Catastrophic mechanism of coal and gas outbursts and their prevention and control

Based on the engineering observations of coal and gas outbursts during mining processes and the experimental results,we built a thin plate mechanical model for layered and spalled coal bodies.We studied the mechanical mechanism of outbursts,due to instability,of thin plates of coal rocks under the action of in-plane load and normal load,by using the catastrophe theory.The total potential function is derived for the layered rock system,the cusp catastrophe model for the system is established,the bifurcation set that makes the system unstable is given,the process in which gradual change of action forces leads to catastrophic change of state is analyzed,and the effect of movement path of point (P,q) in the control space on the stability of rock plate is analyzed.The study results show that during the process of coal mining,the stability of the layered coal bodies depends not only on its physical properties and dimensions but also on the magnitudes and changing paths of the in-plane load and the normal load.When the gas in the coal bodies ahead of the mining face is pre-drained,the gas pressure can be reduced and the normal load q can be lowered.Consequently,disasters such as coal and gas outbursts can be effectively prevented.     

Regression analysis of major parameters affecting the intensity of coal and gas outbursts in laboratory

Estimating the intensity of outbursts of coal and gas is important as the intensity and frequency of outbursts of coal and gas tend to increase in deep mining. Fully understanding the major factors contributing to coal and gas outbursts is significant in the evaluation of the intensity of the outburst. In this paper, we discuss the correlation between these major factors and the intensity of the outburst using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and Contingency Table Analysis(CTA). Regression analysis is used to evaluate the impact of these major factors on the intensity of outbursts based on physical experiments. Based on the evaluation, two simple models in terms of multiple linear and nonlinear regression were constructed for the prediction of the intensity of the outburst. The results show that the gas pressure and initial moisture in the coal mass could be the most significant factors compared to the weakest factor-porosity. The P values from Fisher's exact test in CTA are: moisture(0.019), geostress(0.290), porosity(0.650), and gas pressure(0.031). P values from ANOVA are moisture(0.094), geostress(0.077), porosity(0.420), and gas pressure(0.051). Furthermore, the multiple nonlinear regression model(RMSE: 3.870) is more accurate than the linear regression model(RMSE: 4.091).     

Coal and gas outburst mechanism of the "Three Soft" coal seam in western Henan

Based on the particularities of gas outbursts,i.e.,low gas beating capacity and low gas pressure in the"Three Soft"coal seam in western Henan,we applied the theories of plate tectonics and regional structural evolution to investigate the mechanism of this seam and its impact on the coal seam gas formation.Our investigation revealed that coal and gas outbursts are distributed in a strip in a NW direction,with a number of high-penetration mines scattered towards the south side and low-gas mines largely located on the north side.We analyzed the statistics of 38 gas explosions and the rock-coal sturdiness number coefficient f of 167sampling sites in the region and found the gas outburst mechanism that features a"low indicator outburst phenomenon".The mechanism is characterized by structural coal as its core,a low gas bearing capacity,low gas pressure and sturdiness coefficient f mostly less than 0.3.Our research results provide a theoretical foundation for effective control of gas disasters.     

断层分维特征与瓦斯突出的关系

应用分形几何学的原理和方法对具有代表性的多个矿区井田内的断层分布特征及其与突出的关系进行了研究．研究结果表明,井田中的断层分布服从分形规律,断层的分维值和煤与瓦斯突出之间存在相关关系,应用断层分维值分析和认识突出与断层构造的关系是进行突出预测的一种有效方法．     

Coal and gas outburst mechanism of the “Three Soft” coal seam in western Henan

Based on the particularities of gas outbursts,i.e.,low gas bearing capacity and low gas pressure in the "Three Soft" coal seam in western Henan,we applied the theories of plate tectonics and regional structural evolution to investigate the mechanism of this seam and its impact on the coal seam gas formation.Our investigation revealed that coal and gas outbursts are distributed in a strip in a NW direction,with a number of high-penetration mines scattered towards the south side and low-gas mines largely located on the north side.We analyzed the statistics of 38 gas explosions and the rock-coal sturdiness number coefficient f of 167 sampling sites in the region and found the gas outburst mechanism that features a "low indicator outburst phenomenon".The mechanism is characterized by structural coal as its core,a low gas bearing capacity,low gas pressure and sturdiness coefficient f mostly less than 0.3.Our research results provide a theoretical foundation for effective control of gas disasters.     

Principle and engineering application of pressure relief gas drainage in low permeability outburst coal seam

With the increase in mining depth, the danger of coal and gas outbursts increases. In order to drain coal gas effectively and to eliminate the risk of coal and gas outbursts, we used a specific number of penetration boreholes for draining of pressure relief gas. Based on the principle of overlying strata movement, deformation and pressure relief, a good effect of gas drainage was obtained. The practice in the Panyi coal mine has shown that, after mining the Cllcoal seam as the protective layer, the relative expansion deformation value of the protected layer C13 reached 2.63%, The permeability coefficient increased 2880 times, the gas drainage rate of the C13 coal seam increased to more than 60%, the amount of gas was reduced from 13.0 to 5.2 m3/t and the gas pressure declined from 4.4 to 0.4 MPa, which caused the danger the outbursts in the coal seams to be eliminated. The result was that we achieved a safe and highly efficient mining operation of the C 13 coal seam.     

以煤体结构为基础的煤与瓦斯突出简化力学模型

从能量的角度分析计算了煤与瓦斯突出中作用于煤体的动力和煤体本身的阻力，建立了以煤体结构为基础的煤与瓦斯突出简化力学模型，定量讨论了煤与瓦斯突出的力学过程，并给出了其构造煤临界厚度判据     

瓦斯突出的气体介质条件

在研究瓦斯突出中的作用机理、煤的瓦斯吸附特性和煤的瓦斯放散特性的基础上,论述了瓦斯突出的气体介质条件,为认识瓦斯动力现象的本质提供了科学依据．     

阳泉矿区煤与瓦斯突出的地质因素及预测方法

本文分析了阳泉矿区煤与瓦斯突出地质因素，总结了突出的预测方法及效果。     

Forecast of Geological Gas Hazards for “Three-Soft” Coal Seams in Gliding Structural Areas

Gas outbursts from "three-soft" coal seams (soft roof, soft floor and soft coal) constitute a very serious problem in the Ludian gliding structure area in western Henan.By means of theories and methods of gas geology, structural geology, coal petrology and rock tests, we have discussed the effect of control of several physical properties of soft roof on gas preservation and proposed a new method of forecasting gas geological hazards under open structural conditions.The result shows that the areas with type Ⅲ or Ⅳ soft roofs are the most dangerous areas where gas outburst most likely can take place.Therefore, countermeasures should be taken in these areas to prevent gas outbursts.     

Time-series gas prediction model using LS-SVR within a Bayesian framework

The traditional least squares support vector regression (LS-SVR) model, using cross validation to determine the regularization parameter and kernel parameter, is time-consuming. We propose a Bayesian evidence framework to infer the LS-SVR model parameters. Three levels Bayesian inferences are used to determine the model parameters, regularization hyper-parameters and tune the nuclear parameters by model comparison. On this basis, we established Bayesian LS-SVR time-series gas forecasting models and provide steps for the algorithm. The gas outburst data of a Hebi 10th mine working face is used to validate the model. The optimal embedding dimension and delay time of the time series were obtained by the smallest differential entropy method. Finally, within a MATLAB7.1 environment, we used actual coal gas data to compare the traditional LS-SVR and the Bayesian LS-SVR with LS-SVMlab1.5 Toolbox simulation. The results show that the Bayesian framework of an LS-SVR significantly improves the speed and accuracy of the forecast     

Response characteristics of gas pressure under simultaneous static and dynamic load: Implication for coal and gas outburst mechanism

Coal and gas outbursts are dynamic disasters in which a large mass of gas and coal suddenly emerges in a mining space within a split second. The interaction between the gas pressure and stress environment is one of the key factors that induce coal and gas outbursts. In this study, first, the coupling relationship between the gas pressure in the coal body ahead of the working face and the dynamic load was investigated using experimental observations, numerical simulations, and mine-site investigations. It was observed that the impact rate of the dynamic load on the gas-bearing coal can significantly change the gas pressure. The faster the impact rate, the speedier the increase in gas pressure. Moreover, the gas pressure rise was faster closer to the impact interface. Subsequently, based on engineering background, we proposed three models of stress and gas pressure distribution in the coal body ahead of the working face: static load, stress disturbance, and dynamic load conditions. Finally, the gas pressure distribution and outburst mechanism were investigated. The high concentration of gas pressure appearing at the coal body ahead of the working face was caused by the dynamic load. The gas pressure first increased gradually to a peak value and then decreased with increasing distance from the working face. The increase in gas pressure plays a major role in outburst initiation by resulting in the ability to more easily reach the critical points needed for outburst initiation. Moreover, the stronger the dynamic load, the greater the outburst initiation risk. The results of this study provide practical guidance for the early warning and prevention of coal and gas outbursts.     

Improved ultrasonic differentiation model for structural coal types based on neural network

In order to solve the difficulty of detailed recognition of subdivisions of structural coal types, a differentiation model that combines BP neural network with an ultrasonic reflection method is proposed. Structural coal types are recognized based on a suit-able consideration of ultrasonic speed, an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient, characteristics of ultrasonic transmission and other parameters relating to structural coal types. We have focused on a computational model of ultrasonic speed, attenuation coefficient in coal and differentiation algorithm of structural coal types based on a BP neural network. Experiments demonstrate that the model can distinguish structural coal types effectively. It is important for the improved ultrasonic differentiation model to predict coal and gas outbursts.     

工作面连续非接触式突出危险性预测技术现状与展望

本文介绍了我国煤矿中所采用的工作面非接触式煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测中几项技术的应用情况，并对突出预测发展趋势提出了一些看法。     

Failure modes of coal containing gas and mechanism of gas outbursts

In order to explain the mechanism for gas outburst, the process of evolving fractures in coal seams is described using system dynamics with variable boundaries. We discuss the failure modes of coal containing gas and then established the flow rules after failure. The condition under which states of deformation convert is presented and the manner in which these convert is proposed. In the end, the process of gas outbursts is explained in detail. It shows that a gas outburst is a process in which the boundaries of coal seams are variable because of coal failure. If the fractures are not connected or even closed owing to coal/rock stress, fractured zones will retain a certain level of carrying capacity because of the self-sealing gas pressure. When the accumulation of gas energy reaches its limit, coal seams will become unstable and gas outbursts take place.     

淮南矿区井田小构造对煤与瓦斯突出的控制作用

井田小构造要素是控制煤与瓦斯突出的主要地质因素,它综合影响其他因素,会造成不同破坏程度的煤体结构.对淮南矿区煤与瓦斯突出点构造资料的统计表明,突出点受构造控制的占近64%,而煤、岩巷中的构造控制突出占近72%,突出点由小断层引起煤层产状及煤体结构强烈揉皱的占100%.淮南矿区煤与瓦斯突出点的构造组合形式分断层构造、断层与褶皱叠加和褶皱构造三类,其中断层组合又分地堑型、阶梯型、断层交汇型、挤压构造型和顺层断层型五种.小构造发育是造成煤与瓦斯突出平面分区性和空间分带性的主要原因,构造煤发育程度是造成煤与瓦斯突出发生的直接原因;必须进一步加强小构造对构造煤发育控制范围的研究,提高煤与瓦斯突出预测预报地质构造指标的可靠性.     

Coal and rock fissure evolution and distribution characteristics of multi-seam mining

Henan Pingdingshan No.10 mine is prone to both coal and gas outbursts. The E_9–10 coal seam is the main coal-producing seam but has poor quality ventilation, thus making it relatively difficult for gas extraction. The F₁₅ coal seam, at its lower section, is not prone to coal and gas outbursts. The average seam separation distance of 150 m is greater than the upper limit for underside protective seam mining. Based on borehole imaging technology for field exploration of coal and rock fracture characteristics and discrete element numerical simulation, we have studied the evolution laws and distribution characteristics of the coal and rock fissure field between these two coal seams. By analysis of the influential effect of group F coal mining on the E_9–10 coal seam, we have shown that a number of small fissures also develop in the area some 150 m above the overlying strata. The width and number of the fissures also increase with the extent of mining activity. Most of the fissures develop at a low angle or even parallel to the strata. The results show that the mining of the F₁₅ coal seam has the effect of improving the permeability of the E_9–10 coal seam.     

煤与瓦斯突出的热动力过程分析

针对当前计算瓦斯膨胀能中存在着的绝热假设不符合实际的问题 ,在前人实验室研究和现场观测的基础上 ,从热力学的角度入手研究了煤与瓦斯突出过程中的能量转换过程 .指出瓦斯膨胀过程是一多变过程 ,提出了多变指数n的确定方法 ,建立了煤与瓦斯突出过程中能量交换的热力学模型 .     

瓦斯地质历史分析的基本思想与实践

煤与瓦斯突出倾向与煤层的变质变形历史有关。煤层的变质变形演化大致有３种基本模式：变质－变形模式；同变形变质模式：变形－变质模式。具有第１种演化模式的煤层突出危险性较小，而具有第２、３种模式的煤层突出程度较高。     

河北省煤与瓦斯突出影响因素分析及防治对策

本文认为河北省矿区煤与瓦斯突出的影响因素主要是煤层赋存条件、地质构造、采掘活动，并讨论了防治煤与瓦斯突出的具体措施。