Simulation analysis for O-cell test of pile and the interaction of upper pile and lower pile

In this paper,the soil-pile system of O-cell test of pile is simplified as an axi-symmetric problem.By using aggregation of quadrilateral isoparametric elements to simulate pile and soil,setting Goodman’s elements between pile and soils,a method of numerical simulation analysis on O-cell test of pile is presented with the consideration of nonlinear mechanical behavior of soils and pile-soil interface.The method is applied to the analysis of a case of O-cell test of pile.The load-displacement curves and axial force curves of upper pile and lower pile obtained from the O-cell test of pile are fitted,and parameters of the mechanical model of soils and interface are determined.Analysis results validate that the numerical simulation analysis method put forward in this paper is applicable.Furthermore,the interaction and influence of upper pile and lower pile in the O-cell test are also studied with the method.The result shows that if load box is located in a soil layer with fine mechanical behavior,the interaction of upper pile and lower pile in O-cell test can be ignored generally.     

Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively bigchanges have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of thepermafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred inthe engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume offield survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and verticaldistribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature changecharacteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes thatwould occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones risesby 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.     

Entransy dissipation,entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance and optimization of one-stream hybrid thermal network

The one-stream hybrid thermal network is analyzed and discussed based on the entransy theory,and the results are compared with those from the entropy generation optimization.The theoretical analysis indicates that the minimum heat-flow-weighted temperature of the thermal networks corresponds to the minimum entransy dissipation rate and the minimum thermal resistance.For a simple hybrid thermal network consisting of three thermal components,the expression of entransy dissipation is conducted,and the heat transfer area and the mass flow rate are calculated and optimized.The optimal results are obtained in order to minimize the entransy dissipation and the thermal resistance.The optimal results are calculated for various combinations,such as series connection,parallel connection and other hybrid connections.The numerical results are in accordance with the theoretical analysis.Both the theoretical analysis and the numerical results show that the minimum entransy dissipation and the minimum thermal resistance correspond to the minimum heat-flow-weighted temperature of the thermal networks while the minimum entropy generation does not.     

Vertical bearing capacity of pile based on load transfer model

The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil （rock） with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.     

Innovative designs of permafrost roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Under global warming scenarios, the passive method of simply increasing the thermal resistance by raising the embankment height and using insulating materials has been proven ineffective in warm and ice-rich permafrost areas and therefore could not be used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering. Instead, a proactive "cooled-roadbed" approach was developed and used to lower the ground temperature in order to maintain a perennially frozen subgrade. The concept that local and site-specific factors play an important role in the occurrence and disappearance of permafrost has helped us to devise a number of measures to cool down the roadbed. For example, we adjust and control heat transfer by using different embankment configurations and fill materials. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway project demonstrates that a series of proactive roadbed-cooling methods can be used to lower the temperature of permafrost beneath the embankment and to stabilize the roadbed. These methods include solar radiation control using shading boards, heat convection control using ventilation ducts, thermosyphons, air-cooled embankments, and heat conduction control using "thermal semi-conductor" materials, as well as combinations of above mentioned three control measures. This road-bed-cooling approach provides not only a solution for engineering construction in sensitive permafrost areas but also a countermeasure against possible global warming.     

Numerical simulation and model of control-efficiency of thermal crown of work rolls in cold rolling

Aiming at accuracy control of the thermal crown of work rolls in cold rolling, new parameters such as regulation domain and control-efficiency factors were proposed and a numerical analysis model of the thermal crown of work rolls was established using finite difference method to study roll＇s thermal deformation. Based on simulation results, the influences of control-efficiency factors on thermal crown are presented and the thermal crown of work rolls is analyzed after taking sub-cooling of sprinkling beam into consideration. It has been found that the control-efficiency factor of any position on the roll＇s surface is linear function of the temperature and the control ability of water temperature is stronger than other control parameters. In addition, the verification of the model has been carried out based on the producing technology data in some factories and the numerical simulation results coincide well with the experimental data. Therefore, this work has important value for on-line control of roll＇s crown in cold rolling.     

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of solar seasonal soil thermal storage

To analyze the characteristics of solar seasonal soil thermal storage in a solar-ground coupled heat pump system (SGCHPS) in severe cold area,the software FLUENT was used to establish the three-dimensional unsteady state fluid-solid coupling mathematical model of multi-well ground heat exchanger (MWGHE).The User-Defined Functions (UDF) of solar collector and plate heat exchanger were written and dynamically loaded into the model of MWGHE as the boundary conditions.In this way,the dynamic simulation of solar seasonal soil thermal storage was realized.The comparison of simulative and experimental results showed that the overall variation trend of simulative and experimental values achieves a good agreement with time;the relative errors of simulated parameters are all in the allowable range.Therefore,it can be obtained that the models established can be applied in the investigation of performance of solar seasonal soil thermal storage.At the same time,it provides a theoretical basis for the study of heating in SGCHPS and soil heat balance analysis after long-time thermal storage and extraction.     

Analysis of nonlinear settlement for an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading

A new approach was proposed to describe settlement behavior of an unsaturated soil with subgrade filling for high-speed railway. Firstly, based on Terzaghi consolidation theory, equations considering the variation coefficient of consolidation with void ratio and saturation for consolidation of an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading were derived, and according to analytical solutions of equations, a formula for settlement computation under stage continuous loading was obtained. Then, combined with the width-to-height ratio of subgrade to compute ground reaction, and by means of in-situ plate loading curves, a correctional approach was presented for the analysis of nonlinear settlement of foundation. Also, the comparison between calculated and measured loadsettlement behavior for an unsaturated soil in Qingdao-Ji＇nan high-speed railway was given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. It can be noted that the presented solution can be used to predict the settlement of an unsaturated soil foundation under stage continuous loading in engineering design.     

Study on Expansion Cracking of Hydration in Concrete Aggregates

In accordance with a fresh accident by severe expansion cracks of structural elements,based on systematic detection and analyses such as X-ray diffracition,differential thermal analysis,scanning electron microscory,chemical analysis,petrographic analysis,electronic probe analysis,and atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis,it is pointed out that the dominant reasone lie in the hydration reaction of concrete aggregates,resulting in a volume expansion in structure members.A wholly new corresponding strengthening method is applied to the cracked elements and turned out to be effectine.     

A study on correlativity between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau thermal infrared remote sensing data and underground temperature

Based on an analysis of the correlativity between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau thermal infrared remote sensing data (QPTIRSD) and underground temperature field distribution, the main factors which obviously influence underground-layer temperatures were derived. Using neural network technology, a model was built to compute underground temperatures via parameters out of the inversion of thermal infrared remote sensing (TIRS) and then analyze the correlativity between above-ground parameters and underground temperatures. This method offers a new way to apply TIRS in monitoring the suture zone of a large-area massif as well as to research structural thermal anomalies.     

Numerical analysis on thermal regime of wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

This study investigated the temperature field and thawing depth of wide embankment for expressway in permafrost regions based on numerical analysis by using finite element method(FEM).According to specific embankment section of Qinghai-Tibet highway,computational region for numerical analysis was defined.And numerical model was developed through FEM software named as ABAQUS and was verified by field observed data.The effects by width and height of embankment on the thermal regime of computational region were analyzed based on FEM modeling.Numerical analysis showed that embankment construction has serious disturbance on the thermal stability of ground permafrost showing as annual average ground temperature and the maximum thawing depth keeps increasing with service time increasing.And larger embankment width leads to poorer thermal stability and more serious uneven temperature field of embankment.Raising embankment height can improve the thermal stability; however,the improvement is restricted for wide embankment and it cannot change the degradation trend of thermal stability with service life increasing.Thus,to construct expressway with wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,effective measures need to be considered to improve the thermal stability of underlying permafrost.     

青藏铁路主要冻土路基工程热稳定性及主要冻融灾害

在介绍青藏高原多年冻土退化背景及其工程影响的基础上,通过主要冻土路基现场监测和沿线调查,对青藏铁路冻土路基2002年以来的地温发展过程、热学稳定性及次生冻融灾害进行了分析。结果表明:青藏铁路自2006年通车后冻土路基整体稳定,列车运行速度达100km/h,达到设计要求,但不同结构路基的热学稳定性不同,采取“主动冷却”方法的路基稳定性显著优于传统普通填土路基。管道通风路基、遮阳棚路基及U型块石路基冷却下伏多年冻土的效果显著,块石基底路基左右侧对称性较差,而处于强烈退化冻土区和高温冻土区的普通路基热稳定性差,需结合路基所在区域局地气候因素予以调整或补强。以热融性、冻胀性及冻融性灾害为主的次生冻融灾害对路基稳定性存在潜在危害,主要表现为路基沉陷、掩埋、侧向热侵蚀等,其中目前最为严重的病害是以路桥过渡段沉降为代表的热融性灾害。     

水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的预估分析

基于非饱和土基本理论,利用基质吸力及土水特征曲线的最新研究成果,对受地下水位控制的粘土路基的平衡湿度状态进行了预估分析;同时采用室内重复动三轴试验方法,建立了非饱和粘性路基土动回弹模量的双线性本构经验预估模型。将上述研究成果相结合,创建了综合考虑路基湿度和应力状态的路基当量回弹模量的预估方法,并结合实体工程建立了以地下水位、路基填筑高度为核心的路基当量回弹模量预估方程。通过与试验路上传统测试方法测试结果的对比分析,表明该评价方法具有准确、可靠特点。研究成果从平衡湿度和应力状态耦合控制的角度,对水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的确定提供了新的视角和途径。     

Study on thermal infrared remote sensing of Yarlung Zangbo River and Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The area change of heat abnormity is not in accordance with conclusions of former thermal infrared remote sensing studies of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which were that the temperature of Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt of the southern Plateau is high and the northern temperature is low. The study result in this paper shows that the highest temperature is found in the Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt, the Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt temperature is the second highest, and the northern Tibet temperature is the lowest. The study demonstration area was the suture belt areas of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Bangong Co-Nujiang River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the land temperature of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the bore temperature of field land surface were measured and the emissivity of land surface was calculated. In addition, the authors explore the mechanism of the relationship between thermal infrared remote sensing and constructing thermodynamics and reach four new conclusions about the thermodynamics of the Tibet Plateau.     

青藏直流联网工程±500kV输电线路的工程问题分析

青海至西藏±500kV直流联网工程为我国首次在青藏高原多年冻土区全线铺设的高等级输电线路,该工程建设完成将对西藏经济与社会的发展起到重要的保障和支撑作用。由于输电线路将跨越青藏高原多年冻土区,冻土特有的工程问题将对工程设计、施工和安全运营产生重要影响。为保证工程建设的顺利进行项目组就其中的冻土、冻土工程等问题进行了较为系统的研究,并进行沿线的冻土调查和现场的试验研究。研究结果表明：输电线路布设与青藏公路基本相同,其中高含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的59%,低含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的25%;输电线路的主要工程问题为冻胀融沉、冻拔问题,不良冻土现象、气候变暖、冻土退化等问题会对线路工程稳定性产生影响;笔者还就输电线路选线选位原则、冻土勘察方法与原则、冻土区工程施工方法的选择等关键问题开展了系统研究。研究成果将为即将开工的±500kV青藏直流联网工程塔基定点、设计和施工以及线路选择提供科学依据。     

软土路基变形监测技术及其稳定性研究

软土地基固结变形时间长、强度低。在其上修筑的路基常产生较大的沉降,且常因地基的强度不足导致各种工程病害。介绍了软土路基变形监测的主要内容及其基本原则,并结合大广高速公路京衡段LM11标段内的监测结果对软土路基的稳定性进行分析。该研究对软土路基的施工、设计及其稳定性评价具有重要的指导意义。     

非饱和土吸力测量及应用

介绍了吸力测量仪器和测量方法的进展 ,包括时域反射计、粒基传感器和电容式吸力仪等 ,分析了含水量、干密度和土的结构对土 -水特征曲线的影响 ,给出了用张力计和热传导探头测量土 -水特征曲线的方法以及对膨胀土坡吸力的监测 ,吸力已成功用于评价土坡的稳定和取样扰动、控制碾压填土质量、预测路基的回弹模量、分析地下水位变化对单桩承载力的影响。应进一步完善吸力测量技术、积累测量和应用成果 ,并研究提高和保持吸力的工程措施。     

再论青藏高原苔原：地球第三极地理极性之确认

青藏高原是否存在苔原,关系到地球是否有地理意义的第三极——高极,因此其是全球地理科学的一个基本问题.在给出苔原定义的基础上,拟定了由5个要素组成的苔原环境指标组合.这5个要素分别是7月平均气温为0℃～10℃;位于冰盖或冰川外围的冰缘区,寒冻强烈;存在多年冻土;土壤为寒冻土;植被无林.青藏高原7月平均气温介于0 ℃～10℃的范围约占高原面积的50.4％,为129.64×104 km2;在此范围内,山谷冰川广泛分布,现代冰缘环境典型,寒冻过程强烈;连续多年冻土占高原多年冻土面积的72.5％,土壤为寒冻土,且冰沼土发育;植被因海拔高度突破森林线而无林,仅有小灌丛、草类及苔藓等;因此,判定青藏高原存在苔原.青藏高原沼泽湿地植物多特有种,冻胀泥炭丘普遍,与多边形土等形成冻胀组合,构成沼泽苔原.高原外围山地发育山地苔原,中部发育高原苔原.青藏高原具有山原性质,因此有世界唯一的山原苔原,表现出苔原的多样性.中国除长白山、阿尔泰山和天山以外不存在苔原的传统观点是不正确的,青藏高原苔原才是中国苔原的南缘.高原苔原的发现将从地理环境上确认青藏高原全球第三极的地理极性,这对深化高原环境认识具有重要意义.     

西秦岭北缘漳县含盐盆地沉积环境分析

西秦岭北缘的漳县含盐盆地的成因、沉积环境及特征的分析,可揭示这一区域的古气候、古地理、古构造等信息．研究发现：①漳县地层层序的恢复对比,显示至少存在4期比较大的旋回;②某些含盐层位分布的不连续、不均匀性说明这些岩层在形成以后经受过拉张性质的构造变动;③盐盆形成于青藏高原隆升之前,且这一区域属青藏高原东北缘,其地层内部的构造几何特征在某一程度上说明了青藏高原的隆升在西秦岭北缘地区的响应方式．