Neural adaptive attitude tracking controller for flexible spacecraft

In this paper,a neural network adaptive controller is proposed for attitude tracking of flexible spacecraft in presence of unknown inertial matrix and external disturbance.In this approach,neural network technique is employed to approximate the unknown system dynamics with finite combinations of some basis functions,and a robust controller is also designed to attenuate the effect of approximation error,more specially,the knowledge of angular velocity is not required.In the closed-loop system,Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the attitude trajectories asymptotically follow the reference output trajectories.Finally,simulation results are presented for the attitude tracking of a flexible spacecraft to show the excellent performance of the proposed controller and illustrate its robustness in face of external disturbances and unknown dynamics.     

Variable structure attitude maneuver and vibration control of flexible spacecraft

A dual-stage control system design method is presented for the three-axis-rotational maneuver and vibration stabilization of a spacecraft with flexible appendages embedded with piezoceramics as sensor and actuator. In this design approach, the attitude control and the vibration suppression sub-systems are designed separately using the lower order model. The design of attitude controller is based on the variable structure control （VSC） theory leading to a discontinuous control law. This controller accomplishes asymptotic attitude maneuvering in the closed-loop system and is insensitive to the interaction of elastic modes and uncertainty in the system. To actively suppress the flexible vibrations, the modal velocity feedback control method is presented by using piezoelectric materials as additional sensor and actuator bonded on the surface of the flexible appendages. In addition, a special configuration of actuators for three-axis attitude control is also investigated ： the pitch attitude controlled by a momentum wheel, and the roll/yaw control achieved by on-off thrusters, which is modulated by pulse width pulse frequency modulation technique to construct the proper control torque history. Numerical simulations performed show that the rotational maneuver and vibration suppression are accomplished in spite of the presence of disturbance torque and parameter uncertainty.     

Vibration control of flexible spacecraft actuated by piezoceramics via variable structure strategy

This paper presented a hybrid control scheme to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft during rotational maneuver by using variable structure output feedback control (VSOFC) and piezoelectric materials. The control configuration included the attitude controller based on VSOFC method and vibration attenuator designed by constant-gain negative velocity feedback control. The attitude controller consisted of a linear feedback term and a discontinuous feedback term. With the presence of this attitude controller, an additional flexible control system acting on the flexible parts can be designed for vibration control. Compared with conventional proportional-derivative (PD) control, the developed control scheme guarantees not only the stability of the closed-loop system, but also yields better performance and robustness in the presence of parametric uncertainties and external disturbance. Simulation results are presented for the spacecraft model to show the effectiveness of the proposed control techniques.     

Second order sliding mode control with backstepping approach for moving mass spinning missiles

An attitude controller using the second order sliding mode control methodology with a backstepping approach (SOSMCB) is designed and implemented for a spinning missile with two internal moving mass blocks. The system consists of a rigid body and two radial internal moving mass blocks and its mathematical model is established based on Newtonian mechanics. The control scheme integrates a second order sliding mode control algorithm into the last step of the backstepping approach, and its stability is proved by means of a Lyapunov function. The performance of the controller is demonstrated by numerical simulations, the results show that the attitude controller is stable and effective.     

Nonlinear dynamic model and control of three-axis stabilized liquid-filled spacecraft attitude system

The fuel slosh in the storage tanks affects the attitude dynamics of the liquid-filled spacecraft during orbit transferring. To describe the interactions between the fuel slosh dynamics and the spacecraft attitude dynamics, a novel nonlinear dynamic model for three-axis liquid-filled spacecraft is presented, and in this paper, the multi-body dynamics method is utilized. In this model, the fuel slosh is represented by the motions of an equivalent sphere pendulum, and the fuel slosh is underactuated. The proposed dynamics model meets the demand of attitude controller design of liquid-filled spacecraft. Then, a nonlinear proportional-plus-derivative (PD) type controller is designed for the proposed model based on the Lyapunov direct approach. This controller can suppress the fuel slosh and stabilize the attitude of the liquid-filled spacecraft. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear dynamic model and the designed underactuated controller when compared with the conventional control scheme.     

Research on the attitude regulation of 3-DOF hover system

Quadrotor helicopter is emerging as a popular platform for unmanned aerial vehicle re- search, due to its simplicity of structure and maintenance as well as the capability of hovering and vertical take-off and landing. The attitude controller is an important feature of quadrotor helicopter since it allows the vehicle to keep balance and perform the desired maneuver. In this paper, nonlin- ear control strategies including active disturbance rejection control （ADRC）, sliding mode control （SMC） and backstepping method are studied and implemented to stabilize the attitude of a 3-DOF hover system. ADRC is an error-driven control law, with extended state observer （ESO） estimating the unmodeled inner dynamics and external disturbance to dynamically compensate their impacts. Meanwhile; both backstepping technique and SMC are developed based on the mathematical model, whose stability is ensured by Lyapunov global stability theorem. Furthermore, the performance of each control algorithm is evaluated by experiments. The results validate effectiveness of the strate- gies for attitude regulation. Finally, the respective characteristics of the three controllers are high- lighted by-comparison, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theoretical and experimental a- nalysis.     

Task space control of free-floating space robots using constrained adaptive RBF-NTSM

Trajectory tracking control of space robots in task space is of great importance to space missions,which require on-orbit manipulations.This paper focuses on position and attitude tracking control of a free-floating space robot in task space.Since neither the nonlinear terms and parametric uncertainties of the dynamic model,nor the external disturbances are known,an adaptive radial basis function network based nonsingular terminal sliding mode(RBF-NTSM)control method is presented.The proposed algorithm combines the nonlinear sliding manifold with the radial basis function to improve control performance.Moreover,in order to account for actuator physical constraints,a constrained adaptive RBF-NTSM,which employs a RBF network to compensate for the limited input is developed.The adaptive updating laws acquired by Lyapunov approach guarantee the global stability of the control system and suppress chattering problems.Two examples are provided using a six-link free-floating space robot.Simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed constrained adaptive RBF-NTSM control method performs high precision task based on incomplete dynamic model of the space robots.In addition,the control errors converge faster and the chattering is eliminated comparing to traditional sliding mode control.     

An integrated scheme of neural network and optimal predictive control

An approach of adaptive predictive control with a new structure and a fast algorithm of neural network (NN) is proposed. NN modeling and optimal predictive control are combined to achieve both accuracy and good control performance. The output of nonlinear network model is adopted as a measured disturbance that is therefore weakened in predictive feed-forward control. Simulation and practical application show the effectiveness of control by the proposed approach.     

Direct adaptive control for lane keeping in intelligent vehicle systems

In this paper, with parametric uncertainties such as the mass of vehicle, the inertia of vehicle about vertical axis, and the tire cornering stiffness, we deal with the vehicle lateral control problem in intelligent vehicle systems. Based on the dynamical model of vehicle, by applying Lyapunov function method, the control problem for lane keeping in the presence of parametric uncertainty is studied, the direct adaptive algorithm to compensate for parametric variations is proposed and the terminal sliding mode variable structure control laws are designed with look-ahead references systems. The stability of the system is investigated from the zero dynamics analysis. Simulation results show that convergence rates of the lateral displacement error, yaw angle error and slip angle are fast.     

Flexible Satellite Attitude Control via Adaptive Fuzzy Linearization

The adaptive fuzzy control is combined with input-output linearization control to constitute the hybrid controller. The control method is then applied to the attitude maneuver control of the flexible satellite.The basic control structure is given. The rules of the controller parameter selection, which guarantee the attitude stabilization of the satellite with parameter uncertainties, have been analyzed. Simulation results show that the precise attitude control is accomplished in spite of the uncertainty in the system.     

小型航天器浸入与不变自适应反步姿态跟踪

针对具有惯性张量不确定性、外干扰及饱和限制的小型航天器非线性姿态跟踪问题,将反步法和系统浸入与流形不变理论相结合,提出了分块自适应约束控制结构．航天器姿态模型由修正罗德里格参数进行全局非奇异描述．在设计反步控制器时,引入指令滤波器和修正跟踪误差信号以施加系统状态和执行器的饱和限制,同时较容易地获得虚拟控制导数．为提高反步控制器的鲁棒性和性能,利用基于不变流形的非线性观测器对时变的系统“总干扰”进行在线估计补偿．由于不变流形方法使得估计误差具有指定的一致稳定动态,因而该分块自适应控制器比传统的自适应反步控制器更容易调节,且性能不受未知的估计律动态的影响．李亚普诺夫直接方法证明了估计误差有界性和闭环系统输入状态稳定．数值仿真表明,与传统方法相比,所提出的控制器结构具有更高的姿态跟踪性能和干扰估计精度．     

改进型自适应变结构的挠性卫星姿态机动控制

针对带有输入非线性的挠性卫星的姿态机动问题,提出一种仅利用输出信息的变结构输出反馈控制方法.首先,采用拉格朗日方法建立挠性卫星的动力学模型.然后,在基于非线性和低阶模态的动力学模型基础上,给出滑模存在条件以及变结构输出反馈控制器设计的方法;另外,为了避免确定不确定性和外干扰界函数上界的困难,又给出一种改进型自适应变结构输出反馈控制器的设计方法,通过增加一负反馈项,防止了不确定界函数的参数过大而导致控制过大及系统失稳,从而使对不确定界函数的参数的估计达到更好的效果.最后,将本文提出的控制方法应用于三轴稳定挠性卫星的姿态机动控制,并进行数值仿真研究.仿真结果表明:在反作用飞轮的控制受限条件下,完成姿态机动的同时,有效地抑制挠性附件的振动.     

过驱动航天器自适应姿态补偿控制及控制分配

针对过驱动航天器存在执行机构安装偏差及外部干扰问题,提出一种自适应姿态补偿控制策略,应用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了该控制算法能够在有限时间内实现姿态几乎全局渐近跟踪控制．同时考虑执行机构冗余特性及其控制力矩位置和速度约束,设计最优动态控制分配策略保证控制力矩的平稳性和能量最优．最后将设计的控制器与控制分配策略应用于某型航天器姿态跟踪控制,仿真结果表明该方法对不确定惯量特性具有良好的鲁棒性,对执行器安装偏差与干扰具有较好的补偿控制能力,并验证了该控制分配策略具有较好的能量优化控制能力．     

近距离跟踪指向空间非合作目标有限时间控制

追踪航天器在对空间非合作目标进行近距离跟踪与监视时,需要接近非合作目标并从特定方位保持对目标的指向与观测.针对非合作目标存在姿态翻滚以及未知轨道机动时追踪航天器保持近距离跟踪与指向的问题,在视线坐标系和体坐标系下分别建立了相对轨道和姿态的动力学方程,并构建了对轨道与姿态同步控制的六自由度模型,利用RBF神经网络对系统不确定性及未知的目标运动参数进行自适应估计和补偿,采用反步法思想设计控制器使追踪航天器在有限时间内收敛到期望的相对轨道和姿态并维持保持状态.进一步考虑控制输入饱和、死区等非线性特性,对控制律进行改进.改进后的控制算法可以有效地提高控制精度,仿真结果验证了控制对象模型和控制算法的有效性.     

基于自适应滑模方法的航天器位置与姿态控制

为了解决存在参数不确定和外干扰的航天器位置与姿态控制问题,提出一种自适应滑模控制方法.该方法用于控制航天器的位置和姿态,确保航天器执行位置与大角度机动,完成捕获和移除大空间目标的任务.提出的控制算法无需不确定的界,比传统的滑模方法容易实现.Lapunov分析表明,设计的控制器保证了位置与姿态的渐近跟踪.最后,将该方法用于航天器的位置与姿态控制,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性.     

航天器姿态跟踪有限时间自适应积分滑模控制

针对刚体航天器存在模型参数不确定性和外界干扰情况下的姿态跟踪控制问题,该文提出了一种有限时间自适应积分滑模控制方法。建立了用四元数表示的航天器姿态跟踪数学模型;在不考虑参数不确定性和干扰的情况下,基于非线性系统齐次性方法设计了一种有限时间控制算法,保证航天器姿态在有限时间内跟踪上期望姿态;当扰动存在时,为提高闭环系统的鲁棒性,结合有限时间控制和滑模控制,将有限时间控制算法应用到滑模面的设计中,设计出一种有限时间积分滑模面;最后用自适应方法设计了动态滑模切换函数增益。理论分析表明该方法兼具有限时间控制和滑模控制的优点,可使闭环系统状态有限时间收敛并具有很好的鲁棒性。仿真结果说明了该方法的有效性。     

挠性航天器预设性能自适应姿态跟踪控制

为研究存在外界干扰及未建模动态的挠性航天器姿态跟踪问题,提出了一种基于预设性能方法的自适应姿态跟踪控制策略.预设性能方法利用性能函数和一种误差变换方式,将系统的跟踪误差限制在预先设定的约束范围内,以保证系统响应具有期望的超调、收敛速度以及稳态误差.采用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络来处理由干扰和附件挠性振荡产生的模型未知动态.考虑到存在未知的神经网络逼近误差,为减小控制参数选取的保守性,进一步对逼近误差的上界进行自适应估计.结合权值和逼近误差上界的自适应律,设计了预设性能自适应姿态跟踪控制器.仿真结果表明,使用本方法可以有效补偿干扰及挠性振动所产生的影响,同时使姿态控制系统获得快速平稳的动态过程和给定的稳态跟踪精度.与未采用预设性能的方法相比,所提出的方法在收敛速度、跟踪精度与振荡抑制效果等方面均具有较明显的优势,并且对控制器参数选取的依赖性更低.     

在轨服务航天器对失控目标的姿态同步控制

研究在轨服务航天器逼近与捕获失控目标过程中姿态同步的控制问题,设计了一种基于姿态四元数的姿态跟踪控制算法.通过建立服务航天器相对失控目标的姿态运动学与动力学,将服务航天器跟踪失控目标航天器姿态的控制问题转化为相对姿态的控制问题.考虑未知干扰和控制力矩受限的因素,并以相对姿态四元数的二阶形式描述相对姿态动力学,利用反馈线性化原理和自适应算法的思想,设计姿态同步的非线性反馈控制律.数学仿真的结果表明,设计的控制算法是有效的,具有较好的跟踪性能.     

航天器姿态跟踪的非线性离散滑模仿真模型设计

为提高三轴稳定刚体航天器对时变参数摄动及外界环境干扰的鲁棒性能,提出一种基于非线性离散滑模控制的姿态跟踪控制系统设计方法.建立了航天器姿控模型,针对该模型中存在的时变特性与干扰力矩,将原系统进行反馈线性化解耦和模型离散化,由离散指数趋近律推导了离散滑模姿态控制律.依据某航天器的模型数据进行的仿真结果表明,所设计的离散滑模姿控系统在确保航天器姿态稳定的同时,实现了各通道的解耦控制,可有效减小干扰引起的姿态角跟踪偏差,对系统外干扰和内部参数摄动都具有良好的鲁棒性能,同时还验证了对指令跟踪的动态性能与采样周期的关系.