智能交通的经济学分析

结合当前世界智能交通产业的发展现状,针对其迅速发展的态势,从技术经济学的角度分析了智能技术进步对于经济活动的影响,并从传统经济学角度分析了智能交通产业在工程建设方面对于经济社会的影响。分别从政治层面和市场层面分析了我国智能交通产业面临的问题,从政府层面建议将智能交通的产业发展问题纳入到政府的战略规划当中,弥补相关积极政策的缺失,保护知识产权,维护市场秩序,为企业创造价值空间,引导科研机构开发拥有自主知识产权的核心技术,降低重要设备对于国外企业的依赖度等;从市场层面建议智能交通相关企业应加强市场间合作,建立适用于我国的智能交通组织标准化和技术标准化体系等。为探索智能交通的发展提供了新的视角。     

Capacity Investigation of Local Governments and Policy Suggestions for Capacity Building to Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is of great significance for speeding up the transformation of economic development pattern, promoting sustainable economic and social development, advancing new industrial revolution. This paper chooses three typical regions at different development stages and with different carbon emission characteristics, namely Dongcheng District in Beijing on behalf of the developed metropolitan central city, Jiyuan City in Henan province on behalf of heavy industry city and Guangyuan City in Sichuan Province on behalf of the less developed cities. The study surveyed the status quo of the three city governments’ capacity building in controlling GHGs emissions. The survey finds that the common point of the three cities is their execu-tive power following “top-level design” to achieve energy-saving targets, while the difference lies in different in-dustrial stage and resource endowments. Based on these survey results, the paper suggests that the governments should enhance capacity building from four aspects including institution and policy, statistical system, performance appraisal and emission reduction measures to control GHGs emission.     

城市智能交通系统的发展现状与趋势

在分析城市智能交通系统的角色与作用的基础上,从智能交通管理系统、交通信息服务系统、车联网系统、自动驾驶系统等方面对国外城市智能交通系统的现状与发展趋势进行了系统总结与案例分析,同时对国内城市智能交通管理系统、智能公交系统、交通信息服务系统、智能交通安全系统、城市智能交通新技术的应用探索等方面进行了案例分析,最后提出了城市智能交通系统发展的若干关键问题与建议:重硬件,轻软件,重建设,轻使用,会导致系统失败和投资浪费。欲实现智能交通系统建设的预期目标,须高度重视传统交通工程设施的完善、科学管理方案的制定和充分的交通信息采集;做好高水平的智能交通系统顶层设计,保证资源共享、系统整合和集成服务;重视复合型科技队伍建设。     

基于物联网技术的交通信息采集和服务

通过分析我国智能交通系统建设现状和存在问题,结合目前道路交通管理信息采集与服务需求,设计了基于物联网技术的道路交通信息采集与服务框架,以公安交通指挥平台为核心,集成各类交通信息采集与服务系统,实现交通路况信息全天候采集和智能分析、交通信息服务和出行诱导,以及区域交通流协调组织等功能。基于该框架体系,分别从交通流信息采集、交通信息发布与诱导服务、交通信号协调控制、公交优先等方面,对比分析了基于ITS技术的传统应用与基于物联网技术的新型应用的优缺点。结论:物联网技术应用将有利于突破现有ITS应用模式的弊端,提高交通信息采集精度,提升公众出行服务水平。     

我国城市交通管理工程技术应用的若干思考

通过梳理国外城市交通管理工程技术的发展历程,探讨了国外在交通基础设施完善、智能交通技术发展和交通工程咨询发展上值得借鉴的经验,对比我国的应用现状,分析了我国交通管理工程技术粗放式应用、管控系统功能整合不够、智能交通发展缺少应用基础等问题,反思了在发展规划、资源利用、系统功能、技术支撑、咨询行业等五个方面问题存在的根源,提出ITS技术的发展必须建立在交通管理工程技术得到充分应用基础上。在借鉴国外实践经验的基础上,结合我国城市交通发展现状和实际需求,在交通管理工程技术走向、ITS技术发展、交通管控科技手段、工程技术咨询行业、技术创新联盟等五个方面提出了发展思路和建议,以期对我国今后的城市交通政策调整、交通管理工程技术发展、智能交通系统建设起到一定的积极作用。     

智能电动车辆最优充电路径规划方法

未来交通环境下,大规模的智能电动车辆将与城市智能交通网和智能配电网相互作用并相互影响。本文将三者有机结合起来,建立了"车-网-路"智能交互系统模型。该模型包括城市中压配电网模型、道路交通网模型和以快速充电方式充电的大规模智能纯电动汽车模型。在此基础上,基于Dijkstra最短路径算法,提出了具有实时电网和交通信息反馈的智能电动车辆最优充电路径规划方法。最后,通过MATLAB和MATPOWER联合仿真系统对该规划方法进行了仿真评价。仿真评价结果表明,本文提出的最优充电路径规划方法,相比目前广泛采用的最近充电路径规划策略,将能有效降低大规模智能电动车辆快速充电对道路交通网和中压配电网的不利影响。     

城市化与工业化的因果关系——以安徽省宿州市为例

利用安徽省宿州市1999—2010年的统计数据,运用塞尔奎因-钱纳里标准法分析其城市化与工业化发展阶段,采用协整检验、Granger因果检验对其城市化与工业化的因果关系进行实证研究。结果表明：1）宿州工业化和城市化水平低于全国平均水平,均处于初期发展阶段;2）宿州城市化与工业化有高度相关关系,城市化滞后于工业化;3）宿州当前城市化发展是工业化发展的Granger原因,加快城市化发展有利于促进工业化水平提高;4）宿州城市化水平与第二产业增加值比重和第三产业增加值比重具有长期稳定的协整关系,但与非农就业人口比重不存在长期稳定的均衡关系;5）宿州城市化水平与第二产业增加值比重和第三产业增加值比重的弹性系数分别为0.21和0.86,说明其城市化水平对第三产业的拉动作用要比对第二产业的拉动作用更大一些。因此宿州市应促进人口向中心城区的集聚,发挥城市化对工业化的促进作用。     

19世纪末至20世纪前半期中国的军事工程

19世纪末至20世纪初,世界军事工程的样式,已开始从要塞炮台式体系为主,演变为以野战筑垒体系为主,中国军事工程体系也或先或后地进行了这种演变。其进程大致是:一、自中法战争至抗击八国联军侵华战争(1884—1949)中出现的"地营"等多种筑垒法,"精筑壕垒"法,"桤筑溝墙"法;二、北洋政府时期的"堑壕"与阵地布障法;三、国民政府时期对苏区构筑的"碉堡"工事,抗战中以沿海为主以内陆为辅的守备工事,总崩溃前的城防与江防工事;四、人民军队在1928至1949年的军事斗争中所创独具特色的军事工程。     

北京近期雾霾污染的成因及控制对策分析

通过对北京近期雾霾形成的原因、PM2.5的组分特征及其来源进行分析,提出了不利气象条件是北京2013年初雾霾天形成的主要原因而空气污染物只是雾霾天形成的次要原因的观点。此次雾霾PM2.5的主要组分为二次粒子（42%）和有机碳粒子（21%）。主要受外地传输的影响,贡献率为27.6%,其次为本地污染源中的机动车和燃煤,贡献率分别为21.5%和18.7%。目前,空气自动监测站在高湿条件下获得的PM2.5监测数据会出现失真现象,认清高湿条件造成自动监测站PM2.5监测值虚高的本质,可消除公众对城市高湿雾霾天空气质量的过度解读,并减轻由此造成的公众恐慌状况。在现阶段大气污染物的减排局面得不到根本扭转的情况下,加强重污染日应急措施的研究与制定,并启动相应重污染日的各类应急措施,可部分抵消气象条件的不利影响。本文有针对性地提出了治理北京雾霾污染的主要措施和建议,并认为治理城市空气污染要坚持标本兼治,且当前要以治标为主,为治本赢得时间。     

Research on the Multifunction of Urban Agriculture under the Goal of Building Resilient City

Cities are socio-ecological systems that can, as a result of rapid social, economic or environmental changes, disasters or conflicts, slip into a state of chaos. Long-term urban sustainability is challenged by a number of worldwide trends, such as rising food and fuel prices, climate change and increasing scarcity of water. Urban resilience generally refers to the ability of a city or urban system to withstand a wide array of shocks and stresses. Enhancement of resilience is widely cited as a key goal for both adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities and ur-ban regions. Resilience is seen as a desirable property of natural and human systems in the face of a range of po-tential stresses, including weather-related hazards. The study on resilient city is almost in foreign countries, which idea is widely applied in Urban Plan and Architectural Design, but it seldom appeared in our country. The research about resilient city is most concentrated on three dimensions: environmental resilience, economical resilience and social resilience, and the social resilience get the minimum attention. Urban Agriculture is important to build re-silient city because of its multifunction. Based on this idea, this paper attempts to define the role of UA in building resilient city. In addition, this paper also devotes to analyze how UA make our city become more resilient to an-swer the potential crisis in emergency or sudden events and normal circumstance, such as climate change and oil peak.     

城市竞争力与健康城市发展

随着城市化水平提高到49.68%,我国城市建设已经步入关键时期,城市健康发展成为进一步推进城市化和保持经济快速增长的重要议题.审视过去我国城市发展中的问题,尤其是城市发展战略缺少全球化的视角,本文引入并阐述城市竞争力与健康城市发展之间的关系,指出认识二者关系能够帮助城市更好地参与竞争,创造发展优势,克服或减少发展问题,...     

Engineering Construction of Military Supply Chain on the Basis of Informatization Warfare

The modern warfare is more dependent on the war energy. It is not only focus on the use of high-tech, including information technology and other tools, to increase the efficiency in the use of war energy in the battlefield, but also work on the conversion efficiency and quality from the economy energy to the war energy. In this regard, we shall pay particular attention to military acquisition which is acting as a bridge in the process of transition from economy energy to war energy. The acquisition department will be in close contact with other functionalities, e.g.: logistics, technology support and other services departments to display the supporting function of the military supply chain in future battlefield. The modern information warfare is becoming to be more and more stereoscopic with a high speed pattern which is in depth and excluding the line operation. It is driving the war movement into a multi-dimensional area. The original line-operation model, i.e. working on the front line, did not exist any more. The joint service on war is much more preferred. The recent practice showed that the logistics support is expected to play a very special role in the future war. No matter how advanced the weaponry will come to be, as long as there is no immediate, sufficient and precise support from logistics side, the tactical arrangements/operations as well as the combat effectiveness cannot be commenced smoothly. The information technology as a philosophy, which is influencing and infiltrating the various fields of this era, is maturing itself in a dynamic development. In the field of logistics support, the application of information technology is an enhanced technology to develop the resource space, improve the efficiency of allocation and to ensure an effective materials transportation and resource usage. The main focus and further development of information technology is aiming at achieving the optimal efficiency in military economy by constructively settling the complicated relationship between the military supply chain and external environment which are connected to the other in a systematic way to maintain a smooth and well-ordered operation of supply-chain system. To start with the supply chain construction, firstly we shall be clear that the logistics acquisition is playing a crucial role in the military supply chain. Secondly we shall set up an effective operating mechanism for the cooperation between market and military. At the same time, we shall put our efforts in strengthening the organizational functions of the supply chain and its supporting capabili-ties, and demonstrating the forces constitute, work distribution, command system and operational models in the logistics support. As a consequence, everybody will have the same clear understanding on the requirement of the supply chain construction which will be adaptable to the needs of future battlefield.     

Prospect and Path of Urban Agriculture in the Process of Urban-Rural Integration

In the process of urban-rural integration, rural areas near big cities are facing or experiencing unprecedented evolvement and transformation, which lead to the gradual upgrading of agriculture from traditional agriculture to urban agriculture. Moreover, urban agriculture appears as a new industry to merge into urban economic and modern life. There is strong interaction between urban agriculture and village construction, which could promote urban-rural integration and becomes the inevitable choice of agricultural development trend in urban areas. This paper firstly redefines urban agricultural concept and views the unban agriculture with dynamic perspective and puts it under the overall urban-rural system instead of the original structure (studying city only under the background of the city, while studying country only within the background of the country). Secondly, the paper discusses the relationship between urban agriculture and village construction and the necessity of developing urban agriculture. Thirdly, it summarizes urban agricultural development pattern and path in the process of ur-ban-rural integration. At last, the practice of urban agriculture development in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu is introduced to provide some experience and advice in this field.     

纳米技术:国家安全的新边疆

随着纳米技术的日益商业化发展,人们越来越认识到人类将在原子水平的物质操作方面发生一场具有正负效应的“新技术革命”.由于纳米技术对军事、国土、经济和政治等事关国家利益的各个领域具有重要的潜在意义,所以一个非常严肃的战略问题在于,我们并不能坐等商业化纳米技术应用,去迎接一个涉及国家安全的纳米技术时代的来临.中国目前是少数几...     

Wisdom City Management System Based on Internet-of-Things Technology

The city management model of China was extensive administrative management model from the beginning. From the end of the 20th century to the first decade of 21st century, China began the systematic construction and through software system, realizes digital and automatic city management system construction. At present, with the perfection and wide applying of internet-of-things technology, it is possible to build the wisdom city management system based on internet-of-things technology. Wisdom city management system is the upgrading city management system of the digital city and the automatic city. This paper, from the basic concept and basic application of internet-of-things technology, discusses the overall structure, application and value, significance and risk of the wisdom city management system. From the perspective of the work mechanism of city management enforcement department, and based on the internet-of-things technology, this paper probes into the wisdom city management system with the “cover to the surface, monitoring to the line, and control to the point” information acquisition, scheduling and decision-making. It also expounds the function and content in detail from the percep-tion layer, the transport layer, support layer and application layer of the wisdom city management system. It pro-vides the actual maneuverability reference of the construction of wisdom city management system based on the internet-of-things technology.     

智慧主动型交通控制系统及实验

限于交通信息采集内容及方式、控制实现手段和优化模型性能等因素,传统交通控制系统难以满足实际的交通控制需求。大数据和车联网及车路协同系统等技术的发展,为提升交通控制系统的控制基础与条件、系统适应能力和响应能力创造了前所未有的条件。本文首先分析了信息、数据和计算技术等变革对交通系统运行环境、交通控制对象特征和通信与实现手段的影响;进而面向多模式交通流,提出了以更安全、更快速、更绿色、更人性化等为基本特征的下一代智慧主动型交通控制系统及其逻辑架构与物理架构。系统原型测试表明,快速发展的信息通信等技术及基于此的下一代交通控制系统具有出色的潜在性能和广阔的前景。     

A Review of Desalination System for Island Development

There are more than 7300 islands bigger than 500m2 around the coast of our country. It is generally known that water and electricity supply are important facilities for island development. Ecological island or green island calls for a seawater desalination system which can serve itself continuously. This paper describes current development situation of these islands, as well as the problem of water supply. It also gives several mainstream applications about renewable energy at sea and an introduction of the present situation in seawater desalination. A comparative study between application situation of renewable energy and economic cost has been done. The necessity and major ways of comprehensive utilization of seawater are put forward as well. The future development of desalination is predicted in the end and comprehensive utilization of seawater is also discussed.     

Study on Methods of Urban Spatial Renewal Based on Eco-logical Compensation

Based on the influence of urban development and construction on natural environment, this paper proposes the idea of “ecological compensation” from the perspective of the functions of ecosystem services. It also discusses the impacts of urban spatial construction on ecosystem services from the changes of overall spatial landscape pattern, changes in habitats, and destruction of the ecosystem cycle. This paper believes that “ecological compensation” should be reflected in the course of urban spatial renewal. Besides, “ecological compensation” should be realized from the adjustment of landscape pattern, improvement of urban habitats and ecosystem cycle so as to improve the ecosystem services of different elements of urban spaces.     

深度学习:开启大数据时代的钥匙

随着大数据时代的到来,基于深度学习技术的机器学习方法被用于有效地分析和处理这些数据。本文首先概述了深度学习技术的由来,对比了浅层结构与深度结构模型的差异,分析了深度结构模型在大数据应用中的优势;认为深度学习取得成功的条件是,大规模训练数据集的支撑、先进的硬件平台支持、新的优化技术的提出;基于计算机视觉应用,从有监督特征学习和无监督特征学习两个方面分别介绍了当前深度学习研究的现状和典型的深度结构模型的基本原理和主要应用;针对当前深度学习的发展现状,总结了深度学习研究存在的挑战和未来的研究方向。     

智能运输系统标准化及案例解析

总结了国际及主要发达国家的智能运输系统(ITS)标准的制定过程及特点,其制定热点随着技术发展及应用需求不断变换。在分析研究国际及发达国家ITS标准化的基础上提出了我国ITS标准体系,论述了标准体系的层次结构和标准要素集群,总结了我国相关标准化研究、标准制定情况及标准在推动技术应用方面的作用。我国相关工作虽然起步较晚,但有自己的思路和特色,标准化对推动ITS发展、节省投资等发面发挥了显著的作用。在电子不停车收费领域,制定了适应我国需求的双片式电子收费标准,并建立了配套的标准符合性检测系统,从而促进了技术进步和民族产业的发展。最后对我国智能运输标准的未来发展方向提出了建议。