Behavior of stress corrosion cracking in a magnesium alloy

Slow strain rate testing (SSRT) was employed to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of ZE41 magnesium alloy in 0.01 M NaCl solution. Smooth tensile specimens with different thicknesses were strained dynamically in both longitudinal and transverse direction under permanent immersions at a strain rate of 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹. It is found that ZE41 magnesium alloy is susceptible to SCC in 0.01 M NaCl solution. The SCC susceptibility of the thinner specimen is lower than that of the thicker specimen. Also, the longitudinal specimens are slightly more susceptible to SCC than the transverse specimens. The SCC mechanism of magnesium alloy is attributed to the combination of anodic dissolution with hydrogen embrittlement. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50771093)     

温度和轧制方向对TC1合金板材疲劳行为的影响

为了确定试验温度和轧制方向对TC1钛合金板材的高周疲劳寿命及断裂行为的影响,针对平行于和垂直于轧制方向的TC1钛合金板材在不同试验温度下进行了应力控制的拉-拉疲劳试验,并对相应的疲劳断裂机制进行了分析.结果表明,平行于和垂直于轧制方向的TC1钛合金板材的疲劳极限及其在相同外加应力下的疲劳寿命均随着试验温度的升高而降低;相同试验温度下,垂直于轧制方向的TC1钛合金板材的疲劳极限和疲劳寿命均高于平行于轧制方向的TC1钛合金板材.在应力控制的高周疲劳加载条件下,轧制态TC1钛合金板材的疲劳裂纹均以穿晶方式萌生于疲劳试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展.     

钢结构厚板力学性能的低温试验研究

厚板钢材在高层建筑和大跨结构中得到了广泛应用,然而厚度的增加会引起钢板力学性能的变化,特别是厚度方向的性能。采用圆棒拉伸试样,对厚度为60～150mm的建筑结构用厚板Q345B进行了低温力学性能试验,试样分为垂直轧制方向的横向试样和贯穿厚度方向的Z向试样。试验获得了4种厚度钢板的屈服强度fy、抗拉强度fu和断面收缩率函等指标及其随温度和取样位置的变化关系,并测得4种厚度钢板Z向性能的相应指标。试验结果表明,随温度的降低,厚板的屈服强度和抗拉强度增大而断面收缩率减小;由钢板表面至中心,横向试样的断面收缩率呈下降趋势;随钢板厚度的增加,Z向试样的断面收缩率逐渐减小,且小于横向试样的断面收缩率。     

GH80A镍合金电子束焊接接头旋转弯曲高周疲劳行为研究

随着镍合金电子束焊接在工业中的大量应用,尤其是在航空发动机和燃气轮机等关键长寿命服役设备中的使用,有必要对镍合金电子束焊接接头的高周疲劳属性和断裂机理进行系统的分析研究。本文利用旋转弯曲高周疲劳试验机进行疲劳试验,获得了母材和焊接接头的应力-寿命(S-N)曲线和疲劳断口,同时利用扫描电镜（Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM）对疲劳断口进行了微观特征分析,确定了母材和焊接接头在不同应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生区和扩展区,分析了裂纹萌生区位置与应力幅的相互关系。最后,利用有限元分析了焊接接头热影响区微裂纹位置与大小对材料疲劳性能的影响。从现有的试验和模拟结果可以得到：1)母材和电子束焊接接头应力-寿命(S-N)曲线分布趋势一致,但焊接接头疲劳强度要低于母材,在靠近107周次时,两者疲劳强度差距最小;2)在高应力幅（低周疲劳寿命阶段）母材和焊接接头的疲劳裂纹均起源于试件表面并且都是多点萌生断裂,焊接接头疲劳断口位置位于焊接熔合区或热影响区;3)在低应力幅（高周疲劳寿命阶段）疲劳裂纹在试件次表面萌生,焊接接头疲劳断口位于热影响区或焊接母材靠近热影响区处;4) 通过有限元模拟发现微裂纹的存在有利于裂纹的扩展。在拉应力作用下,横向微裂纹更优于纵向裂纹沿着应力方向进行裂纹扩展;随着微裂纹尺寸增大,微裂纹间更易于相互贯通,形成更长的裂纹,从而降低了材料的疲劳性能。综上可知,电子束焊接仅仅影响材料的疲劳强度。疲劳断裂机理和母材一致都为穿晶解理断裂,疲劳裂纹萌生区域位置也和母材一样都受应力幅的直接影响。     

Fatigue properties of RPC under cyclic loads of single-stage and multi-level amplitude

Fatigue properties of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) under axial compression of single-stage and multi-level amplitude in cycles were studied. The tests reveal the fatigue life, the strain and residual life of the RPC samples. Through the analysis of the test results under cyclic loads of single amplitude, the S-N curve of RPC and the evolution rule of macro-damage of RPC were presented, which can be divided into latency stage, stable development stage and instability development stage according to the evolution pattern of the fatigue crack. Accordingly, the development of longitudinal deformation presents the similar three-stage-model, and the proportion of each stage is 15%, 75%, and 10%. According to test results, the fatigue strength reduction factor is 0.564. We brought forward an empirical formula to predict the life of RPC via total longitudinal strain and got the evolving rule for the residual strength of the RPC. The analysis of the test results under cyclic loads of multi-level amplitude shows that the strain under this loading pattern experiences three stages. The characteristic value for the residual strain was obtained. The irreversible damage and non-linear evolution of RPC was described by the development of the residual plastic strain.     

镁合金疲劳行为的研究现状及展望

简要介绍了镁合金在疲劳加载条件下的循环应力响应行为、疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为以及疲劳断裂的微观特征，分析了镁合金的显微组织、冶金和表面状态等材料内在因素以及环境、温度等外部因素对镁合金的疲劳强度、疲劳寿命、疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律，指出了机械抛光、喷丸处理、表面滚压等表面机械加工方法以及适当的热处理均可有效地提高镁合金的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命.此外，也对镁合金疲劳行为的未来研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望.     

Measurement of large deformation of nylon cord-rubber composite and effects of perpendicular loads on its stress-strain behaviors

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Effect of Thermal Shock Process in Accelerated Environment Spectrum on the Fatigue Life of 7B04-T6 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of thermal shock, in an accelerated-corrosion environment spectrum, on the fatigue and corrosion behavior of 7B04-T6 aluminum alloy, was determined. The environment spectrum consists of two modules, namely: salt-spray corrosion and thermal shock. The effect of thermal shock on the mechanical properties was determined via tensile tests; SEM, DCS, and XRD were used to determine the effect of thermal shock on the corrosion products. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the products was ascertained through electrochemical testing. The results show that the mechanical properties and fatigue life of the aluminum alloy will decline with prolonged thermal shock time. The thermal shock process may result in denser surface corrosion products than those formed on the no thermal shock specimens, and transformation of some Al(OH)_3 into Al OOH. Al OOH may have resulted in improved corrosion resistance and hence a lower decrease in the fatigue life after corrosion, compared with that of the no thermal shock specimen. Repeated corrosion/thermal shock may have delayed further decease in the fatigue life. Therefore, selection of an appropriate equivalent thermal shock temperature and time was essential for designing the environmental spectrum.     

高性能混凝土简支梁正截面的抗弯疲劳性能

通过10根三分点加载方式下的简支梁抗弯静力和疲劳试验,研究了不同混凝土强度等级、不同钢筋类型和不同荷载水平对高性能混凝土梁正截面疲劳性能的影响。通过分析梁跨中挠度、压区混凝土应变和拉区钢筋应变以及梁裂缝的发展规律,考察了高性能混凝土梁在弯曲重复荷载作用下的疲劳损伤过程。结合高性能混凝土和钢筋的材料疲劳损伤分析,提出了高性能混凝土梁疲劳寿命方程和疲劳后梁挠度的计算公式,并将理论计算的疲劳寿命、挠度与试验结果进行了比较,最后对比分析了高性能混凝土梁与普通混凝土梁抗弯疲劳性能的差异。     

Microstructural evolution and tensile properties of low-carbon steel with martensitic microstructure during warm deforming and annealing

For preparing large-scale nano-grained and ultrafine-grained steel sheets by warm rolling and annealing,the effects of de- forming temperature on both the flow stress and the microstructure evolution of 09MnNiD steel with lath martensitic microstructure were studied by warm-compression test and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)observation.Thereafter,the steel with the lath martensitic structure was multi-pass warm-rolled and then annealed.TEM results indicate that nano-grained and ultrafine-grained steel sheets are formed by warm rolling at 400℃and annealing at 400-600℃.In comparison with the as-warm-rolled specimen,the tensile strength at room temperature changes a little when the rolled samples are annealed below 450℃,and the tensile strength is greatly lowered as the annealing temperature increases to above 550℃.     

Effects of zinc on static and dynamic mechanical properties of copper-zinc alloy

The effects of adding alloy element zinc on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of copper-zinc alloy were investigated. Tensile and low cycle fatigue behaviors of the C11000 copper and H63 copper-zinc alloy were obtained by using a miniature tester that combined the functions of in situ tensile and fatigue testing. A piezoelectric actuator was adopted as the actuator for the fatigue testing, and the feasibility of the fatigue actuator was verified by the transient harmonic response analysis based on static tensile preload and dynamic sinusoidal load. The experimental results show that the yield strength and tensile strength of the C11000 copper are improved after adding 37%(mass fraction) zinc, and H63 copper-zinc alloy presents more obvious cyclic hardening behavior and more consumed irreversible plastic work during each stress cycle compared with C11000 copper for the same strain controlled cycling. Additionally, based on the Manson-Coffin theory, the strain-life equations of the two materials were also obtained. C11000 copper and H63 copper-zinc alloy show transition life of 16832 and 1788 cycles, respectively.     

真三轴压缩下大理岩强度、变形与损伤特征数值

为研究真三轴条件下岩石的力学行为,采用离散元颗粒流程序,探析不同应力路径下大理岩试样的变形破坏过程、微裂纹演化机制及其中间主应力效应。结果表明：平行黏结模型能较准确地反映大理岩真三轴压缩下力学特性和破坏模式;中间主应力对峰值强度、弹性模量、破坏角和破坏模式演变的影响较为显著;八面体理论可较好地拟合出大理岩真三轴压缩中的破坏应力,所得的破坏强度包络线具有明显线性特征;结合应力-应变曲线形状,该大理岩在压缩过程中裂纹扩展可划分为4个阶段,即线弹性阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段及峰后破坏阶段;随着中间主应力增大,应力-应变曲线峰后段的脆性破坏特征变强,试样从拉伸破坏向拉剪混合破坏转变,且中间主应变符号由拉转向压,岩石损伤演化与中间主应力间呈现出“对勾”型趋势。     

7050铝合金热挤压成形过程的有限元模拟

针对传统工程机械用销轴数量多、重量大、工况差等不足,以7050高强轻质铝合金代替传统钢质材料,采用DEFORM-3D有限元分析软件,对7050铝合金热挤压成形过程进行有限元数值模拟,分析了挤压载荷、金属流动速率、等效应变、等效应力和温度场等参量的变化规律。结果表明,销轴的热挤压变形过程可分为4个阶段,即挤压填充阶段、开始挤出阶段、稳定挤压阶段和终了挤压阶段;工件内部等效应变分布横向均匀性较好,除了尾部变形不均匀外,其他部位应变分布基本一致;在挤压凹模模口处形成死区,工件内部等效应力达到最大值。     

Residual Tensile Strength of Plain Concrete Under Tensile Fatigue Loading

The functional relation between the residual tensile strength of plain concrete and number of cycles was determined. 99 tappered prism specimens of plain concrete were tested under uniaxial tensile fatigue loading. Based on the probability distribution of the residual tensile strength, the empirical expressions of the residual tensile strength corresponding to the number of cycles were obtained. The residual tensile strength attenuating curves can be used to predict the residual fatigue life of the specimen under variable-amplitude fatigue loading. There is a good correlation between residual tensile strength and residual secant elastic modulus. The relationship between the residual secant elastic modulus and number of cycles was also established.     

混凝土三轴受压等幅疲劳力学性能试验研究

为研究混凝土在多轴疲劳应力作用下的性能,进行了0.0fc、0．1fc、0．25fc、0．4fc4个不同初始定侧压级别下的混凝土三轴压静载试验和0．1c、0．25fc两个不同初始定侧压级别下的混凝土三轴压等幅疲劳试验,疲劳试验中最小应力水平均为0．1fc,最大应力水平为1．6fc-2．5fc．根据初始定侧压下混凝土三轴压本构特征,试验中将侧压变化的拐点作为其多轴疲劳破坏的判据．试验分析表明,三轴压疲劳荷载作用下混凝土纵向最大、最小应变表现出同单轴和双轴疲劳一样的三阶段规律,而变形模量则衰减不大．由各侧压级别下的S-N曲线得到混凝土在相应工况下的疲劳强度折减系数,其研究成果可为混凝土结构疲劳设计提供参考．     

轧制及退火工艺对301B不锈弹簧钢力学性能影响分析

针对高硬不锈钢用作弹簧时弹性不足、疲劳寿命短等问题,本文结合现场实际生产,以301B奥氏体不锈钢带为研究对象,通过轧制工艺和热处理工艺优化,对其进行了拉伸试验和硬度测试。结果表明,增加变形率,采用低轧制油温度和低轧制速度的轧制工艺,并在冷轧后进行一次400℃低温去应力退火,可以提高带材强度和硬度。同时也说明,适当的轧制工艺和热处理工艺可以改善不锈弹簧钢带的力学性能,从而提高弹簧的弹性极限和疲劳极限。     

顶板-纵肋焊接细节残余应力的松弛效应

为了准确把握钢桥面顶板-纵肋焊缝位置的真实拉、压状态和应力比对正交异性钢桥面板（OSD）疲劳寿命的影响,通过建立焊接残余应力与车载应力的耦合应力分析模型,构建焊接残余应力和车辆荷载耦合作用下的应力比、等效应力幅等疲劳参数计算方法,形成了焊接残余应力与车载应力的耦合应力精细化计算方法. 以江阴长江大桥为例,应用该方法,开展车辆荷载和残余应力场对疲劳损伤的定量分析. 案例分析表明,焊缝位置残余拉应力在叠加了以拉应力为主的循环车载应力后,纵、横向应力松弛大小均超过车载应力峰值,出现明显的应力松弛现象,而叠加以压应力为主的循环车载应力后,应力松弛效应不明显;与仅考虑车载应力作用下的焊缝位置应力状态相比,考虑焊接残余应力和车载应力耦合作用之后,压应力循环工况焊缝位置疲劳应力状态发生了本质变化,即由不需要进行疲劳验算的压应力状态变为拉应力状态;拉应力循环工况的疲劳状态虽未改变,但该状态下焊缝位置的疲劳寿命由无限变为有限.     

Influence of hot rolling conditions on the mechanical properties of hot rolled TRIP steel

Influence of hot rolling conditions on the mechanical properties of hot rolled TRIP steel was investigated. Thermomechanical control processing （TMCP） was conducted by using a laboratory hot rolling mill, in which three different kinds of finish rolling temperatures were applied. The results show that polygonal ferrite, granular bainite and larger amount of stabilized retained austenite can be obtained by controlled rolling processes. The finer ferrite grain size is produced through the deformation induced transformation during deformation rather than after deformation, which affects the mechanical properties of hot rolled TRIP steel. Mechanical properties increase with decreasing finish rolling temperature due to the stabilization of retained austenite. Ultimate tensile strength （UTS）, total elongation （TEL） and the product of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation （UTS×TEL） reaches optimal values （791 MPa, 36% and 28 476 MPa%, respectively） when the specimen was hot rolled for 50% reduction at finish rolling temperature of 700 ℃.     

低周疲劳过程中的非弹性响应和热响应

材料的疲劳是能量耗散过程。低周疲劳过程的非弹性响应反映了机械能耗的规律，而热响应则能够表征疲劳过程的热耗散规律。通过低周疲劳试验，研究了40CrNiMoA在循环加载过程的软化／硬化规律以及机械能耗规律，并利用细小热教电阻测量了试祥在加载过程中的温度变化以及温度涨落规律。     

3-D thermo-mechanical coupled FEM simulation of continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steel bars and rods

The 3-D thermo-mechanical coupled elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) was used for the simulation of the twopass continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steel bars and rods using MARC/AutoForge3.1 software. The simulated resuits visualize the metal flow and the dynamic evolutions of the strain, stress and temperature during the continuous hot rolling, especially inside the work-piece. It is shown that the non-uniform distributions of the strain, stress and temperature on the longitudinal and transverse sections are a distinct characteristic of the continuous hot rolling, which can be used as basic data for improving the tool design, predicting and controlling the micro-structural evolution of a bar and rod.