三轴卸荷条件下煤体力学特性和能量耗散演化

孤岛工作面煤体和巷道受周边开采扰动影响,煤体受循环荷载作用存在卸荷力学行为而表现出动态破坏特性.为探讨不同路径下煤体力学特性,利用TAW-2000三轴电液伺服刚性试验机分别进行常规三轴(T)、三轴循环荷载(TC)以及相应卸围压试验(TU、TCU),分析不同围压下煤体卸围压强度、变形、声发射事件以及能量耗散演化特征,开展...     

北山花岗岩短长期常规三轴力学特性试验研究

为研究北山花岗岩的物理力学特性，开展了常规三轴、蠕变和松弛试验，研究过程与结论如下：（1）开展北山花岗岩在不同围压条件下的常规三轴压缩试验，对比分析试样的变形和破坏形式等力学特征，得出北山花岗岩岩石破坏时的不可恢复变形较小，且随着围压增大未出现脆-延性转变现象的结论；（2）开展北山花岗岩单级蠕变试验及不同围压条件下的多级蠕变试验，分析不同偏应力的形变和单级蠕变的蠕变速率，得出北山花岗岩的蠕变形式为非稳定蠕变，其应变曲线出现了典型的蠕变三阶段特征的结论；（3）开展北山花岗岩单级应力松弛试验及循环松弛试验，分析偏应力的变化规律，得出北山花岗岩在应力松弛过程的初始松弛阶段，其偏应力下降速率很快，在较短时间内即能够达到稳定状态的结论。     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

A new criterion of coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index

To evaluate the coal burst proneness more precisely, a new energy criterion namely the residual elastic energy index was proposed. This study begins by performing the single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests with five pre-peak unloading stress levels to explore the energy storage characteristics of coal. Five types of coals from different mines were tested, and the instantaneous destruction process of the coal specimens under compression loading was recorded using a high speed camera. The results showed a linear relationship between the elastic strain energy density and input energy density, which confirms the linear energy storage law of coal. Based on this linear energy storage law, the peak elastic strain energy density of each coal specimen was obtained precisely. Subsequently, a new energy criterion of coal burst proneness was established, which was called the residual elastic energy index(defined as the difference between the peak elastic strain energy density and post peak failure energy density).Considering the destruction process and actual failure characteristics of coal specimens, the accuracy of evaluating coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index was examined. The results indicated that the residual elastic energy index enables reliable and precise evaluations of the coal burst proneness.     

考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料动力变形特性模拟

颗粒破碎是影响堆石料强度和变形特性的重要因素,但目前针对颗粒破碎的模拟研究多在静力荷载条件下。为研究颗粒破碎对小应变条件下堆石料的动力变形特性的影响,采用多个等粒径小球按最密六方排列随机组合模拟不规则形状的堆石颗粒,通过碎片替换法模拟颗粒破碎,研究了花岗岩堆石料不同围压下的动力响应,探索了孔隙率对动弹性模量的影响,分析了振动过程中的颗粒破碎规律及配位数的频率分布。结果表明模拟的骨架曲线与室内试验结果具有较好的一致性,数值模拟可以较好地再现不同围压下堆石料的动力变形特征。在相同围压和动应力条件下,考虑颗粒破碎的试样会产生更多不可恢复的变形,动应变会明显增大,动弹性模量降低。振动过程中集合体的有效配位数会减小,与不考虑颗粒破碎的情况对比,考虑颗粒破碎的试样具有更多的力学不稳定颗粒,有效配位数的降低更显著。颗粒破碎对最大动弹性模量的影响较小,但会加快动模量随动应变增长而衰减的速率。孔隙率小的试样有效配位数高,且受力性能更好。在相同动应力条件下颗粒破碎较少,动弹性模量随动应变的增加而衰减的速率较慢,最大动弹性模量约为大孔隙率试样的1.2倍。最大动弹性模量主要与有效平均主应力和孔隙率相关,Hardin等提出的经验公式可以较好地描述最大动弹性模量与孔隙比和平均有效主应力的关系。该成果有助于认识粗粒料动荷载下的变形规律,为研究动荷载下的颗粒破碎行为提供参考。     

Space–time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system, a series of acoustic emission (AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure, increasing the axial stress. The AE space–time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared, the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied, combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens, and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher, the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier. The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate, and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities. When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity, the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious “step”, which can be defined as the first failure precursor point. Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92–98%, which can be defined as the other failure precursor point. As the loading rate is smaller, the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one, so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.     

卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

软岩S形应力-应变曲线的数值模拟

针对软岩在荷载作用下的变形特征,结合三轴试验提出了软岩四参数本构方程。从数学理论上严格证明了该方程描述的应力-应变曲线的S形特征。该模型的四个参数中,峰值应力及其相应应变可由试验直接获得,另两个参数则需通过优化反演方法获得。在此基础上建立了四个参数与围压的经验关系式,从而可对不同围压作用下的软岩应力-应变曲线进行估算。数值模拟表明该模型能够有效模拟软岩应力-应变曲线的S形特征,能够反映软岩强度与弹性模量随围压增大的特点。     

考虑加卸载时长的路基土动态回弹模量测试方法及试验研究

路基土动态回弹模量是沥青路面结构设计中的重要参数,准确获取路基土动态回弹模量一直是道路工程领域的重要研究课题之一。在调研路基土动态回弹模量测试方法相关成果的基础上,通过有限元数值计算、试探性试验,建立考虑行车荷载加卸载时长影响的路基土动态回弹模量测试方法;选取两种典型的路基土,开展考虑行车荷载加卸载时长的动态回弹模量试验。试验结果表明：两种土质动态回弹模量随围压增大而增大,随循环偏应力、加载时长的增大而减小;随着加载时长的增加,路基土动态回弹模量减小可达34.6%,加载时长的影响不容忽视;不同加载时长下,路基土动态回弹模量随围压、循环偏应力的影响规律基本一致。     

间歇性循环荷载作用下细粒土的变形特性

铁路路基承受的列车动荷载作用由列车通过时产生的周期性振动和无列车通过时的加载间歇组成, 针对此工程背景,开展不同围压、水的质量分数、动应力条件下的连续加载与加载-停振的动三轴试验,研究间歇性循环荷载作用下细粒土的超孔隙水压力、弹性应变、回弹模量和累积塑性应变的变化规律. 试验结果表明,加载间歇对路基变形特性有显著影响. 由于加载间歇阶段试样卸载以及排水作用,试样在加载阶段积累的超孔隙水压力在间歇阶段消散,土体内部颗粒及结构得到调整,试样抵抗后续荷载的能力得到提高. 此外,加载间歇显著减缓了后续加载阶段的塑性应变发展,降低了试样的累积塑性应变. 加载间歇对提高试样回弹模量、降低弹性应变的效果有限. 加载-停振的间歇加载方式可以更准确地模拟实际列车荷载作用,进而获得更具实际意义的试验结果.     

EPS改良膨胀土孔隙特征与滞回曲线形态

利用GDS动三轴仪和核磁共振（NMR）分析仪,探究不同围压、频率条件下的改良土孔隙特征与动循环荷载下的滞回曲线形态,与原膨胀土进行对比. 采用核磁共振信号分布曲线对孔隙特征进行分析,通过长轴倾斜程度、滞回圈面积、塑性变形与饱满程度对滞回曲线形态进行定量分析. 试验结果表明,改良土与原膨胀土随固结、循环荷载级数推进,土中的孔隙总量下降,孔径逐步压缩,改良土中的孔隙总量与尺寸均有向原状土靠拢的趋势. 在相同的动荷载条件下,高围压使改良土中的孔隙减少,应变更小,高频加载使改良土的应变减小,土中孔隙数量与孔径相应提升. 随着加载级数的增加及动应变的发展,改良土滞回曲线长轴倾斜程度逐渐降低并趋于平缓,滞回圈面积、塑性变形与饱满程度均呈上升趋势. 在相同的动应变条件下,围压与频率的提升使得改良土长轴倾斜程度、滞回圈面积、饱满程度增大;在动应变发展前期,不同围压、频率对塑性变形的发展影响较小,当超过某一临界点时,相同动应变下的高围压与高频率对应更高的塑性变形.     

基于破坏类型的本溪灰岩本构关系研究

根据单轴和三轴条件下本溪灰岩的压缩试验和峰后循环加载试验,总结本溪灰岩的强度、变形随围压的变化规律,研究不同围压下本溪灰岩的破坏过程和重复加载过程,分析不同应力条件下本溪灰岩破坏的方式.结果表明:本溪灰岩在应力刚过峰值且未完全进入残余强度阶段,其弹性模量与峰前相同,此阶段进行循环加载时,新的峰值应力低于卸载点应力;在残余强度阶段,残余强度不再随重复加载发生明显变化;采用比较峰值时的环向弹性应变值与环向应变值的方法来判别本溪灰岩的破坏类型是可行的;不同围压下,本溪灰岩的破坏方式有张性破坏和剪切破坏2种类型,这2种破坏方式下本构模型的控制参数是不同的.分别选取了环向应变和剪切应变作为控制参数建立了本构模型,该模型很好地描述了本溪灰岩峰后阶段的应力脆性跌落现象及应力与应变的关系.     

Cyclic deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay under different stress paths

Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress lasting for a long period of time and generally takes place in partially-drained conditions.Therefore,it is of great practical relevance to study the deformation behaviour according to the characteristic of traffic loading.In this work,a series of one-way stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests with a simultaneous variation of the vertical and horizontal stress components during cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay in partially-drained conditions.Test results demonstrate that not only the deviator part of the stress rules accumulation but also the volumetric part significantly contributes.While the deviator part of the stress amplitude is held constant,the increase amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will promote the development of both permanent volumetric strain and axial strain significantly.Furthermore,the effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay was quantified.Finally,an empirical formula for permanent axial strain considering the effects of cyclic confining pressure was proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or for the preliminary design of foundations on K_0-consolidated soft clay subjected to traffic loading.     

橡胶颗粒-砂混合物新型路基填料动力参数特性的试验研究

橡胶材料具有密度低、线弹性变形能力强、耐久性好、耗能大等优点,其衍生物与土体制成的混合物被广泛应用于岩土工程和交通工程领域。为研究橡胶颗粒与砂土混合物这种新型路基填料在循环列车荷载作用下的动力参数特性,进行室内固结不排水动三轴试验,分析了橡胶颗粒含量、围压以及加载频率等因素对橡胶颗粒-砂混合物动剪切模量、阻尼比等特性的影响,研究结果表明：应变一定时,混合物的动剪切模量随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加而减小,随着围压的增大而增大,随着加载频率的增加而轻微减小;基于Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型对动剪切模量试验结果进行拟合,得出最大动剪切模量,发现最大动剪切模量随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加而减小。应变一定时,混合物的阻尼比随着橡胶颗粒含量的增大而增大,随着围压的增大而减小,加载频率对阻尼比的影响较小;基于试验结果,建立了橡胶颗粒-砂混合物阻尼比与剪切应变的关系式。最后,基于柔性橡胶颗粒与刚性砂土颗粒的微观接触特性,分析了橡胶颗粒对混合物动剪切模量以及阻尼比的影响机理。综合研究结果得出：橡胶颗粒含量不宜超过20%,此时橡胶颗粒-砂混合物作为新型路基填料的动剪切模量可以满足要求,阻尼比较大,具有良好的减震耗能效果。     

三维动静组合加载下花岗岩能量耗散试验研究

利用改造的三维霍普金森试验系统(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB),选取4个轴压水平(25, 50, 75和100 MPa)和4个围压水平(0, 5, 10和15 MPa),对应开展4种应变率(约70, 90, 110和130 s^-1)下花岗岩三维动静组合加载试验研究,分析静载轴压、静载围压和应变率对花岗岩受冲击过程中能量耗散的影响规律,并讨论其破坏模式。试验结果表明:轴压增大时,花岗岩破坏时单位体积吸收能逐渐降低;围压或应变率增大时,单位体积吸收能逐渐升高。岩石储能极限在能量耗散过程中发挥关键作用,且不同情况下具体表现不同:储能极限与初始储能的差值影响岩石受冲击时的吸能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段初期时,储能极限与初始储能的比值决定岩石受冲击时的释能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段后期甚至发生屈服时,储能极限值正比于岩石释能值。此外,岩石破坏模式与单位体积耗散能关系密切:应变率相似静载组合变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈负相关;静载组合确定应变率梯度变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈正相关。     

不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性研究

为研究不同应力状态下北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性,对北山花岗岩试件进行不同围压下的三轴试验,通过轴向压力和横向变形协调控制加载,获得不同围压下岩石全应力应变曲线,研究岩石破坏前能量聚集及破坏后能量释放特征。结果表明：破坏时弹性能、总能量随着围压增加而增大,且破坏后的总能量变化量及弹性能释放量也随着围压增加而增大。分析岩石储能系数和能量释放指数对岩石破坏的影响,发现岩石储能系数和能量释放指数随围压增加而增大;综合能量储存系数和能量释放指数建立新的岩爆倾向性评价指标,该指标不仅表述了岩石破坏前后各能量的综合变化特征,且能研究不同应力状态下岩石岩爆倾向性;使用该指标研究不同应力状态对北山花岗岩的岩爆倾向性,结果表明：北山花岗岩具有较强的岩爆倾向性,且随着围压增大,岩爆倾向性增加;当围压低于10 MPa时,围压对北山花岗岩岩爆倾向性影响较小,当围压超过10 MPa时,围压对岩爆倾向性的影响突然增加,但随着围压进一步增加,其对岩爆倾向性影响逐渐减弱。     

Creep properties and a creep equation of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone

The study of the creep properties of coal and its adjacent mudstone is very important for understanding the mechanism of delay outburst coal. The samples of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone collected from Yongshanqiao mine were used to carry out triaxial creep tests. The influence of confining pressure and axial compression on the creep test was analyzed. An accelerated creep model was constructed in parallel with a nonlinear viscous component and plastic component. It is connected with the traditional Burges creep model in series. A creep model which can describe the nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic creep model of rock was established and the corresponding creep equation was derived.According to the results of the creep test, the related parameters of the equation were fitted. The results show that, under the same confining pressure, instantaneous creep strain, creep strain of deceleration phase and constant rate creep of the coal and its adjacent mudstone are increased with an increase in the deviatoric stress. But at the same axial pressure, all of the above decrease with an increase of confining pressure. The duration time of the deceleration creep phase increases with the increase in the deviatoric stress. The theoretical values of the creep equation are in good agreement with the experimental results. It indicates that the creep properties of the delayed outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone can be well described by the creep model established in this paper.     

地铁隧道基底饱水风化软岩动力特性试验研究

为探究在列车长期循环荷载作用下地铁隧道基底风化软岩的累积塑性应变变化规律,以南昌地铁基底泥质粉砂岩为研究对象,开展不同风化程度饱水泥质粉砂岩在动应力比、静偏应力比、围压和频率等工况的室内动三轴试验,研究在不同影响因素下饱水风化泥质粉砂岩的动力变形特性规律。结果表明：在不同影响因素下,全、中风化泥质粉砂岩累积应变分别在加载1 000、100次开始趋于稳定;全风化泥质粉砂岩的临界动应力比在0.3~0.4之间;与不同动应力比和静偏应力比情况相比,改变围压和频率对两种风化泥质粉砂岩累积应变影响不大;通过分析试验结果数据,提出考虑加载次数、动应力比等因素的累积塑性应变数学模型。     

循环荷载下软黏土回弹和累积变形特性

针对交通荷载循环应力水平低、循环次数大的特点,利用英国GDS公司生产的振动三轴仪在不同固结围压、不同循环应力比下对温州原状饱和软黏土进行了大周数（50 000次）不排水循环加载试验,研究了循环应力比对饱和软黏土应力-应变曲线、回弹模量和累积应变的影响.研究表明：循环应力比对饱和软黏土应力-应变曲线的形状及其发展规律影响明显.相应地,随着循环应力比的增大,回弹模量的衰减程度加大,达到稳定所需的循环次数增多.通过对50 000次循环后的回弹模量和累积应变进行分析,发现循环应力比在0.60-0.70是一个临界应力水平,当循环应力比大于该水平时,回弹模量不随循环应力比的变化而改变,达到“渐近线刚度”;而累积应变则开始迅速增长,变得不稳定.