Phasor measurement unit based transmission line protection scheme design

This paper presents an adaptive transmission line protection scheme based on synchronized phasor measurement units. This scheme uses the positive-sequence voltage and current phasors at both ends of a transmission line to determine the parameter of the transmission line and the location of a fault on the transmission line. This scheme can be used for the protection of both single- and double-circuit transmission lines. This scheme is also robust against power swing conditions. A novel adaptive single pole auto re-closer is introduced based on the proposed scheme due to its capability of differentiating transient and permanent faults. System simulation studies show that the proposed scheme is able to operate fast and accurately for transmission line protection.     

利用双端不同步数据的高压输电线路故障测距实用算法及其实现

利用单侧电压电流工频分量的输电线路故障测距算法,进行双原系统的线路故障定位时,远端系统等值阻抗变化对测距精度的影响时我法克服的。中提出一种双电源系统的高压输电线路故障定位的实用算法,其特点为：（１）两端数据不必同占;（２）用于短、中等长度线路时,不需要迭代求解,即定位方程为一个算式;（３）不需要区分故障类型;（４）该方法适用于换位线路、不换位线路以及双回线路。     

Simplified procedure to estimate the resistance parameters of transmission lines

An alternative and simplified procedure is described to estimate the longitudinal resistances of transmission lines based on the real-time load profile. This method proposes to estimate the resistance parameters from the synchronized measurements of complex currents and complex voltages at the sending and receiving ends of transmission systems. The synchronized measurements can be in practice obtained using phasor measurement units (PMUs).     

Estimation of transmission line parameters from measurements

This paper describes the method of estimating the transmission line parameters from voltage, current, and power measurements at the two ends of the line. This becomes necessary if a new parallel transmission line is constructed between two substations due to load growth or if an underground cable replaces an overhead line and the overall parameters of the paralleled lines or the cable are desired to be determined. The parameters of the equivalent pi network of the line are obtained from the measurements at the line ends by using the Newton–Raphson method to solve the non-linear equations. The proposed method then gives the resistance/m, inductance/m, and capacitance/m, considering the distributed nature of the transmission line. The technique to determine the conductance parameter is also presented.     

同杆双回线路感应电压和感应电流测量与计算

为了解决同杆双回输电线路在一回运行、一回检修时,由于两回输电线路间的静电耦合和电磁耦合作用,在检修回路中会产生感应电压和感应电流,可能对正在检修的工作人员的安全造成危害,同时对接地开关的操作带来不利的影响的问题,对同杆双回线路感应电压、感应电流及其影响因素进行了实际计算和理论分析,带并补的同杆双回线路和部分同杆架设双回线路的感应电压和感应电流采用分布参数法、电磁感应理论等进行简要分析,最后对几条330kV同杆双回线路的感应电压、感应电流进行了现场实测和电磁暂态仿真计算,在此基础上提出了检修人员应需全套屏蔽服、采用地电位作业的检修防护措施。     

基于GPS双端同步采样的高压输电线路故障定位算法

介绍了基于双端同步采样的输电线路故障定位算法,该算法借助全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)技术同步采集线路两端的电压和电流数据,采用分布参数线路模型,精确考虑分布电容对输电线路的影响,并求解非线性方程,实现故障定位;利用MATLAB软件对该算法进行仿真,仿真结果表明该算法不受过渡...     

超高压电缆-架空线混合线路故障测寻方法

提出一种超高压电缆架空线混合线路故障测寻的新方法。首先利用有效的判据确定故障发生在电缆侧或架空线侧,然后利用故障区域首末端电压、电流突变量值递推算出故障点。经过简单的改进,该方法同样适用于更复杂的超高压架空线电缆架空线混合线路。新方法不要求双端数据同步,不受线路两端系统阻抗和过渡电阻的影响,不存在伪根判别问题,易于实现。仿真结果显示这种算法具有较高的测距精度和实用价值。     

基于同步相量测量的线路参数在线计算

提出一种基于同步相量测量的输电线路参数在线求解方法。该方法以分布参数线路模型为基础，在已知线路两端同步电压和电流的条件下精确求解出线路特性阻抗、传播常数、单位长度电感和电容。仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性。     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. I. Theory and algorithms

An adaptive fault detection/location technique based on a phasor measurement unit (PMU) for an EHV/UHV transmission line is presented. A fault detection/location index in terms of Clarke components of the synchronized voltage and current phasors is derived. The line parameter estimation algorithm is also developed to solve the uncertainty of parameters caused by aging of transmission lines. This paper also proposes a new discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based algorithm (termed the smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) to eliminate system noise and measurement errors such that extremely accurate fundamental frequency components can be extracted for calculation of fault detection/location index. The EMTP was used to simulate a high voltage transmission line with faults at various locations. To simulate errors involved in measurements, Gaussian-type noise has been added to the raw output data generated by EMTP. Results have shown that the new DFT based method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics. The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well. The accuracy of both new DFT based method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve even up to 99.999% and 99.99% respectively, and is presented in Part II. The accuracy of fault location estimation by the proposed technique can achieve even up to 99.9% in the performance evaluation, which is also presented in Part II     

基于同步相量测量单元的串联补偿线路自适应故障定位算法

针对串联补偿线路提出了基于同步相量测量单元的自适应故障定位算法。基于串联补偿线路两侧同步相量,采用最小二乘法在线估计串联补偿线路实时参数。线路故障后,采用分布参数模型,基于故障通路电压、电流相位特性构造故障定位函数,无需串补模型。理论分析及仿真表明,所构造的故障定位函数在定位区间具有单调近似线性变化的特性,采用二分法或弦截求根法即可快速精确求解故障点。基于PSCAD/EMTDC和Matlab的仿真结果表明,故障定位方法实现简单,计算速度快、精度高,对不同的故障类型、过渡电阻和故障位置均有较好的适用性。     

基于状态坐标分析的高压直流输电线路保护方案

针对现有高压直流输电线路保护可靠性偏低的问题,提出了一种基于状态坐标分析的高压直流输电线路保护方案。在直流线路电流和电压的坐标系中,定义以直流线路2端的电压值和电流值为坐标的点为状态坐标,通过对直流线路故障后状态坐标变化的分析发现,直流线路区内和区外故障后2端状态坐标的变化具有明显的差异,据此构建直流输电线路的保护判据。通过PSCAD仿真验证,结果表明,所提的保护方案具有可靠性高、易于整定和耐受过渡电阻能力强等诸多优点。     

基于GPS的互感输电线路零序分布参数带电测量研究与实现

工程不但需要互感线路的零序集总参数,还需要分布参数。输电线路零序参数带电测量的实现,不仅减少了停电次数,还适合于在线参数测量。通过利用GPS同步采样装置对线路端电气量的同步测量,可以计算得到线路的集总参数,继而可以分别对互感部分和非互感部分求取线路的分布参数。该文首先给出了输电线路分布参数模型和集总参数模型之间的转化公式;在此基础上,提出互感线路分布参数在线测量方法,并通过仿真试验对所提出的方法进行验证。     

Accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines using a limited number of two-end synchronized measurements

This paper presents a new fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines based on synchronized phasor measurements. Only the sequence current phasors from both ends of the line and the sequence voltage phasors from one local end are taken as input, limiting thus the amount of data needed to be exchanged between the line terminals. In addition, the proposed algorithm does not utilize the model of the series compensation device, eliminating thus the errors resulting from modeling such devices. The new algorithm consists of three steps. In the first step, the fault type and the circuit(s) involved in the fault are determined using a synchrophasor-based fault type selection method. In the next step, the algorithm applies two subroutines designating for locating faults on particular line sections which are defined according to the series compensation placement along the line. In these subroutines, the sequence voltages and currents at the fault point are expressed with respect to the known sequence voltages and currents at the two measuring ends and the distance to fault. Then, using the fault boundary conditions that exist for a given fault type, the fault location is solved by an iterative method. Finally, in the last step a procedure for selecting the valid subroutine is applied. Due to zero sequence mutual coupling, it is not straightforward to express the zero sequence voltage and current at the fault point as a function of the zero sequence voltages and currents at the measuring ends and the distance to fault. To overcome this problem, a modal transformation matrix is introduced to obtain the modal networks, which are decoupled and can be analyzed independently. Based on distributed parameter line model, the proposed algorithm fully considers the effects of shunt capacitances and thus achieves superior locating accuracy, especially for long lines. Mutual coupling between circuits, source impedances and fault resistance does not influence the locating accuracy of the algorithm. Simulation results using ATP-EMTP and MATLAB demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.     

基于电压降落比较的高压架空线路断线保护原理

针对现有保护装置无法应对高压架空线路因断线故障造成的安全问题,提出了一种基于电压降落比较的高压架空线路断线保护原理。新原理使用架空线路两端电压采样值获得线路各相“测量电压降落”,采用均匀传输线路阻抗矩阵以及线路两端电流采样值计算得到线路各相“计算电压降落”,通过比较两种电压降落的瞬时值构成架空线路断线快速识别判据。仿真结果表明,所提断线保护原理动作速度快,可靠性高,在轻载情况下仍具有较高灵敏度。     

一种新的电力线路短路故障测距算法的研究

本文提出了一种瓣的电力线路故障精确测距算法。该算法仅利用线路两端的故障后电压、电流向量测量值。     

Transmission system wide-area back-up protection using current phasor measurements

Zone-3 of distance relays might maloperate during stresses frequently encountered in power systems, such as power swing, load encroachment, and voltage instability. This paper proposes a new protection algorithm for discrimination between short-circuit faults and other stresses in the transmission networks. The proposed method compares the sum of currents at the predetermined buses before and after the disturbance occurrence using synchronized current phasor measurements. The faulted area and line are identified as well. The optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) is tackled using a mathematical model. One of the main advantages of the proposed algorithm is decreasing the number of required PMUs in comparison with those of existing wide-area back-up protection schemes. In virtue of its computational speed, the proposed method can be exploited as a practical back-up protection cooperating with conventional protection schemes. The extensive simulation studies carried out on the IEEE 57-bus test system verify applicability of the proposed algorithm as a reliable back-up protection scheme for lines.     

不换位输电线路产生的不对称问题及解决方法

在线路负荷较轻或系统黑启动的初始阶段,由不换位超高压输电线路参数不对称产生的负序电流可能导致发电机负序保护动作,引起发电机跳闸或阻止发电机并网运行而造成大面积停电,或损坏系统中的一些用电设备.文章利用三相潮流计算程序对不同输送功率和不同线路长度情况下的由输电线路参数不对称引起的负序电压和电流进行了计算和分析,并对通过合理设置线路串补元件及线路两端无源无功补偿元件参数来减小负序分量的方法的可行性进行了探讨.计算分析结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制由线路参数不对称产生的负序电流和电压.     

A new adaptive PMU based protection scheme fortransposed/untransposed parallel transmission lines

This paper proposes a brand-new adaptive phasor measurement unit (PMU) based protection scheme for both transposed and untransposed parallel transmission lines. The development of the scheme is based on the distributed line model and the synchronized phasor measurements at both ends of lines. By means of eigenvalue/eigenvector theory to decouple the mutual coupling effects between parallel lines, the fault detection and location indices are derived. The two proposed indices are used in coordination such that the internal and external fault events can be distinguished completely. By on-line estimation of the line parameters under the actual power system conditions, the proposed scheme will respond more accurately to power system faults. Extensive simulation results using EMTP have verified that the accuracy of the fault location achieved is up to 99.9%. The proposed protection system responds well and fast with regard to dependability and security. All the results show that the performance of the proposed detection/location indices is independent of fault types, locations, resistance, source impedance, fault inception angles, and load flows     

Identification of the parameters of distribution networks by synchronized current and voltage measurements

On the basis of synchronized measurements of current and voltage phasors, a technique for identification of parameters of 0.4- and 6- to 10-kV lines is suggested. The technique is based on the methods of statistical processing of sets of network modes and composed of several steps. The first step is acquisition of statistical data on network modes. It involves periodic measurements of synchronized current and voltage phasors at injection nodes. The second step is direct statistical processing of the obtained information using the method of least squares. The technique was tested using a three–phase physical model of a network. The mean error of identification of resistance and reactance was approximately 0.5 and 1%, respectively.     

基于多时段同步测量信息的T接线路参数在线测量

线路参数的准确测量对电力系统状态估计、潮流计算和网损分析等都很重要。本文针对含T接线路的参数在线测量问题展开研究,推导了一种线路参数在线测量算法。该方法通过分析含T接线路的等效电路,利用T接线多时段同步测量信息结合线路模型列写方程组,进行两次迭代计算求解方程组,最终得出含T接线路的各段线路参数值。为了克服电网频率波动对测量结果准确度的影响,推导了一种加窗插值傅里叶算法,用于分析同步采样数据。文中给出了对所提测量方法的仿真验证结果,最后介绍了利用该方法对某T接线路进行在线测量的情况,给出了在线测量结果,并与设计值进行了对比。仿真结果与实测结果均表明该在线测量方法是可行的,测量结果准确,能够满足工程测量要求。