变荷载下饱和土一维热固结解析理论

基于渗流理论、热弹性理论和饱和土固结理论,通过建立数学模型,采用解析方法研究了变荷载下饱和土的一维热固结问题.利用偏微分方程理论中的冲量定理,得到土层内部超静孔压、温度增量的解析解,并由此求出地基沉降、平均固结度的表达式.根据所得解编制了计算程序,分析了饱和土的一维热固结性状,并与不考虑温度影响的解进行比较.结果表明,加载时间、温度增量、热传导速率等对土体热固结性状有重要影响;受温度影响,热固结中的超静孔压消散速度加快、地基沉降减小;按沉降定义和按孔压定义的地基平均固结度是不同的.     

堆载-电渗联合作用下双层地基一维固结解析解

实际地基处理中,电渗与堆载预压常常联合使用。然而目前综合考虑堆载和电渗作用的成层地基固结解答较为鲜见。针对现有理论的不足,基于Zhao提出的双层地基中水力渗透系数与电渗渗透系数的关系假定,建立考虑堆载和电渗联合作用的双层地基一维固结方程。利用特征函数法获得瞬时堆载和线性堆载下双层地基一维电渗固结解析解。通过与现有解析解和电渗固结试验结果对比,验证了本文解答的可靠性。基于该解答,详细讨论了土层参数及荷载参数对双层地基固结特性的影响。结果表明：当下层土的渗透性高于上层土的渗透性时,由于电渗作用导致地基中间土层在固结初期流入的水量大于流出的水量,造成超静孔隙水压力在固结初期上升及有效应力在固结初期下降的现象;降低下层土的压缩性能够提高双层地基的沉降速率和超静孔隙水压力消散速率;与单纯电渗固结相比,电渗联合堆载作用不仅能提高地基沉降速率,还能提高固结后的地基强度,更有利于减小工后沉降和加快地基处理速率。     

考虑固结的新近吹填场地桩侧负摩阻力分布特性

为研究新近吹填场地中,因软土地基固结沉降引起的桩基侧摩阻力的分布特性,基于连续排水边界条件和理想弹塑性荷载传递模型,建立考虑土体固结效应的新近吹填场地桩基础变形分析理论模型。引入连续排水边界,求解双层地基的固结沉降,并采用理想弹塑性荷载传递法模拟桩侧位移-应力关系,求解桩侧摩阻力及桩顶沉降解析解。通过与试验数据进行对比,验证本文解的正确性,并讨论时间因子、双层地基厚度比、桩顶荷载和桩基受力对轴力以及侧摩阻力的影响。结果表明：随着时间的增加,负摩阻力增大,中性点下移;原位土层与新吹填土层厚度比增大,负摩阻力减小,中性点上移;随着桩顶荷载的增加,桩侧负摩阻力减小,中性点上移。     

An analytical solution to estimate the settlement of tailings or backfill slurry by considering the sedimentation and consolidation

A common and important task in mining industry is to estimate the settlement or final volume of the tailings or backfill associated with sedimentation and self-weight consolidation. Up to now however, most existing analytical solutions were developed by only considering the settlement induced by consolidation. In this paper, the process of shrinkage tests has been compared with those of sedimentation and consolidation. It was shown that the pore water and particles movement in the sedimentation are very similar to that in the normal shrinkage. The void ratio at the end of sedimentation is thus for the first time considered to be equal to the void ratio at desaturation onset of shrinkage tests. An analytical solution was then proposed to estimate the settlement of tailings or backfill by considering the sedimentation and consolidation. To validate the proposed analytical solution, tailing deposition tests were conducted in two molds to simulate the tailings impoundment and underground mine stope. The required parameters were obtained through shrinkage and consolidation tests. Good agreements were obtained between the measured settlements and those calculated by the proposed solution. The proposed solution can thus be considered as validated and used to evaluate the settlement of tailings or backfill slurry.     

连续排水边界下非线性饱和土体一维热固结解析解

为探究受温度影响的非线性饱和土体的一维固结特性,基于孔隙比变化是由有效应力和温度引起的假设,根据热平衡方程和连续性方程建立考虑热效应的一维非线性固结方程。采用分离变量法及Laplace变换获得连续排水边界下考虑土体非线性的一维热固结问题的解析解,通过与现有两种解析解对比,验证此解答的正确性。基于所得解答,详细讨论热扩散系数与固结系数比值、温度增量、界面参数及非线性参数对土体固结特性的影响。结果表明：温度增量越大或界面参数越大时,土体的固结速率越快;按沉降定义的固结速率随非线性参数的增大而增大,而按孔压定义的固结速率随非线性参数的增大而减小;热扩散系数与固结系数的比值较大时,前期热固结速率明显快于不考虑温度作用的固结速率,采用热加固法处理地基时,有必要先测定热扩散系数和固结系数,以确定是否适合采用热加固法。     

泥水盾构施工引起的地面固结沉降实例研究

通过对杭州钱塘江隧道泥水盾构施工的分析,研究了泥水盾构施工引起的地面固结沉降的特点,提出划分地层损失沉降和固结沉降的实用方法,总结了盾构施工引起扰动土体固结沉降的机理、影响因素及控制措施.分析表明：无论是地层损失沉降还是长期沉降,均可用Peck公式较好地拟合;横向地面固结沉降曲线不符合高斯曲线形式,一般隧道轴线或附近地面固结沉降最大,向两侧递减;扰动土体固结使得横向沉降槽不断拓宽;软土地区盾构隧道施工,可取地面沉降曲线或沉降速度曲线的转折点作为地层损失沉降和固结沉降的界限;通过优化泥水盾构掘进参数,可减少施工扰动,从而降低固结沉降量和固结沉降时间.     

板土交界处裂隙发育与化学注浆时间对一维电渗固结的影响

通过一维电渗固结试验，研究了板土交界处裂缝（板土脱开）与注浆时间对软土电渗固结过程的影响。采用紧序注入CaCl₂溶液和Na₂SiO₃溶液的方式，进行注浆时间对照试验。基于沉淀或胶体和离子对电渗固结的综合效应，研究了电流、排水量、土样含水量与抗剪强度、裂缝与体缩，以及电渗能耗等随注浆时间的变化规律。结果表明：板土交界处裂隙（板土脱开）总是先于其他土体裂缝产生，板土脱开导致电流值的急剧减小是造成电渗效果下降的主要原因；一维电渗固结过程中存在板土交界处裂隙发展旺盛时间t_cr，以t_cr为表征指标确定最佳注浆时间，可达到最佳的电渗效益。为防止在土体中出现明显的含水量突变现象，应尽可能避免在1/3t_cr时刻前注浆，在2/3t_cr时刻注浆能够实现最佳电渗固结效果。     

Analysis of nonlinear settlement for an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading

A new approach was proposed to describe settlement behavior of an unsaturated soil with subgrade filling for high-speed railway. Firstly, based on Terzaghi consolidation theory, equations considering the variation coefficient of consolidation with void ratio and saturation for consolidation of an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading were derived, and according to analytical solutions of equations, a formula for settlement computation under stage continuous loading was obtained. Then, combined with the width-to-height ratio of subgrade to compute ground reaction, and by means of in-situ plate loading curves, a correctional approach was presented for the analysis of nonlinear settlement of foundation. Also, the comparison between calculated and measured loadsettlement behavior for an unsaturated soil in Qingdao-Ji＇nan high-speed railway was given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. It can be noted that the presented solution can be used to predict the settlement of an unsaturated soil foundation under stage continuous loading in engineering design.     

软土粗颗粒含量对杂填土与软土地基互嵌 沉降影响的试验分析

为实现对杂填土与软土地基互嵌过程的实时沉降分析,探究软土粗颗粒含量变化对互嵌沉降和软土固结沉降的作用,借助自主研制的杂填土与软土互嵌试验仪,通过室内试验定量区分互嵌沉降和软土固结沉降,设计正交试验组对照分析2种粒径杂填土颗粒(5、10 mm)与5种粗颗粒含量软土(0、3%、6%、9%、12%)在一定荷载下的沉降发展规律,总结总沉降、互嵌沉降、软土固结沉降的最终沉降量和瞬时沉降量的差异。试验结果表明:软土中存在粗颗粒时,总沉降和互嵌沉降在各阶段均较无粗颗粒情况下增长量更大且发展更快,在粗颗粒含量6%时总沉降和互嵌沉降有极大值,粗颗粒含量对软土固结沉降的影响并不明显。     

Coefficient of consolidation by end of arc method

One of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering is excess pore pressure caused by clay soil loading and consolidation. Regarding uncertainties and complexities, this issue has long been the subject of attention of many researchers. In this work, a one-dimensional consolidation apparatus was equipped in a way that pore water pressure and settlement could be continuously read and recorded during consolidation process under static loading. The end of primary consolidation was obtained using water pressure changes helping to present a new method for determining the end of primary consolidation and consolidation coefficient. This method was then compared with two classical theory methods of lg t and t. Using Terzaghi's theory, the way of pore pressure dissipation for lg t, t and the new method was found and compared with experimental results. It is concluded that the new method has better results.     

One-dimensional consolidation of visco-elastic aquitard due to withdrawal of deep-groundwater

One-dimensional consolidation of visco-elastic aquitard due to withdrawal of deep-groundwater was studied. Merchant model was used to simulate visco-elastic characteristic of aquitard. General solutions of the governing equation were obtained by applying Laplace transform with respect to time, and then the pore-pressure, strain and deformation of the aquitard could be calculated by Laplace inversion. A case was analyzed to validate the correctness of the present method. Finally, some consolidation properties of the problem were analyzed. Comparison of the average degree of consolidation defined by pore pressure with that defined by settlement shows that they are different and the maximum difference is 22.8%. The influences of parameters of Merchant model and the rate of the water level on the consolidation are great. The smaller the viscosity coefficient is, the later the rate of consolidation decreases. The rate of consolidation is decreased with the decrease of the rate of the water level fall. Therefore, the lagged effect of land subsidence should be considered in the actual project.     

特殊条件下考虑起始比降的一维固结解析解

针对考虑起始比降的一维固结问题,假定初始孔压降不小于起始比降,分析了考虑起始比降后土体的一维固结特性.采用分离变量法,获得了该条件下考虑起始比降的一维固结精确解并对其进行分析.结果表明：由于起始比降的存在,固结结束时,土中的孔隙水压力不会完全消散,考虑起始比降后,均质地基平均固结度按沉降定义和按平均孔压定义是不同的.起始比降越大,按孔压定义的地基平均固结度越小,当初始孔压呈梯形分布时,按沉降定义的地基平均固结度越大;当初始孔压呈正三角形分布时,按沉降定义的地基平均固结度并不会随着起始比降变化.初始孔压降越小,无论是按沉降定义还是按孔压定义,平均固结度都越大.     

考虑应力历史的双层地基一维固结问题

基于单层超固结饱和土固结理论，针对不同排水条件、变荷载和自重应力沿深度实际分布及考虑应力历史影响的双层地基固结问题，提出了相应的一维固结方程，并利用半解析法编制了求解该问题的Fortran程序ODLCADOS.通过典型的算例，揭示了考虑应力历史影响的双层地基一维线性固结性状.研究表明，考虑应力历史影响比未考虑应力历史影响时，地基沉降小，固结发展快；荷载的大小、上下土层先期固结压力、土体压缩性和渗透性的变化等对双层地基的固结性状均有明显影响.     

次固结系数对准超固结土固结特性的影响

为了分析准超固结土固结特性受次固结系数影响的规律,采用消元法把用孔压和应变表示的一维Yin Graham等效时间流变固结方程组简化为一个用孔压表示的一元偏微分方程.采用该一元偏微分方程,通过差分数值方法,对自然界普遍存在的预固结软土地基的固结特性进行数值分析.结果表明：当软土地基的预固结绝对等效时间较大时,在软基固结前期存在次固结系数越大、孔压消散越快、固结度越大这一与直觉相反的固结现象.对这一现象产生的物理根源进行定性分析,证明这一现象与以往基于Yin Graham等效时间流变模型定性得出的预固结土在固结前期存在次固结系数越大、固结度越大的研究结论相吻合.     

变荷载下基于指数渗流一维固结半解析解

考虑实际工程中的变荷载,对基于指数形式渗流定律的一维固结问题进行计算分析.通过采用数值离散与成层地基线性固结解析解相结合的半解析方法得到一系列的固结曲线.分析仅在某一参数发生变化时的一维固结性状.结果表明：固结速率在固结初期随渗流指数的增加而增加,在固结后期随渗流指数的增加而减少;当指数<1时,作用在地基上的荷载越大则固结速率越小;当指数>1时,荷载越大固结速率越大;无论渗流指数为何值,在相同的固结时间下,地基平均固结度都会随着地基土层厚度的增加而减小;固结速率随着加荷速率的增加而变快.     

不同填料顺序下路基沉降分析

针对杨林船闸原状淤泥质土,进行一维压缩试验,研究一次加荷和多次加荷试验下的固结特性。结合典型路基断面,运用ABAQUS软件建立时间硬化蠕变模型和D-P弹塑性模型,得到不同填料顺序下杨林船闸附近高速公路路基工后沉降。试验表明,多次加荷试验下,主、次固结的分界点时间变大,即多次加荷试验主固结完成时间大于一次加荷试验主固结完成时间。模拟结果显示,未考虑蠕变情况下路基沉降量小于考虑蠕变情况下路基沉降量。把蠕变考虑进来时一次填料计算的沉降量大于多次填料计算的沉降量,同时也验证了多次加荷可有效降低次固结沉降。     

软土地基一维非单调压缩固结性状分析

针对储油罐等结构物在使用期内常对下部地基产生往复性变化荷载等实际情况,考虑土体在加载和卸载时压缩系数不同的特性,研究了软土地基一维非单调压缩固结问题.基于现有的成层地基一維线性固结解析理论,采用半解析法求解,得到了相应的半解析解并编制了计算程序.通过系列计算和分析对比,全面地研究了当考虑和不考虑非单调压缩因素时,软土地基固结性状的区别以及不同参数对非单调压缩固结性状的影响.结果表明,压缩系数比、荷载比和卸载速率等对地基的固结均有显著影响;在考虑了非单调压缩的影响因素后,软土地基中超静孔压的消散将滞后于沉降的发展.     

论高填路堤填土施工方法对饱合粘土地基沉降与固结的影响

一般情况下，地基土是由固相、液相、气相三相组成，而饱和粘性土地基则只由固相和液相两相组成，研究其固结，也就是要研究其在上部结构荷载作用下，地基中孔隙水压力的分布情况，以及它怎样随着时间而变化的关系，现结合土体变形的基本概念、土的渗透定律，对高填路堤两种加载方式进行固结与沉降分析讨价。     

土水特征曲线为直线的非饱和土一维固结计算

基于Bishop有效应力原理,将土水特征曲线与固结方程相结合,提出土水特征曲线为简单直线型的非饱和土一维固结的计算方法.假定土体固结分为2个阶段:第一阶段为不排水、不排气阶段,土体的变形只是因为气体压缩所引起的;第二阶段为排水、排气阶段,土体的变形是因为孔隙水和孔隙气的排出而引起的.在此过程的基础上,建立并求解非饱和土一维固结方程,分析影响非饱和土一维固结的因素.影响非饱和土一维固结速率的最重要因素是孔隙流体的渗流路径.在相同边界条件下,非饱和土固结过程与饱和土固结过程中孔隙流体压力沿深度的分布随时间的变化规律相同.     

半透水边界砂井地基的真空预压固结解

针对砂井地基顶部存在垫层和底部存在下卧层的现状,采用半透水边界来反映它们对砂井地基固结的影响。假定地基变形符合等应变条件,考虑水平向渗透系数沿半径发生变化,建立了上下边界为半透水边界时真空预压砂井地基的固结理论,通过分离变量法获得固结度和沉降的级数解析解答,分析了底部透水系数、顶部透水系数、井阻、渗透系数沿半径分布特性对砂井地基固结度和沉降的影响规律。研究表明,当底部半透水时,最终负孔压和有效应力呈现出沿地基深度衰减的变化规律。当其它条件相同时,底部透水系数越大的地基固结度越大,但最终沉降和径向固结时间因子相同时的固结沉降却越小。当底部边界不透水时,最终沉降不会随着顶部透水系数改变而改变。但当底部边界半透水或完全透水时,最终沉降随着顶部透水系数增大而增大。顶部透水系数越大的地基固结度越大,径向固结时间因子相同时的固结沉降也越大。均匀井阻的大小不会影响负压最终竖向分布特性,也不会改变最终沉降,但会明显降低砂井地基固结度,延长固结完成时间。渗透系数径向分布模式会对砂井地基的固结度产生影响。工况一计算的固结度最大,工况二计算的固结度最小,工况三计算的固结度介于工况一和工况二之间。半透水边界对真空预压砂井地基固结过程的影响规律与堆载预压砂井地基相比存在明显不同。