岩层采动裂隙分布在绿色开采中的应用

岩层采动裂隙分布的研究与水体下和承压水上采煤、卸压瓦斯抽放、离层区充填与开采沉陷控制等工程问题紧密相关，通过试验与理论分析，对岩层移动过程中的覆岩采动裂隙动态发育特征及其影响因素进行了深入研究，结果证明：覆岩关键层对离层及裂隙的产生、发展与时空分布起控制作用．基于关键层破断前后采动裂隙动态发育特性与差异，提出了“覆岩离层分区隔离充填减沉法”和卸压瓦斯抽放的“O”形圈理论，并分别应用于我国不迁村采煤试验和卸压煤层气开采实践。     

采动覆岩离层及其分布规律

本针对覆岩注浆减缓矿山开采沉陷问题，从理论上探讨了采场上覆岩层内部产生离层的力学条件，离层分布规律及离层空间体积的计算方法。     

用离散元法研究深部开采岩层移动大变形问题

本文用离散单元法对深部开采沉陷中的岩层与地表移动，顶板冒落特性，岩层离层，应力等做了研究，得到了深采岩层移动变化规律。     

煤与瓦斯共采技术的研究现状及其应用发展

论述了煤与瓦斯共采技术的重要性及其对煤矿绿色开采的意义，介绍了煤与瓦斯共采技术的研究现状及面临的新问题，并阐明了其理论依据，分析了煤与瓦斯共采在煤矿井下的成功经验，并举例说明了井下瓦斯抽放与地面煤层气开发有机结合的重要性，最后指出了煤与瓦斯共采应注意的问题以及今后的研究方向。     

UDEC下保护层开采裂隙演化及瓦斯渗流规律

为了研究中远距离下保护层开采后的裂隙演化与瓦斯渗流规律,运用UDEC 4.0离散元数值模拟软件,以郭庄矿为研究对象对中远距离下保护层开采后的裂隙演化与瓦斯渗流规律进行了数值模拟研究,并进行了现场验证.模拟结果较好地再现了中远距离下保护层开采过程中上覆岩层裂隙的发育情况和发育程度,揭示了被保护层瓦斯压力和瓦斯流量的变化规律.现场结果表明,中远距离下保护层开采过后,瓦斯压力降低了0.5 MPa;瓦斯含量降低了5.25m3/t;透气性系数增加到了原来的600多倍.     

综放开采上覆巨厚砾岩层离层和断裂力学模型及其应用

放顶煤开采上覆巨厚砾岩层变形移动直接影响到采场矿压显现，上覆巨厚砾岩层断裂下沉造成综放面出现大能量微震事件.基于河南省西部矿区某煤矿13230综放面地质采矿条件，利用相似模拟试验和理论分析研究了综放开采上覆巨厚砾岩层离层和断裂力学模型.基于巨厚砾岩层发育特征，以中部弱面为界将其划分为下位和上位砾岩层.相似模拟得到了综放开采砾岩层与下伏岩层之间离层的时空演化规律，将离层演化过程划分为“孕育阶段—加速阶段—缓慢扩展阶段—稳定阶段”4个阶段；模拟得到了砾岩层初次和周期垮落体为四棱柱体，推出了垮落体对综放面冲击能量计算式；建立了综放开采巨厚砾岩层离层和断裂力学模型，推出了离层量和砾岩层初次垮落步距计算式.现场微震系统监测结果表明，巨厚砾岩层下、上位砾岩层的初次和周期垮落产生的震动场都将对综放面煤岩体产生冲击，在综放面前方煤岩体出现大能量的矿震，其中下位砾岩层断裂时对综放面冲击最严重.研究结论对巨厚砾岩层下综放开采时地面减沉和井下冲击地压预测防治具有重要的指导意义.     

深部条带开采高位关键层离层区周边冲击危险性研究

近年来深部条带开采矿井发生了多起冲击地压事故.事故数据表明,在具有高位关键层的深部条带开采矿井,冲击事件分布具有一定的规律:冲击集中发生在已开采区域周边位置.通过建立关键层离层力学模型,分析了关键层极限跨度与采场尺寸的关系和关键层挠度与关键层下方煤柱压缩量的关系,探讨了高位关键层离层形成条件和离层对周边区域应力分布的影响规律,揭示了深部条带开采关键层离层区周边冲击地压发生机理.研究表明:条带煤柱在两侧采空区传递应力作用下被压缩,导致关键层离层形成应力传递结构.该结构将关键层上方岩层的载荷传递到离层区周边区域,使周边区域应力集中程度明显增加,从而导致该区域冲击地压频繁发生.关键层离层区周边冲击危险性与关键层离层跨度和关键层上方岩层厚度成正相关.研究成果对于类似条件下冲击地压防治具有指导意义.     

高效防治煤与瓦斯突出技术的研究

随着我国煤矿采深的增加，瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力随之增大，煤与瓦斯突出事故日趋加重，从调整开采程序，利用开采保护层实现大面积消除突出危险性，开展突出危险区域预测，从确定无突出危险区域和开展顺煤层钻孔，强化预抽瓦斯大面积消除煤层突出危险性等方面论述了高效防治煤与瓦斯突出技术。     

矿山岩层控制与CAD设计

根据瑞典北部Ｋｉｒｕｎａ矿的现场调查，采用考虑岩层控制规律的ＣＡＤ系统（ＣＡＤＳＳＣＲ），对该矿６３２水平Ｙ２８采区进行了设计模拟，得出了如下结论：１／ＣＡＤ设计中必须考虑岩层控制规律，与大规模开采有关的问题可通过考虑岩层控制规律得到改善。２．研究表明，大规模开采的准备采区要求约为２￣３个月，采区宽度约１００ｍ，从悬帮到底帮，且在给定的矿山条件下，每年可节约０．５％的利率成本。３．咬合岩块系统的作     

煤矿开采沉陷有效控制的新途径

开采沉陷是造成矿区环境地质灾害的直接根源，有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是减轻或避免开采沉陷环境灾害的根本之路，针对这一问题，分析了充填开采、条带开采和覆岩离层注浆岩层控制技术的优缺点，根据荷载置换原理，提出了“条带开采一注浆充填固结采空区—剩余条带开采”的三步法(二次条带式)开采沉陷控制的新思路，进行了三步法开采沉陷控制的可行性研究，初步分析表明，采用三步法开采可以实现对岩层移动和地表沉陷的有效控制，地表下沉系数可控制在0．25左右，煤炭采出率可达到80％～90％，可基本实现地面建筑物不搬迁和大幅度减轻土地塌陷灾害。     

Rock mechanical investigation of strata loading characteristics to assess caving and requirement of support resistance in a mechanized powered support longwall face

Longwall mining is one of the most acclaimed and widely used in underground method for coal extraction. The interaction of powered supports with the roof is the key issue in strata mechanics of longwall mining. Controlled caving of rock mass is a prerequisite pro thriving exploitation of coal deposits by longwall retreat with caving technique and support resistance has evolved as the most promising and effective scientific tool to predict various aspects related to strata mechanics of such workings. Load density,height of caving block, distance of fractured zone ahead of the face, overhang of goaf and mechanical strength of the debris above and below the support base have been found to influence the magnitude of load on supports. Designing powered support has been attempted at the different countries in different methods. This paper reviews the mechanism of roof caving and the conventional approaches of caving behaviour and support resistance requirement in the context of major strata control experiences gained worldwide. The theoretical explanation of the mechanism of roof caving is still continuing with consistently improved understanding through growing field experiences in the larger domain of geo-mining conditions and state-of-art strata mechanics analysis and monitoring techniques.     

煤盆地中的新生天然气资源

人类长期的采煤活动,打破了地下应力的原始平衡状态,形成了十分发达的地下裂隙网络,以致含煤盆地中可采与不可采煤层中的煤层气和老塘瓦斯气等可燃气体,借以发生新的运移,甚至泄漏于地表.在盖层条件具备的情况下,发生新运移的煤成气可能形成层、带状分布的新生天然气资源.这种新生天然气既是老煤矿区(甚至废弃矿区)特有的、可供开发利用的气体矿产,也是造成地质灾害的温室气体.     

Study on Critical, Modern Technology for Mining in Gassy Deep Mines

To achieve safe and highly efficient mining in the gassy, deep mines of the Huainan collieries simultaneous coal and gas extraction, and the corresponding ventilation methods were developed. This includes a set of mining procedures and principles which help insure safe and efficient production. Furthermore, green mining, meaning the comprehensive use of emitted gas, proper treatment of the environment and appropriate mine temperature control, is now standard. The concepts of modem mining and the principles of pressure relief are described. Coal-gas simultaneous ex- traction and multi-pressure relief techniques were developed which require a combination of surface and underground gas extraction. The application of Y-ventilation systems, of roadways retained along goafs, of stress control techniques for highly fragile mine roofs and of powerful, automatic and reliable mining equipment contributes to safe operation of modem deep mines. Operating parameters for these techniques are described and the results of their use discussed.     

Green coal mining technique integrating mining-dressing-gas draining-backfilling-mining

Aiming to address the following major engineering issues faced by the Pingdingshan No. 12 mine:(1) difficulty in implementing auxiliary lifting because of its depth(i.e., beyond 1000 m);(2) highly gassy main coal seam with low permeability;(3) unstable overlying coal seam without suitable conditions for implementing conventional mining techniques for protective coal seam; and(4) predominant reliance on ‘‘under three" coal resources to ensure production output. This study proposes an integrated, closed-cycle mining-dressing-gas draining-backfilling-mining(MDGBM) technique. The proposed approach involves the mining of protective coal seam, underground dressing of coal and gangue(UDCG), pressure relief and gas drainage before extraction, and backfilling and mining of the protected coal seam. A system for draining gas and mining the protective seam in the rock stratum is designed and implemented based on the geological conditions. This system helps in realizing pressure relief and gas drainage from the protective seam before extraction. Accordingly, another system, which is connected to the existing production system, is established for the UDCG based on the dense medium-shallow trough process. The mixed mining workface is designed to accommodate both solid backfill and conventional fully mechanized coal mining, thereby facilitating coal mining, USCG, and backfilling. The results show that: The mixed mining workface length for the Ji15-31010 protected seam was 220 m with coal production capacity 1.2 million tons per year, while the backfill capacity of gangue was 0.5 million tons per year. The gas pressure decreased from 1.78 to 0.35 MPa, and the total amount of safely mined coal was 1.34 million tons. The process of simultaneously exploiting coal and draining gas was found to be safe, efficient, and green.This process also yielded significant economic benefits.     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.     

Systematic principles of surrounding rock control in longwall mining within thick coal seams

Effective surrounding rock control is a prerequisite for realizing safe mining in underground coal mines.In the past three decades, longwall top-coal caving mining(LTCC) and single pass large height longwall mining(SPLL) found expanded usage in extracting thick coal seams in China. The two mining methods lead to large void space left behind the working face, which increases the difficulty in ground control.Longwall face failure is a common problem in both LTCC and SPLL mining. Such failure is conventionally attributed to low strength and high fracture intensity of the coal seam. However, the stiffness of main components included in the surrounding rock system also greatly influences longwall face stability.Correspondingly, surrounding rock system is developed for LTCC and SPLL faces in this paper. The conditions for simultaneous balance of roof structure and longwall face are put forward by taking the stiffness of coal seam, roof strata and hydraulic support into account. The safety factor of the longwall face is defined as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and actual load imposed on the coal wall.The influences provided by coal strength, coal stiffness, roof stiffness, and hydraulic support stiffness,as well as the movement of roof structure are analyzed. Finally, the key elements dominating longwall face stability are identified for improving surrounding rock control effectiveness in LTCC and SPLL faces.     

Fracturing,caving propagation and influence of mining on groundwater above longwall panels——a review of predictive models

Historically there have been a number of different hypotheses and empirical models developed in an attempt to describe the nature of fracturing above longwall panels in underground coal mining. The motivation for such models varies, ranging from understanding the impact of mining on surface subsidence,to back-analysis of caving behaviour in the immediate roof behind the longwall face. One of the most critical motivating factors that is taking on increased importance in many coalfields, is the need for better understanding, and hence prediction of the impact of mining on overlying strata, particularly strata units acting as aquifers for different groundwater horizons. This paper reviews some of the major prediction models in the context of observed behaviour of strata displacement and fracturing above longwall panels in the southern coalfields of New South Wales, south of Sydney. The paper discusses the parameter often referred to as ‘‘height of fracturing" in terms of the critical parameters that influence it, and the relevance and appropriateness of this terminology in the context of overlying sub-surface subsidence and groundwater impact. The paper proposes an alternative terminology for this parameter that better reflects what it is and how it is used. The paper also addresses the potential role of major bedding shear planes mobilised by mining and their potential influence on overlying subsidence and groundwater interference.     

大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面冲击矿压治理研究

为了解决大采深条带开采坚硬顶板工作面的冲击矿压问题,以古城煤矿2106工作面为例,采用现场分析、实验室试验、数值模拟的方法对其发生机理进行了研究.结果表明在此条件下开采时发生的冲击矿压与煤岩性质、采深、坚硬顶板厚度及顶板的周期来压有密切关系.当冲击矿压发生的煤层具有强冲击倾向性,煤层硬度系数大于3、采深900 m以上、顶板岩层坚硬且厚度大于20 m时,冲击矿压发生具有突然性和猛烈性;主要发生在顶板周期来压期间、超前支护50m范围内,此时工作面的CH4和CO气体含量同时升高.对此提出了钻屑法等预测预报的方法和煤体爆破卸压与柔性支护等治理措施.     

Coal and rock fissure evolution and distribution characteristics of multi-seam mining

Henan Pingdingshan No.10 mine is prone to both coal and gas outbursts. The E_9–10 coal seam is the main coal-producing seam but has poor quality ventilation, thus making it relatively difficult for gas extraction. The F₁₅ coal seam, at its lower section, is not prone to coal and gas outbursts. The average seam separation distance of 150 m is greater than the upper limit for underside protective seam mining. Based on borehole imaging technology for field exploration of coal and rock fracture characteristics and discrete element numerical simulation, we have studied the evolution laws and distribution characteristics of the coal and rock fissure field between these two coal seams. By analysis of the influential effect of group F coal mining on the E_9–10 coal seam, we have shown that a number of small fissures also develop in the area some 150 m above the overlying strata. The width and number of the fissures also increase with the extent of mining activity. Most of the fissures develop at a low angle or even parallel to the strata. The results show that the mining of the F₁₅ coal seam has the effect of improving the permeability of the E_9–10 coal seam.