三维地质建模及其在水利水电工程中的应用

三维地质建模软件是计算机技术在地质中应用的重点和发展方向,它将大量地质资料和地质人员分析判断结果抽象为可视化的地质模型,使复杂的空间关系可视化,通过对模型的旋转,从不同的角度观看模型,形象直观,它充分利用计算机管理和分析的手段,将数据的输入、规模指数的计算、模型测算、成果输出综合为一个数据流,实现了全数字化信息处理,为快速、有效、准确地进行水利水电工程提供良好的现代化工具。本文以GeoEngine软件为建模工具,介绍了三维地质建模的过程以及模型的可视化方法。     

Dynamic simulation and optimization approach to construction diversion of hydraulic and hydroelectric projects

To solve the engineering and scientific problems in construction diversion and its simulation analysis, a complete scheme is presented. Firstly, the complex constraint relationship was analyzed among main buildings, diversion buildings and flow control. Secondly, the time-space relationship model of construction diversion system and the general block diagram-oriented simulation model of diversion process were set up. Then, the corresponding numerical simulation method and 3D dynamic visual simulation method were put forward. Further, the simulation and optimization platform of construction diversion control process was developed, integrated with simulation modeling, computation and visualization. Finally, these methods were applied to a practical project successfully, showing that the modeling process is convenient, the computation and the visual analysis can be coupled effectively, and the results conform to practical state. They provide new theoretical principles and technical measures for analyzing the control problems encountered in construction diversion of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering under complex conditions. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program) (Grant No. 2007CB714101), the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five year Plan of China (Grant No. 2006BAB04A13) and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No. 50525927)     

水利水电工程3维地质建模系统一体化设计

针对水利水电三维地质建模软件在地质信息数据库与建模系统分离的弱点,提出结合三维地质数据库与三维建模软件交互设计的方法,并在CATIA软件上开发了适用于水利水电工程的三维地质建模平台。利用Microsoft SQL 8.0软件建立了三维地质建模数据库,能实现数据录入、查询、删除、EXCEL模版导入导出等功能,利用Visual Basic.net软件搭建了三维地质建模平台,包括三维地质建模中所需的覆盖层、地质层、水文层、模型分析等基本模块,并将三维地质建模数据库嵌入到三维地质建模平台中,实现钻孔数据导入、虚拟钻孔、以及三维地质模型的任意剖切出图等功能。实现了三维地质建模数据库与三维建模平台一体化的设计理念。     

An automatic unified modeling method of geological object and engineering object based on tri-prism(TP)

For the interaction relation between geological object and engineering object in some fields related to water conservancy and hydropower, a unified modeling idea was proposed. On the basis of summarizing both advantages and disadvantages of existing modeling methods, an automatic unified modeling method of both engineering and geological objects based on tri-prism(TP) model was presented. Through the lossless correction algorithm of deviated drill holes contained in this method, the real deviated drill holes could be corrected into the equivalent virtual vertical ones. And the correction accuracy fully meets the requirements of unified modeling. With the virtual vertical drilling data, TIN construction of both cover layer and other stratums would be built in order to obtain the 3D geological model. Then, the engineering design data would be introduced into the 3D geological model for achieving unified modeling. For this process, the volume subdividing and restructuring principles were introduced to deal with the spatial relationships between engineering object and geological object. In order to improve the efficiency of unified modeling, the reconstruction of TIN based on constraint information was also applied in this method. At last, the feasibility and validation of the unified modeling method as well as its relevant key algorithms were verified by specific experiments and analysis of results.     

Application of 3D Visual Techniques in Daliuta Coal Mine

3D visualization is one of major problems in ＂Digital Mine＂ theory and its technological research field. Through the observation of 3D geological models, spatial structural information, connected with the information of production management hidden in geological data, could be detected. In order to meet the requirement of more efficient coal exploration, a case study of geological characters of the Daliuta Coal Mine is presented in which 3D visual models of the ground surface and geologic bodies are established on the basis of data models and data structures of 3D geology modeling. The main conclusions of this study are as follows： （1） Through analysis and organization of spatial discrete data, the drillhole database is designed with the data of the Daliuta mine; the connections amomg drillhole data are realized and displayed in a 3D environment. （2） Combining real data of the Daliuta mine, drillhole visualization is realized in a 3D environment by using the CoalMiner system. （3） The ground surface modeling of the Daliuta coal mine adopted a surface-data model and a TIN data structure. （4） 3D models of coal seams and rock formations of the Daliuta mine are established, which provide a method for the simulation of complex surfaces of geologic bodies. In the end, the models are applied to the Daliuta coal mine and the result shows that better geological effects are obtained.     

三维地质建模技术在油田基础地质研究中的应用

基于钻井资料的三维地质建模技术,通过在留楚油田建立精细的三维地质模型,使油藏研究达 到较高的精确性。在建模过程中,将三维建模软件特有的技术手段与基础地质研究相结合,在构造精细 落实、地层精细对比等基础地质研究方面发挥重要作用,解决了许多通过常规方法难以解决的问题。精 细地质模型在C2020井开发措施调整及C2945井注采关系分析等方面取得了良好的效果。由于三 维地质模型是地质体的一种数字化表述,因此,它还在数字化油藏方面起到了重要作用。     

An Approach to Computer Modeling of Geological Faults in 3D and an Application

3D geological modeling, one of the most important applications in geosciences of 3D GIS, forms the basis and is a prerequisite for visualized representation and analysis of 3D geological data. Computer modeling of geological faults in 3D is currently a topical research area. Structural modeling techniques of complex geological entities containing reverse faults are discussed and a series of approaches are proposed. The geological concepts involved in computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D are explained, the type of data of geological faults based on geological exploration is analyzed, and a normative database format for geological faults is designed. Two kinds of modeling approaches for faults are compared： a modeling technique of faults based on stratum recovery and a modeling technique of faults based on interpolation in subareas. A novel approach, called the Unified Modeling Technique for stratum and fault, is presented to solve the puzzling problems of reverse faults, syn-sedimentary faults and faults terminated within geological models. A case study of a fault model of bed rock in the Beijing Olympic Green District is presented in order to show the practical result of this method. The principle and the process of computer modeling of geological faults in 3D are discussed and a series of applied technical proposals established. It strengthens our profound comprehension of geological phenomena and the modeling approach, and establishes the basic techniques of 3D geological modeling for practical applications in the field of geosciences.     

Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS On the key techniques of 3D GIS used for regional Geological Information System

Regional Geological Information System combines the multi-dimensional and dynamic spatial information into an integrated spatial information system. 3D geological modeling and its preprocessing or post-processing are the most difficult problems for constructing the system. Based on the current 3D GIS technique, some basic problems in establishing the system are discussed in this paper, including 3D spatial data model, 3D geological modeling, and visualization of 3D geological data. A kind of 3D vector data model based on boundary representation for geological object and its topology was developed in order to model and visualize complex geological structures. In addition, some key techniques are pointed out for further study.     

基于OpenGL三维河网地形与数据场的可视化

结合虚拟现实技术在数字流域中的应用,研究了数字高程模型的建立与三维地形实时绘制显示的机制.详细描述水利工程三维模型的构建及可视化仿真,在三维数字河网基础上叠加了实时计算的流场与温度场的数据,实现三维动态流场与温度场可视化.基于OpenGL环境开发的交互式可视化仿真系统形象地描绘流域内的地形场景、水利工程、河网等,对实现三维漫游、空间信息查询、洪水淹没分析和专业成果数据的可视化分析方面具有重要的作用.为分析水利水电工程建设对河道天然径流的影响,尤其是库区上下游水温方面的生态环境影响,提供了一个可视化的分析平台.     

Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS

1 Introduction Geological exploration is one of the most im- portant approaches to study and solve multitudinous geological problems in the development of modern times. Since 1990s, geological work has been con- fronted with a new opportunity that is brought by the rapid development and extensive application of in- formation technology all over the world. It becomes a new working model for studies based on digital spa- tial database, computer cartography and Geographi- cal Information System …     

工程地质模型可视化探讨

以厚松散含水层下采煤留设防水煤岩柱为例,建立了工程地质模型,并给出了模型可视化的实现方案．通过ＶＣ调用ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ的３ＤＡＰＩ函数,较好地实现了模型的三维动态显示,为工程地质问题的解决提供了科学依据．     

田野考古GIS数据模型研究

以田野考古发掘中的各种三维空间对象为研究背景，进行详细的数据对象分类与描述．基于面向对象的思想，在进行田野考古三维现象剖析的基础上提出了适合考古发掘对象的矢量与栅格集成的混合数据模型，并以地层模型和地物模型分别加以描述和建模，论述了建模方法，即结合地层数据源类型，进行基于多层DEM与QTPV的地层建模，同时根据地物类别、形状和内部堆积进行基于TIN与TEN表示的三维地物建模，并提出了两者的集成方法和实施步骤．研究结果实现了田野考古GIS空间数据模型的统一表达，为田野考古GIS的开发提供了模型支持和基础．     

改进网络模型的局部骨切片图像重构

基于骨切片图像的三维骨多孔结构数字建模是骨组织工程的技术基础,也是生物医学工程领域的研究热点,骨切片图像的质量决定了骨多孔结构数字模型的准确程度。然而,骨切片图像在获取过程中会出现数据丢失、图像受损或图像尺寸过小等问题,导致只能得到局部的切片图像。为了解决这个问题,提出对局部骨切片图像进行完整重构修复的改进条件生成对抗网络,即在条件生成对抗网络基础上,对生成器进行改进,加入嵌套残差密集块,同时,在判别器中加入极化自注意力模块,并对重构的图像进行形态学函数分析和局部孔隙率分布研究来评价生成图像与真实骨多孔图像的相似程度。结果表明该网络能准确、稳定地重构出多样化的完整骨多孔切片图像。     

约束剖分的含断层地质体三维构模方法

针对地下空间三维地质构模技术发展慢的问题,提出一种快速三维构模的方法.首先利用径向扫描法将无约束的点集构建成无约束初始的三角网,再将多源数据中的约束线（包括剖面线、地表地质线、基岩地质线等）依次嵌入到无约束的初始三角网中重新生成带约束的德劳内三角剖分,生成了地层面、断层面等,然后通过人工拼接这些地层面,最终形成完整的三维地质体模型.运用Visual C++ 6.0生成的各种不规则三角网模型,建立了武汉市汉阳区城市三维地质模型.实践结果表明,建立的三角网范围广且包含了大部分的约束点,增加了构模的精度、速度.     

Framework system and research flow of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models

Uncertainty in 3D geological structure models has become a bottleneck that restricts the development and application of 3D geological modeling.In order to solve this problem during periods of accuracy assessment,error detection and dynamic correction in 3D geological structure models,we have reviewed the current situation and development trends in 3D geological modeling.The main context of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models is discussed.Major research issues and a general framework system of uncertainty in 3D geological structure models are proposed.We have described in detail the integration of development practices of 3D geological modeling systems,as well as the implementation process for uncertainty evaluation in 3D geological structure models.This study has laid the basis to build theoretical and methodological systems for accuracy assessment and error correction in 3D geological models and can assist in improving 3D modeling techniques under complex geological conditions,     

双江口水电站初始地应力场反演回归分析

初始地应力是岩土工程设计与施工所要考虑的重要因素之一.根据双江口水电站工程区域实际地质条件以及实测地应力资料,建立了能够反映研究区地貌、岩体结构的地质模型.采用快速拉格朗日计算程序FLAC3D对建立的三维地质概化模型进行计算,在实测点地应力值与计算得到的应力值之间建立多元回归模型,通过多元回归分析,求出最优回归系数.通过实测点的计算应力值与现场实测值的比较,两者在量值上相当且方向上接近,表明经过回归得到的地应力场是合理的,为双江口水电站地下厂房的开挖模拟及长期稳定性分析提供了合理的三维初始地应力场.     

深基坑开挖引发的环境工程地质问题及其防治措施

深基坑开挖引发许多环境工程地质问题。降水形成局部漏斗,造成不均匀地面沉降;开挖导致基坑壁侧向位移,使周围建筑物发生整体倾斜或局部拉裂。针对上述问题,分析了工程地质条件、水文地质条件、基坑支护体和周边建筑等,对深基坑开挖的影响。提出了在勘察、设计、施工和监测中应注意的问题以及灾害防治措施。     

基于HPIM技术的地形与地质建模应用研究

水电工程的地形与地质条件对其施工难度及施工工艺具有很大的影响。如何以更高效的方法处理因复杂地形地质条件导致的施工困难,是当前水电工程中所面临的问题。提出了将HPIM技术应用于水电工程地形与地质条件建模的方法,阐述了基于HPIM技术对地形与地质条件进行快速建模的流程。基于HPIM技术信息多元化的特点,加以统一的数据标准对地形与地质条件模型进行参数化驱动,实现了现实中水电工程地形地质条件与计算机中数字模型相对应的仿真模式,并在工程实例中取得了一定的应用成果。     

河流相储层建模中测井和地震资料整合研究

对于储层非均质性非常严重的河流相储层来说，如何更好的利用三维地震资料一直是一个难点，本文探讨了一种综合地震、测井、地质资料的方法，并以大港油田某区块为例建立了基于地质统计和地震反演的定量储层地质模型．首先通过对测井约束地震反演得到的波阻抗数据体分析，提取三维空间变异函数，利用具外部漂移的泛克里金模拟方法建立出砂体的分布模型；然后以此砂体模型为相控制条件，建立储层物性参数模型．经过验证表明，本方法可以避免常规建模方法中存在的物性分布与岩相分布不匹配的现象，从而获得与地质认识一致的结论．     

大渡河丹巴水电站坝址左岸危岩体发育规律与防治措施

危岩体的失稳不仅会给水电施工安全带来严重威胁,还可能造成枢纽区水工建（构）筑物的严重破坏,影响水电站正常运营.借助三维激光扫描技术,并通过精细的野外调查,查明大渡河上游丹巴水电站坝址区左岸危岩发育分布特征,通过与工程地质条件相关性分析,总结出危岩体的发育分布主要受地形地貌、岩体结构以及地层岩性的影响,并得出了危岩体发育的一般规律,最后结合危岩体稳定性及其威胁对象,同时考虑危岩体处治效果和施工的方便,以危岩片区为单元提出了相应的防治措施.