岩石单裂隙水力特性试验研究进展

岩石单裂隙渗流特性是研究裂隙岩体渗流的基础,由于岩体工程实践的迫切需要,国内外研究者众多.本文以岩石单裂隙渗流的数值模拟和实验室试验的研究内容为线索,综述了粗糙度、隙宽、曲折流、沟槽流、平行板模型等概念和应力、温度、各向异性、入渗水头、尺寸效应、溶解等因素对岩石单裂隙渗流的影响,最后给出了目前存在问题及展望.     

真实水压作用下裂隙大理岩蠕变特性试验研究

软弱层间带裂隙岩石的水压弱化效应是水利工程长期稳定研究的重要方向。针对锦屏一级坝肩软弱层间带裂隙大理岩在高水压力作用下的长期变形特性,采用特定的岩石流变试验系统,开展不同水压作用下预制裂隙大理岩的蠕变试验,结合典型蠕变过程曲线分析水压对裂隙岩石蠕变变形、蠕变速率、蠕变破坏荷载及长期强度的影响,并基于蠕变破坏断口的电镜扫描成果,从细观角度分析岩石蠕变破坏机制。结果表明：裂隙岩石宏观破裂现象与断口微观特征相吻合,随着水压的增加,岩石破裂形式逐渐由张拉破裂向剪切破裂过渡,破裂断口由凹凸锯齿状逐渐趋于平滑。压力水沿岩石裂隙的“楔入”可加速原始裂纹的发育,促进岩石的蠕变发展,水压越大,“楔入”效应越明显,加速蠕变速率越大,加速阶段持续时间越短,蠕变破坏的分级荷载越小;相较于稳定蠕变阶段,水压对加速蠕变阶段的影响效应更大。裂隙岩石长期强度约占完整岩石峰值强度的50%~70%,水压的增大会降低岩石的长期力学性能,并加速岩石的蠕变破坏,工程中建议取稳定蠕变阶段最大一级强度作为裂隙岩石的长期强度。研究成果的应用可提高锦屏一级水电站长期稳定运行评估的准确性,并为裂隙岩石蠕变本构模型研究提供重要支撑,具备显著的工程应用与理论研究价值。     

扰动荷载下单孔大理岩蠕变特性试验研究

以冬瓜山-790 m的地下隔离矿柱回采为工程背景,进行了室内扰动蠕变试验,分析不同轴压及扰动荷载下含孔洞大理岩的蠕变特性。试验结果表明:含孔洞大理岩的单轴蠕变先后经过蠕变衰减阶段、蠕变等速阶段和蠕变加速阶段;每次扰动岩石都会产生应变突变值,且其随应力水平的增大而增大,对于含同样大小孔洞的大理岩,扰动荷载的大小对岩石蠕变特性有重大影响,扰动荷载越大,蠕变产生的瞬时应变突变值也越大,岩石被破坏的速度越快;对于含孔洞直径越大的大理岩,扰动荷载对蠕变变形的影响也越大。最后,通过蠕变本构模型及确定Burgers扰动蠕变模型的参数等方法进行了蠕变理论分析,所得理论分析结果与试验结果具有较好的拟合度。     

基于DSCM的岩石蠕变变形场演化试验研究

采用分级加载方式对一种红砂岩试件进行单轴压缩蠕变试验,通过Charge-Coupled De-vice(CCD)相机采集加载全过程的试件表面散斑图像,以白光数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)对分级加载不同阶段试件表面变形场演化及裂隙位移演化进行观测和分析.结果表明:在分级加载过程中,试件的瞬时变形量随着载荷的增加而减小,蠕变变形量随着载荷的增加而增加;低应力水平,试件处于均匀变形状态,不发生蠕变或蠕变量较小;中等应力水平,裂隙产生及裂隙在整个恒载期间未发生蠕变扩展的变形累积阶段;高应力水平,裂隙在恒载初期的变形累积到恒载后期的裂隙稳定蠕变扩展,最终加速蠕变扩展;当岩石试件变形出现裂隙区域后,裂隙的位移错动和位移拉伸直接影响了岩石蠕变位移特征.裂隙的位移错动速率包括减速错动、稳定错动和加速错动3种形式.     

水压环境下砂岩蠕变特性试验研究

水利工程中的坝基和库岸岩体长期在高应力和高水压的共同作用下会产生蠕变现象,对工程稳定性产生很大影响。针对水利工程中岩石在流固耦合作用下的蠕变问题,选取某水电站引水隧道线路上震旦系砂岩为研究对象,利用MTS试验机和扫描电镜（SEM）分别对干燥和饱和状态下砂岩的常规物理力学参数和微观结构进行测试,分析砂岩在不同状态下的主要物理参数和微观结构变化;在此基础上,利用专用的微机控制轴压水压联合作用岩石流变试验系统,通过对砂岩试样施加不同的水围压,对其蠕变过程进行试验研究,分析水压对蠕变变形量、蠕变速率和长期强度的影响。结果表明：砂岩内部存在大量的微孔隙,砂岩在饱水状态下,呈现出软化特性,饱水砂岩的抗压强度与弹性模量均小于干燥砂岩;砂岩在稳定蠕变阶段的变形量随水压的增大而增加,水压的增加降低了砂岩的强度和抵抗变形的能力,导致岩石初期和稳定蠕变阶段蠕变量的增大;水压越高岩石蠕变的初始应变率越大,衰减至稳定蠕变阶段所需时间越长;水压能通过岩石表面的孔隙渗入到岩石内部,在裂纹发展的过程中,孔隙水压力总能及时到达裂纹尖端,形成“锲入”作用,促使裂隙的扩展和贯通,加速岩石破坏变形,从而降低了岩石的承载能力和长期强度。     

岩石粗糙裂隙大范围雷诺数条件下渗流特性

通过试验和理论分析,研究不同几何参数的岩石粗糙裂隙渗流的非达西系数β、临界雷诺数Re_c、非达西效应因子E等变化特性。研制裂隙渗流试验仪器,制作9个不同开度和裂隙粗糙度(joint roughness coefficient, JRC)的单裂隙模型,开展大范围雷诺数Re条件下粗糙裂隙渗流试验。根据渗流试验结果,得到了不同粗糙度(JRC=2~20)单裂隙的渗流特性,显示出粗糙度对裂隙的非线性渗流特性产生显著的影响。结合Forchheimer方程,从理论参数方面,对粗糙度的影响进行量化。研究显示:裂隙粗糙度越大,则越容易引起裂隙渗流的非线性,临界雷诺数越小,非线性作用越强。     

岩石粗糙裂隙大范围雷诺数条件下渗流特性

通过试验和理论分析,研究不同几何参数的岩石粗糙裂隙渗流的非达西系数β、临界雷诺数Re_c、非达西效应因子E等变化特性。研制裂隙渗流试验仪器,制作9个不同开度和裂隙粗糙度(joint roughness coefficient, JRC)的单裂隙模型,开展大范围雷诺数Re条件下粗糙裂隙渗流试验。根据渗流试验结果,得到了不同粗糙度(JRC=2~20)单裂隙的渗流特性,显示出粗糙度对裂隙的非线性渗流特性产生显著的影响。结合Forchheimer方程,从理论参数方面,对粗糙度的影响进行量化。研究显示:裂隙粗糙度越大,则越容易引起裂隙渗流的非线性,临界雷诺数越小,非线性作用越强。     

类岩石蠕变性能试验及长期强度确定方法研究

改善岩石蠕变性能是提升地下工程稳定性与安全性的有效措施。文章采用TAW-1000D岩石蠕变扰动试验仪,对类岩石试件开展了单轴蠕变试验,分析了其蠕变力学性能,并结合三参数模型,建立了蠕变稳定变形阈值与瞬时损伤变形阈值的关系式,推导出可以预估长期强度的关系式。结果表明:类岩石受力在长期强度值以下时,其蠕变变形对应力不敏感,同时瞬时弹性模量发生硬化,瞬时变形值逐渐减小;受力在长期强度以上时,类岩石的瞬时变形量逐渐随应力而增大,且蠕变性质十分突出,蠕变变形不稳定;径向变形对应力水平的敏感程度明显高于轴向变形。     

粉砂质泥岩体积蠕变特性试验研究

采用RLJW-2000型岩石流变伺服仪,在三轴压缩条件下进行了饱和粉砂质泥岩蠕变试验.依据试验结果,对岩石体积蠕变阶段进行了划分,分析了岩石的体积蠕变规律.在此基础上,进一步分析了岩石体积蠕变速率的变化规律.研究结果表明:粉砂质泥岩的体积蠕变曲线以及体积蠕变速率曲线可以划分为3个不同的阶段;应力水平9 MPa是粉砂质泥岩从以轴向压缩变形为主转变为以径向膨胀变形为主的临界应力;应力水平15 MPa是粉砂质泥岩体积产生扩容的临界应力.研究成果可以丰富和完善岩石流变力学理论,为岩石蠕变破裂失稳的研究提供科学依据.     

基于DIC技术的充填体固结时间对花岗岩裂纹扩展的影响研究

为了研究地下工程中裂隙岩体的变形、破坏规律对岩体稳定性控制的影响,基于数字图像相关方法,对单轴压缩下未充填裂隙岩石、充填裂隙岩石的应变场演化过程进行监测,结合滑动裂纹模型理论,从宏观和细观角度系统地分析了裂隙岩石在破坏过程中的裂纹萌生、扩展和贯通规律。结果表明:未充填裂隙岩石应变场内最大应变值主要集中于两预制裂隙尖端连接处,沿预制裂隙某一侧贯通破坏,而充填裂隙岩石应变场内最大应变值主要集中于两预制裂隙连接处与次翼裂纹扩展处,沿预制裂隙两侧贯通破坏;未充填裂隙岩石的岩桥边界区域以剪切破坏为主,充填裂隙岩石的岩桥区域以张拉破坏为主,无论裂隙岩石充填与否,应变场内都主要分为拉应力与压应力区域;在弹性阶段内,应变场中已形成了沿翼裂纹、次翼裂纹扩展路径的局部化应变带;在内侧翼裂纹和次翼裂纹的搭接处,破坏程度最严重。随着充填体固结时间的延长,在预制裂隙尖端处,伴有剪切起裂的次生共面裂纹扩展,所形成的断面粗糙度高于其他断面。     

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10⁻⁹ m/s at confining pressure (σ ₃) of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10⁻⁹ m/s at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ ₃ of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.     

考虑渗透力作用的危岩主控结构面断裂力学求解

危岩失稳的本质是主控结构面在荷载作用下产生的断裂扩展。从宏观力学角度来看,复合型危岩主控结构面受力机理可概括为压剪、拉剪两种形式。通过介绍主控结构面内渗透力的计算模型,应用线弹性断裂力学的最大周向应力准则,建立了在渗透力作用下两种受力形式的危岩主控结构面应力强度因子和断裂角的计算方法。以重庆万州首立山危岩为例计算结果表明,渗透力的存在使得应力强度因子明显增大,并分别就动、静水压力的影响作了分析。     

A new apparatus for investigating stress, deformation and seepage coupling properties of rock fractures

A true triaxial apparatus which is composed of three units was presented. The apparatus allows for investigations on deformation and seepage behaviors of a single rock fracture subjected to lateral stress and normal stress. The first unit has three jacks which can apply loads independently in three orthogonal directions. The second unit is used to supply water inflow, control seepage pressure and measure flow velocity in real time. The third unit is for measuring the normal deformation of rock fractures. Some tests for investigating the normal deformation and seepage behaviors of rock fractures subjected to normal and lateral loads on hard granite specimens with an artificial persistent fracture, were introduced. The results show that both the normal deformation and the hydraulic conductivity are influenced not only by the normal stress but also by the lateral stress. It is also shown that the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity decrease with the increasing normal stress but increase with the increasing lateral stress and both the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity obey exponential relationships with the normal stress and the lateral stress.     

三轴加卸载下花岗岩脆性破坏及应力跌落规律

基于2种卸荷应力路径和常规三轴压缩试验,研究了加卸载条件下花岗岩的变形破坏及应力脆性跌落特征。卸荷条件下岩石变形主要是向卸荷（主）方向回弹或拉伸变形为主,而非或次卸荷方向的塑性变形很小,峰后应力应变曲线呈现明显的脆性特征。而加载条件下岩石以轴向压缩变形为主,且压缩塑性变形随围压增大而增大;卸荷条件下破坏岩石各种级别的张拉裂缝较多,张裂面一般垂直于卸荷主方向,高初始围压时双向卸荷甚至在次卸荷方向也可产生环形张拉裂缝。破坏围压较高时破裂面剪性特征相对明显,但剪性裂面一般追踪张性破裂面发展而成,并在剪切面两侧发育较多微张裂缝。而相对较高围压下常规三轴压缩岩石一般为剪切破坏,张性裂缝很少;常规三轴压缩岩石的应力脆性跌落系数随围压的增大而增大,而在卸荷条件下却随初始围压的增大而减小。相同初始围压时,卸荷条件下比加载时的应力脆性跌落系数小得多,方案Ⅱ在初始围压达到30 MPa时甚至出现负值,应力脆性跌落系数R依次为：RⅢ〉RⅠ〉RⅡ。     

裂隙岩体中径向位移的双场耦合蠕变分析

在富含裂隙的岩体中,隧道开挖引起应力场和渗透场的变化而产生卸荷变形是非常复杂的力学过程。运用粘弹性断裂、蠕变理论,建立在裂隙岩体中隧道开挖的双场耦合蠕变模型,结合Laplace转换推导出围岩的径向位移函数表达式,说明应力卸荷、渗流力的作用以及节理裂隙分布对径向位移的影响。模型计算结果表明,径向最大位移变化量并不在主应力最大方向,也不在隧道顶端,而是受地应力分布、渗透水压和节理分布等综合作用有所偏移。     

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.     

Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Fractal Rock Joint

The present study shows that naturally developed fracture surfaces in rocks display the properties of self-affine fractals. Surface roughness can be quantitatively characterized by fractal dimension D and the intercept A on the log-log plot of variance: the former describes the irregularity and the later is statistically analogues to the slopes of asperities. In order to confirm the effects of these fractalparameters on the properties and mechanical behavior of rock joints, which have been observed in experiments under both normal andshear loadings, a theoretic model of rock joint is proposed on the basis of contact mechanics. The shape of asperity at contact is assumed to have a sinusoidal form in its representative scale r, with fractal dimension D and the intercept A. The model considers different local contact mechanisms, such as elastic deformation, frictional sliding and tensile fracture of the asperity. The empirical evolution law of surface damage developed in experiment is implemented into the model to up-date geometry of asperity in loading history. The effects of surface roughness characterized by D, A and re on normal and shear deformation of rock joint have been elaborated.     

Rock bending creep and disturbance effects

The bending creep and its disturbance effects of red sandstone rock beam and oil shale rock beam were studied by adopting the self-developed gravitation level style rock creep test machine and bending creep test system,and the constitutive equations were established.It is found that fracture morphology of rock beams under no disturbance load is regular,cracking position of fractures is on part of loading concentration,the crack starts from a neutral plane.However,fracture morphology of rock beams under disturbance load is irregular,cracking position of fractures deviates from a neutral plane.Delayed instability of rock beam occurs for some time under constant disturbance load.When disturbance load is beyond a certain range,suddenly instability of occurs rock beam in a certain time.The results show that there is a guiding significance for creep stability in the geotechnical engineering fields.     

Experimental study on water seepage constitutive law of fracture in rock under 3D stress

The test method and test result of water seepage constitutive law of fracture in rock under 3D stress are introduced. A permeability coefficient formula including the coefficient of fracture connection, normal stiffness, 3D stress, initial width of fracture and Poisson ratio is presented based on the analysis of the test theory and its result.     

大岗山水电站坝区辉绿岩流变特性的三轴试验研究

为解决大岗山水电站坝基的辉绿岩的流变力学问题,利用RLW-1000三轴流变仪进行了不同应力路径下的三轴流变试验,得到了各工况下的应力-应变-时间曲线。结果表明：辉绿岩是典型的硬脆性岩石,存在明显的流变门槛值,破坏时表现为突发性的脆性破裂。在破裂应力水平下表现出减速蠕变、等速蠕变和加速蠕变,减速蠕变和加速蠕变历时都十分短暂。临近破裂时的横向蠕变速率均不同程度的大于轴向,这是导致岩石扩容的主要原因。由于流变过程中损伤不断发展,导致岩石整体强度下降,因此流变破坏强度普遍低于常规三轴压缩试验瞬时破坏强度。辉绿岩存在一定的蚀变现象,蚀变矿物呈细鳞片状集合体。由于蚀变带的存在,使得岩块的强度受到影响,岩石破裂极易发生在结晶程度较差的矿物颗粒部位或胶结程度较差的两种矿物接触部位。