to -7℃ and the oxygen content is inadequate, which is less than 50% of the sea level, while the solar radiation is higher than 3600 kJ/m2. The basic characteristics of the plateau surroundings are the permafrost, coldness with litter oxygen, and fragile ecosystem. As the air temperature warms all over the world, the permafrost on the plateau responds quickly. The average temperature of permafrost is up by 0.2―0.3℃ in recent 20 years, and the island-permafrost dwindles with a high rate, and the high temperature permafrost degrades quickly, and the temperature of the low temperature permafrost increases remarkably. These gradually cause the highway engineering diseases in the permafrost region. The Qinghai-Tibet highway has experienced much maintenance and rebuilding for 50 years after it was built, and the continual observation and investigation have been made for more than 30 years. This road is the longest test engineering for permafrost research work in China. It is no doubt that it is also the greatest engineering project in plateau permafrost region. The Ministry of Communication in China initiated the research project "Research on a series of technologies for highway constructing in the permafrost regions" in 2002, which was to meet the challenges from the effect of climatic warming on the permafrost. The project systematically studied the permafrost engineering theories, methods for survey and design, engineering stabilization measures, preventing of the road disasters and maintaining, environment protection and the techniques to prolong the road engineering life in the cold surroundings with high altitude and less oxygen. This article describes a series of technologies for highway constructing according to the special surroundings in the plateau, including some innovative achievements and the research and development of permafrost engineering.     

青藏高原季冻区砂砾土冻胀特性试验Symbol`@@

为探索青藏高原季冻区砂砾土的冻胀特性,为机场工程防冻胀设计提供依据,首先进行颗粒分析实验、击实实验等砂砾土的基本特性实验,为冻胀率室内实验提供相应依据,然后在传统冻胀率室内实验装置的基础上针对砂砾土粒径大的特点进行改进,利用改进后装置进行一系列正交试验,研究含水率、含泥量、压实度、上覆荷载、补水对冻胀率的影响规律. 试验结果表明：在封闭条件下,冻胀率随含水率的增大而线性增大;随含泥量的增大呈非线性关系递增;随压实度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,在压实度为95%的状态下达到最大值;随上覆荷载的增大呈线性关系平缓递减. 在外界补水条件下,冻胀率增大3倍以上. 经多元回归分析,得到了多因素综合影响下的回归预报公式. 各个因素对冻胀率的影响从大到小依次为：补水,含水率,含泥量,压实度,上覆荷载. 在工程实际中,控制补水、含水率、含泥量是防冻胀设计的关键.     

青藏铁路主要冻土路基工程热稳定性及主要冻融灾害

在介绍青藏高原多年冻土退化背景及其工程影响的基础上,通过主要冻土路基现场监测和沿线调查,对青藏铁路冻土路基2002年以来的地温发展过程、热学稳定性及次生冻融灾害进行了分析。结果表明:青藏铁路自2006年通车后冻土路基整体稳定,列车运行速度达100km/h,达到设计要求,但不同结构路基的热学稳定性不同,采取“主动冷却”方法的路基稳定性显著优于传统普通填土路基。管道通风路基、遮阳棚路基及U型块石路基冷却下伏多年冻土的效果显著,块石基底路基左右侧对称性较差,而处于强烈退化冻土区和高温冻土区的普通路基热稳定性差,需结合路基所在区域局地气候因素予以调整或补强。以热融性、冻胀性及冻融性灾害为主的次生冻融灾害对路基稳定性存在潜在危害,主要表现为路基沉陷、掩埋、侧向热侵蚀等,其中目前最为严重的病害是以路桥过渡段沉降为代表的热融性灾害。     

永冻区埋地热油管道热力计算

埋地热油管道通过永冻地带时,会导致土壤解冻,进而导致管道沉陷和土壤物性参数变化。分析管道周围土壤融化圈变化对管道系统的设计,施工和管理是必需的。考虑热油管道对其周围土壤的影响和半无穷大土壤的传热,提出了描述永冻地区土壤融化圈变化的数学模型。通过一定的数学处理得到了计算融化圈的特征线方程,并采用差分法进行求解特征线方程,获得了满意的结果。计算分析表明,这一方法是可行的。