Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

预应力钢筋混凝土梁损伤过程的声发射信号频带能量特征分析

为了研究预应力钢筋混凝土梁在三点弯曲破坏试验过程中的声发射信号频谱及能量变化特征与梁结构损伤之间的关系,在研究声发射能量与时间的相关图基础上,提取了不同阶段破坏过程中的信号波形。通过FFT变换和小波包变换对信号分析处理,发现不同损伤破坏阶段的信号频率分布、频带能量变化规律,即试件损伤破坏过程声发射信号频率范围主要在0~325 k Hz,随着损伤的加剧,频率范围会逐渐缩小,幅值和频谱密度会变大;损伤破坏过程中能量主要分布在低频0~125 k Hz高频段能量逐渐衰减,低频0~62.5 k Hz段能量有上升趋势。这些规律对实际工程结构的在线健康监测和损伤评估有指导意义。     

Damage Processes of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Mortar in Different Fiber Content Revealed by Acoustic Emission Behavior

The performances of the cement-based materials can be improved by the incorporation of polypropylene fiber, but the damage processes become more complex with different fiber contents at the same time. The acoustic emission(AE) technology can achieve the global monitoring of internal damage in materials. The evolution process of failure mode and damage degree of polypropylene fiber reinforced mortar and concrete were analyzed by measuring the AE energy, RA value, AF value and b value. It was found that the cement matrix cracked on the initial stage, the cracks further developed on the medium stage and the fibers were pulled out on the last stage. The matrix cracked with minor injury cracks, but the fiber broke with serious damage cracks. The cumulative AE energy was proportional to the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete and mortar's ductility. The damage mode and damage degree can be judged by identifying the damage stage obtained by the analysis of the AF value.     

Dynamic mechanical property of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete(HFRC)

The uniaxial compressive response of steel-polypropylene hybrid fiber reinforced concrete(HFRC) and steel fiber-reinforced concrete(SFRC) was analyzed under high strain rate loading with a 74 mm diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The experimental investigation focused on recorded data and resulted in distinguishing the strain rate that mobilized different ductility of steel-polypropylene hybrid fiber reinforced concrete(HFRC) and steel fiber-reinforced concrete(SFRC).64 specimens of HFRC and SFRC with higher static compressive strength were tested at the strain rates changing from 20 to 120 s-1.The static compressive strength and dynamic stress-strain curves of the two materials were obtained at 4 different strain rates and the failure stress,and peak strain and peak toughness were also analyzed.The results show that HFRC has quite good dynamic mechanical property and clear strain-rate effect,and the failure mechanism of HFRC and SFRC was also compared based on the specimens’ failure modes in static and dynamic compressive tests.     

Experimental Study on AE Characteristics of Granite under Uniaxial Tension at Different Strain Rates

To investigate the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of quasi-brittle materials like rock and concrete,and to further analyze their damage and failure mechanism under seismic and other dynamic loads,the uniaxial tension test of granite cylinder specimens within the strain rate range of 10~(-7)-10~(-4) s~(-1) was monitored by AE technology,and the typical AE characteristic parameters were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak of AE hit rate appears earlier and increases;the proportion of AE hits with higher duration or amplitude increases significantly,the b-value shows a decreasing trend,and the distribution of AE frequency-amplitude is increasingly discrete.In addition,the obvious characteristic of double dominant frequency bands was observed in AE waveforms by using spectrum analysis,with the increase of strain rate,the percentage of A-type waveforms corresponding to low dominant frequency band increases,while that of D-type waveforms corresponding to high ones decreases accordingly,which is significance for the further study of the damage and failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials.     

纤维混凝土动态压缩力学性能的实验研究

利用SHPB（split Hopkinson pressure bar）压杆，采用改进的实验技术对钢纤维混凝土和聚丙烯纤维混凝土进行了动态压缩力学性能实验，通过实验得到不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线，初步讨论了纤维掺量对混凝土的增韧效应、应变率效应、动态弹性模量的影响。     

基于SHPB试验的聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土动态力学性能研究

采用变截面大尺寸Hopkinson压杆,对直径100 mm的两种聚丙烯纤维混凝土和素混凝土试件进行了冲击压缩试验,得到了不同应变率下试件的动态压缩强度及应力应变全过程曲线.从能量耗散的角度讨论了聚丙烯纤维对混凝土的增韧作用,用弹簧一摩擦块复合模型对聚丙烯纤维对混凝土的增韧机理进行了探讨.结果表明,在冲击压缩的高应变率加载条件下,在冲击压缩的初始阶段,聚丙烯纤维的增韧作用并不明显,在卸载阶段,聚丙烯纤维混凝土韧性要明显好于素混凝土.试验为聚丙烯纤维混凝土在防护工程领域与军事领域的应用提供了参考.     

Dynamic mechanical behaviour of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes

Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes （UHPFRC） were prepared by replacing 60% of cement with ultra-fine industrial waste powder. The dynamic mechanical behaviour of UHPFRC with different fiber volume fraction was researched on repeated compressive impact in four kinds of impact modes through split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB）. The experimental results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus decrease and the strain rate and peak strain increase gradually with the increasing of impact times. The initial material damage increases and the peak stress of the specimen decreases from the second impact with the increasing of the initial incident wave. Standard strength on repeated impact is defined to compare the ability of resistance against repeated impact among different materials. The rate of reduction of standard strength is decreased by fiber reinforcement under repeated impact. The material damage is reduced and the ability of repeated impact resistance of UHPFRC is improved with the increasing of fiber volume fraction.     

轻集料混凝土局部受压试验及动力本构分析

为探究轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压动力特性,采用试验机对轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压本构关系进行相关试验研究.考虑了5种不同加载应变率和4种不同加载面积,在位移控制下,得到轻集料混凝土单轴局部受压应力-应变曲线.根据应力-应变曲线特征点的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量,分析不同加载应变率与加载面积对特征点的影响.同时根据混凝土黏弹塑性损伤本构模型,考虑不同加载应变率和加载面积的影响修正模型参数,并通过试验数据验证理论模型的合理性.研究结果表明:加载应变率和加载面积对轻集料混凝土应力-应变曲线影响明显;不同加载面积对轻集料混凝土弹性模量、峰值应力及峰值应变有较大影响;所提出的理论模型能够准确描述轻集料混凝土材料局部动力荷载作用下的应变率效应和非线性行为.     

初始应力状态对侧限条件黏土动态压缩过程和力学性能的影响

黏土的初始应力状态对其动力学性质有显著的影响。本文采用长时、分级、高压固结方式模拟了黏土的原始应力赋存环境,采用SHPB实验装置对侧限条件下的高压固结黏土进行应变率范围为200~800 s_^-1的冲击压缩实验,分析了黏土应力记忆效应、应变率效应和动态压缩过程。实验结果表明,黏土的应力历史影响了其动态压缩过程,试样依次经历压实段—线弹性加载段—线性卸载段,在动载下黏土压实段与线弹性加载段应力拐点的均值为3.8 MPa,与先期固结应力4.2 MPa具有相关性,并且压实段应变均值约为试样破坏应变的33%;采用200 mm和300 mm的短子弹进行冲击加载时,黏土试样未发生稳定的塑性变形,分析应力-应变率曲线发现,黏土的压实过程吸收了一部分动载能量,使其无法持续进行动态压缩行为,但进入动态压缩阶段后黏土受子弹长度影响较小;黏土试样动态加卸载段模量随应变率同步增加,但加卸载模量的比值稳定在0.45左右,表明更高的冲击速度没有造成试样进一步的损伤,这与冲击后的宏观破坏现象及塑性变形分析相互印证。实验结果也说明,针对软弱、松散颗粒体材料,高压固结方式为研究其动力学性质提供了一种思路。     

振动环境中法兰连接结构状态的声发射辨识

在法兰连接结构振动试验的基础上,利用MATLAB对采集到的声发射信号进行处理,主要对重构后的信号进行分析。用特征频带与优势频带的概念,确定出小波包分解层数,得到声发射信号的频带分布特征。利用小波包能量百分比定量给出优势频带及其与扭矩之间的关系,发现能量随扭矩变化具有一定规律性,并提出用小波包能量谱变化率这一指标来表达其规律特征,从而实现对连接结构状态的辨识。     

纤维类型对混凝土抗压强度和弯曲韧性的增强效应及变异性的影响

为研究单掺钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维和纤维素纤维对混凝土抗压强度及弯曲韧性的影响,在不同体积掺量下进行了混凝土试块的抗压强度及弯曲韧性试验,并对试验结果进行了变异性分析。试验结果表明：3种纤维混凝土抗压强度较素混凝土平均提高26.7%、6.1%和11.1%;二次抗压强度保持率分别达77.0%、45.7%和58.0%;抗弯承载力最大分别提高31.6%、3.5%和14.0%;基于荷载挠度曲线、Newkumar法及弯拉应力应变曲线分别计算的弯曲韧性指数I₂₀、Newkumar指标PCS_m和韧度比R_x分别为素混凝土的4.2、3.1、2.6倍,19.9、9.8、6.9倍和4.0、3.4、2.7倍。变异性分析结果表明,掺入纤维后混凝土的抗压强度变异性小于弯曲韧性。同时,基于Newkumar法和应力应变曲线法算得的混凝土弯曲韧性指标变异系数小于荷载挠度曲线法。总体而言,钢纤维增强混凝土的抗压强度和弯曲韧性最为显著,且变异系数最小。纤维素纤维增强混凝土抗压强度及聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土弯曲韧性则相对较显著。     

地震动力作用下纤维混凝土隧道衬砌的试验研究

通过与普通混凝土衬砌结构的对比,研究了纤维混凝土衬砌结构在地震动力作用下的反应和破坏形态.基于相似理论,采用5 m×5 m三向地震模拟振动台进行模型试验,通过输入不同大小的地震波,研究纤维混凝土衬砌在地震动力作用下的破坏特征,并探讨破坏机理.试验结果表明:素混凝土衬砌抗拉强度低、脆性大,裂缝基本呈直线型,断口干净整齐,裂缝挤压处有明显掉块痕迹;纤维混凝土具有限制裂缝发展和结构变形的能力;在地震动力作用下,纤维通过黏结应力能够使混凝土吸收更多能量,降低幅值,反应滞后,减轻了地震力对结构的破坏;纤维混凝土衬砌裂缝多呈锯齿形,挤压松散的小碎块通过纤维黏结在裂缝口.     

有机合成纤维对隧道管片混凝土经高温后性能的影响

基于高温传感器建立了高温自动采集系统,对火灾高温环境下混凝土内部温度进行了监测,对盾构法隧道管片有应用前景的有机纤维混凝土高温后的性能进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:火灾过程中混凝土构件从内到外存在很明显的温度梯度,掺入有机合成纤维能明显降低温度梯度引起的混凝土开裂、爆裂、剥落现象;聚丙烯纤维分解温度高于纤维素纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维,在弯拉强度、断裂能、断裂韧性及残余强度方面聚丙烯纤维混凝土均优于聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土和纤维素纤维混凝土,更适合用于提高隧道管片混凝土在火灾高温环境下的抗爆裂性能.     

层内混杂纤维布约束混凝土柱轴压特性的试验研究

加固采用尼龙、芳纶和聚脂纤维丝混杂而成的层内混杂布(inner hybrid fiber reinforced plastics,IHFRP).通过IHFRP布约束混凝土圆柱体、棱柱体的轴压试验,研究了其破坏形态、应力-应变全曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、延性.试验结果表明,与无纤维布相比,有3、4层布的试样的抗压强度和峰值应变均提高;纤维布层数相同时,圆柱体试件的抗压强度、峰值应变比棱柱体试件高;与零倒角相比倒角半径增大,棱柱体试件的峰值应力和峰值应变有不同程度提高.采用压缩韧性指数对约束柱的延性进行评价,加固柱韧性指数I20高,接近理想弹塑性材料,非常有利于结构抗震耗能.     

添加不同纤维的高性能混凝土力学性能试验

通过试验研究了弹性模量具有明显差异的3种纤维对于混凝土的力学性能改善所起的作用,以及钢纤维、碳纤维和聚丙烯纤维单掺或复掺对于混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量的影响。结果表明：添加0．5％高弹性模量的钢纤维对于混凝土的强度和弹性模量均有提高作用,复掺0．3％钢纤维和0．2％碳纤维的混凝土抗拉强度的提高大于抗压强度;添加0．5％钢纤维的混凝土HPC-2的弹性模量最大,比基准混凝土提高6．5％;添加0．2％聚丙烯纤维的混凝土HPC-3的弹性模量最小,且小于基准混凝土;此外,混凝土抗压强度的影响程度与纤维的弹性模量的关系更为直接,混凝土劈裂抗拉强度的改善与纤维的抗拉强度的关系更为直接,纤维的弹性模量与基体弹性模量的比值,对复合材料的弹性模量有直接的影响。     

Experimental investigation of rigid confinement effects of radial strain on dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of concrete

In this study, to confirm the effect of confining pressure on dynamic mechanical behavior and failure modes of concrete, a split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic loading device was utilized to perform dynamic compressive experiments under confined and unconfined conditions. The confining pressure was achieved by applying a lateral metal sleeve on the testing specimen which was loaded in the axial direction. The experimental results prove that dynamic peak axial stress, dynamic peak lateral stress,and peak axial strain of concrete are strongly sensitive to the strain rate under confined conditions.Moreover, the failure patterns are significantly affected by the stress-loading rate and confining pressure.Concrete shows stronger strain rate effects under an unconfined condition than that under a confined condition. More cracks are created in concrete subjected to uniaxial dynamic compression at a higher strain rate, which can be explained by a thermal-activated mechanism. By contrast, crack generation is prevented by confinement. Fitting formulas of the dynamic peak stress and dynamic peak axial strain are established by considering strain rate effects(50–250 s~(-1)) as well as the dynamic confining increase factor(DIFc).     

The Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The compressive, shear strengths and abrasion-erosion resistance as well as flexural properties of two polypropyenc fiber reinforced concretes and the comparison with a steel fiber reinforced concrete were reported. The exprimental results show that a low content of polypropylene fiber (0.91 kg/m^3 of concrete ) slightly decreases the compressive and shear strengths, and appreciably increased the flexural strength, but obviously enhances the toughness index and fracture energy for the concrete with the same mix proportion, coasequently it plays a role of anti-cracking and improving toughness in concrete. Moreover, the polypropylene mesh fiber is better than the polypropylene monofilament fiber in improving flexaral strength and toughness of concrete, but the types of polypropylene fibers are inferior to steel fiber. All the polypropylene and steel fibers have no great beneficial effect on the abrasion-erosion resistance of concrete.     

聚丙烯纤维增强泡沫混凝土性能研究

利用体积法计算出不同干密度聚丙烯纤维增强泡沫混凝土的配合比,制备出聚丙烯纤维增强泡沫混凝土。研究不同等级干密度对其力学性能、保温性能和干燥收缩性能的影响,并在良好保温性能、强度与较低干收缩条件下,探讨聚丙烯纤维增强泡沫混凝土的最优干密度。结果表明:干密度等级越高的聚丙烯增强泡沫混凝土力学性能好,干燥收缩值变化较小,但其导热系数较大,保温性能差。具有良好保温性能、强度与较低干收缩聚丙烯纤维增强泡沫混凝土的最优干密度为800-900 Kg/m3。     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.